中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值在慢性肾脏病中的研究进展
Research Progress of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio in Chronic Kidney Disease
摘要: 近年来中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)已成为研究热点,目前被认为是包括慢性肾脏病(CKD)、心血管疾病(CVD)以及恶性肿瘤的炎症状态标志物。研究表明NLR、PLR不仅参与CKD的炎症反应,更与疾病的进展和预后息息相关。同时,NLR、PLR也影响着糖尿病肾病、狼疮性肾炎等疾病的发生与发展。因此,本文就NLR、PLR在CKD中的研究进展作一综述,以期为CKD患者炎症状态、疾病进展及预后的预测提供新的证据,并为CKD的诊治提供新的思路。
Abstract: In recent years, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have become research hotspots. It is currently considered as a marker of inflammation including chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and malignant tumors. Studies have shown that NLR and PLR are not only involved in the inflammatory response of CKD, but are also closely related to the progression and prognosis of the disease. At the same time, NLR and PLR also affect the occurrence and development of diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress of NLR and PLR in CKD, hoping to provide new evidence for the prediction of inflammatory state, disease progression and prognosis of CKD patients, and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of CKD.
文章引用:邵彩荣, 杨小娟. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值在慢性肾脏病中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(3): 1261-1270. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.113181

1. 引言

研究表明,慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)患者的促炎因子水平较高,抗氧化剂和抗炎因子水平较低 [1]。在CKD的病程中存在持续低水平的慢性炎症,这种持续的炎症状态与营养不良、心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases, CVD)、疾病进展以及全因死亡率相关 [2]。其原因是氧化和羰基应激、抗氧化剂摄入不足、血液中促炎细胞因子水平升高、感染、动脉粥样硬化、厌食引起的营养不良等。目前发现许多指标与CKD的炎症相关,如红细胞沉降、白介素-1、白介素-6 (Interleukin-6, IL-6)、白介素-8、白介素-12、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumour necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等,尚不清楚哪种指标是最佳指标,但C反应蛋白(c-reaction protein, CRP)仍然是最常用的炎症指标 [1] [2] [3]。最近,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比率(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比率(platelet/lymphocyte ratio, PLR)作为一种新的评价炎症的指标,引起了学者的兴趣。大量数据表明NLR、PLR可能是CKD、CVD以及恶性肿瘤患者炎症状态、死亡率和预后的预测因子 [4] [5] [6]。

2. NLR、PLR与炎症状态

Kuo等 [7] 以NLR作为炎症标志物,研究了CKD和全身炎症之间的关系。结果显示:与年龄 < 60岁的患者相比,年龄 ≥ 60岁的患者CKD患病率明显更高。在年龄 < 60岁的男性中,更高的NLR与更高的CKD风险独立相关。但在年龄 ≥ 60岁的男性和所有的女性患者中,没有发现这种关联。他们认为这种结果的部分原因可能是雄激素对免疫系统的影响。在各种免疫细胞中均检测到雄激素和雄激素受体,包括中性粒细胞、肥大细胞和淋巴细胞等 [8]。中性粒细胞的产生和正常功能需要雄激素和雄激素受体,从而促进炎症反应 [9]。Altunoren等 [10] 回顾性分析了740例2~4期CKD患者5年的资料,他们认为NLR是CKD的炎症指标。但它可能不是CKD进展的独立预测因子,典型的危险因素如糖尿病和低肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate, GFR)是更有效的进展预测因子。

而在透析患者中,也发现NLR、PLR与炎症状态相关。Pineault等 [11] 研究发现随着NLR的增加,CRP升高,白蛋白降低。An等 [12] 研究表明腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis, PD)患者的NLR高于健康对照组,并发现NLR和CRP水平较高的PD患者的CVD和全因死亡率较高。Okyay等 [13] 研究表明PD、血液透析(hemodialysis, HD)和透析前CKD患者的NLR高于健康对照组。NLR与CRP (r = 0.264, p = 0.002) 和IL-6 (r = 0.393, p < 0.001)水平呈正相关,与血清白蛋白水平呈负相关(r = −0.400, p < 0.001)。另一项研究显示,高NLR值的终末期肾病(end stage renal disease, ESRD)患者的TNF-α水平较高 [14]。Turkmen等 [15] 研究发现PLR与NLR、IL-6和TNF-α呈正相关。比较PLR和NLR与IL-6和TNF-α的相关性时,发现PLR在ESRD患者的炎症方面的预测作用优于NLR。

由此可见,由于NLR和PLR可以常规计算,而不需要从全血细胞计数中增加成本,是一种很好的炎性生物标志物,NLR、PLR有能力提高对潜在的亚临床疾病的检测率。

3. NLR、PLR与蛋白尿

微量白蛋白尿定义为尿中白蛋白为30~300 mg/d之间。糖尿病患者和高血压患者微量白蛋白尿的患病率分别高达28.8%和16%。微量白蛋白尿的存在是血管损伤和内皮功能障碍的标志,因此在许多疾病中是肾脏损伤的早期征象 [16]。同时,微量白蛋白尿也是CVD和肾功能恶化的预测因子 [17] [18]。研究发现,正常范围内蛋白尿的增加与CVD的风险增加相关 [16]。

少数研究调查糖尿病患者中蛋白尿与NLR或PLR的关系,他们发现尤其在有蛋白尿的糖尿病患者中NLR水平更高,NLR与蛋白尿呈正相关 [19] [20] [21] [22]。Akbas等 [19] 在一项研究中调查了200名糖尿病患者的NLR和PLR值,他们发现蛋白尿与NLR或PLR呈正相关。有研究表明,早期糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)患者的NLR水平高于非DN患者 [21] [22]。同时,NLR被发现是糖尿病患者肾功能进展的预测因子 [20]。有学者探讨了NLR、PLR与蛋白尿的关系,研究中有174例GFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m2的患者,根据尿白蛋白情况将患者分为微量白蛋白组和正常白蛋白组,结果显示:在GFR正常的微量白蛋白尿患者中NLR水平较高,蛋白尿和NLR之间也存在显著的正相关 [23]。在一项包括3~4期CKD患者和健康对照的研究中,NLR在有蛋白尿的CKD患者中最高,并且在CKD患者中检测到蛋白尿和NLR显著相关 [24]。因此,NLR、PLR有助于发现有微量白蛋白尿的患者,并可能是早期肾损害的有用生物标志物。

4. NLR、PLR与肾功能进展

CKD是一种以渐进性和不可逆的肾功能丧失为特征的疾病,最终进入尿毒症状态,需要透析或肾移植。这一重大公共卫生问题影响了14.3%的成年人口 [25]。因此,重要的是要确定导致肾功能恶化的风险。

最近有越来越多的数据表明NLR、PLR不仅是炎症的指标,而且是CKD疾病进展的预测因子。Altunoren等 [10] 回顾性分析显示:NLR随着CKD分期的增加而增加,随访时NLR显著升高。高NLR患者的平均生存期明显低于低NLR患者。他们认为NLR可能是处于晚期的CKD患者的疾病进展的预测因子,并反映了相关的炎症。Kocyigit等 [26] 对105例4期CKD患者的研究表明,高NLR患者的基线CRP水平更高,GFR下降更快,更早进展到ESRD。然而,高NLR和快速进展到ESRD的患者的基线GFR水平较低。Tatar等 [27] 研究发现随着时间的增加,NLR值更高的患者死亡率和RRT启动率更高。此外,他们发现GFR < 29 ml/min/1.73m2的患者除了有较高的死亡率和RRT启动率外,还有较高的NLR值。Kim等 [28] 研究表明CKD患者的相对淋巴细胞计数与ESRD进展相关。Tonyali等 [29] 研究发现在接受部分或根治性肾切除术的患者中,NLR随着GFR降低和疾病进展而增加。因此,NLR可能是除肌酐外CKD病程进展的一个实用预测因子。Yılmaz等 [30] 的研究也显示,在CKD患者中随着GFR降低和蛋白尿的增加,NLR的增加。

5. NLR、PLR与死亡率和预后

国内的一项研究探讨了1~4期CKD患者NLR与ESRD、CVD和全因死亡率进展的关系,结果表明NLR与中国CKD 4期患者发生ESRD的风险相关。NLR可用于4期CKD患者发生ESRD的风险评估 [31]。Tatar等 [29] 探讨3~5期CKD老年患者NLR和PLR与临床结局的关系。研究显示基础NLR是死亡的独立预测因子,基础GFR是需要肾替代治疗的独立预测因子。然而,PLR与死亡和肾替代治疗需求无关,只有NLR老年CKD患者全因死亡的预测因子。Yoshitomi等 [32] 研究的目的是确定NLR是否与CKD患者的肾脏预后相关。研究表明高NLR与较差的肾脏预后相关,这提示NLR可能是CKD患者预后有用的预测指标。由此可见,NLR除了可用于4期CKD患者ESRD风险评估,也可作为老年CKD患者全因死亡的预测因子,更是CKD患者的有用预后指标。

HD患者中常用的死亡率预测指标包括血清白蛋白水平、BMI、CRP和血红蛋白水平。多项研究表明NLR、PLR与HD患者炎症增加有关,并可以预测HD患者的死亡率 [33]。Yaprak等 [34] 调查NLR、PLR和HD患者全因死亡率之间的关系,结果显示:虽然NLR和PLR均与HD患者的全因死亡率相关,但只有PLR能独立预测HD患者的全因死亡率。但另外一项研究发现,高NLR可以预测短期内HD患者的死亡率。他们认为NLR与血清白蛋白一起纳入预测模型,在临床和流行病学研究环境中可以作为营养和炎症状态的有效生物标志物 [35]。

NLR、PLR很容易获得,这为成熟的临床和生化生物标志物增加了有价值的预后信息。NLR或许可用于改善4期CKD患者的风险分层。

6. NLR、PLR与CVD

CVD是全世界死亡率增加的主要原因之一。2015年约有1770万人死于CVD,占全球死亡总人数的31%,每年造成的损失约为3161亿美元 [36]。既往研究表明NLR、PLR作为新的炎症标志物对一般人群的CVD有预测价值。研究发现,在高血压患者中NLR升高,并与高同型半胱氨酸血症呈正相关 [37]。在高血压患者升主动脉动脉瘤的发病机制中,NLR作为炎症标志物可能发挥重要作用 [38]。在缺血性脑卒中患者中,NLR的动态变化已被证明可以预测溶栓后的出血性风险 [39]。ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者NLR与自发性再灌注的心电图征象相关 [40]。在非紧急经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的患者中,较高的NLR增加了术中心肌梗死的风险 [41]。在无症状普通人群中,NLR也与微血管疾病显著相关 [42]。在有周围动脉闭塞性疾病的患者中,NLR升高与较高的死亡率相关 [43]。在晚期心力衰竭患者中,NLR升高与死亡率增加或心脏移植风险升高相关 [44]。同时,Durmus等 [45] 发现在心力衰竭的患者中NLR较高,截断值为5.1时可预测心力衰竭患者的死亡风险。Cho等 [46] 证明了NLR在严重主动脉狭窄患者的风险分层方面的潜在效用。Erturk等 [25] 的研究也发现在外周动脉闭塞性疾病患者中,NLR增加与更高的CVD死亡率相关。

众所周知,CVD是导致CKD患者死亡的主要原因之一,尤其是HD患者和ESRD患者。HD患者的CVD死亡率远高于普通人群,传统危险因素尚不能完全解释CVD的发病诱因 [47]。微炎症是CKD及HD患者CVD发病的重要因素之一,可进一步加速动脉粥样硬化的进展 [48]。

Solak等 [5] 认为NLR与内皮功能障碍独立相关,在中重度CKD患者中,NLR可以独立于传统的危险因素预测CVD的终点事件。Sevenca等 [49] 的研究纳入271例eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73m2的原发性高血压患者,结果显示与蛋白尿和尿酸类似,NLR被发现是CKD 3期患者的一个特殊标志物。然而,NLR和PLR并不是影响eGFR的独立危险因素。Chen等 [50] 对148例晚期CKD伴外周动脉疾病的患者进行评估,发现在接受经皮腔内血管成形术治疗的患者中,NLR是临床结局的重要预测因子。Ozcicek等 [51] 的研究纳入43例HD患者和30名健康对照者,结果表明HD患者的NLR明显高于健康对照组,NLR是HD患者心外膜脂肪组织增厚的独立预测因素。他们认为这种关系可能归因于尿毒症患者的炎症增加。Li等 [52] 研究了NLR和心血管危险标志物之间的关系。结果表明,较高的NLR是脉压、左心室质量指数和内膜–中膜厚度的独立预测因子。有趣的是,他们进一步发现NLR ≥ 3.5是HD患者全因死亡率和CVD的预测因子。

对于CVD,PLR也可作为预测CVD事件的标志物 [53]。同时,PLR被发现是临界肢体缺血的一个新的生物学标记,高水平的PLR表明血小板过度激活和血栓前状态 [54]。Chen等 [55] 研究的目的是探讨PD患者PLR与CVD之间的关系,结果表明PLR与CVD事件独立相关。高PLR可用于预测PD患者发生CVD的风险。PLR检测方法简便,可作为临床常规检测手段。

因此,NLR、PLR可能是用于评估CKD患者和HD患者中CVD高风险的新型生物标志物。但是,仍有许多问题需要进一步研究,例如NLR及PLR对CKD患者和HD患者CVD的影响机制等。

7. NLR、PLR与其他疾病

糖尿病是CKD患者发展到ESRD最常见的原因之一,其患病率在1988年到2008年间增加了34% [56]。重要的是,糖尿病合并DN患者的死亡率高于高血压肾病和原发性肾脏疾病患者。这主要是由于与DN相关的严重并发症,包括CVD和感染。Sato等 [57] 的研究证明NLR水平对ESRD合并DN的患者全因死亡率的具有预测作用,NLR ≥ 3.5的患者死亡率显著高于NLR < 3.5的患者。NLR的1年生存曲线下面积明显大于其他常用的营养和炎症指标。因此,NLR或许是一个比其他已知标志物更准确的预测因子。另一项研究分析HD患者NLR与营养指标和健康结果的关系。结果发现基线NLR与营养指标(白蛋白、BMI)相关,基线时低NLR是HD合并糖尿病患者住院风险较低的预测因子 [58]。

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)是一种病因不明的慢性全身性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,具有影响不同组织的多种临床表现。其特征是由于对自身抗原免疫耐受的广泛丧失而导致免疫复合物的沉积,以及过度的促炎细胞因子产生,导致多器官系统的损伤。SLE患者的肾脏活检提示,几乎100%的患者存在肾脏受累。研究发现SLE患者的NLR和PLR明显高于健康对照组。此外,狼疮性肾炎患者的NLR水平高于非肾炎患者(P = 0.027)。因此,NLR和PLR可能是评估SLE患者疾病活动性有效的炎症标志物 [59]。Wu等 [60] 对154名SLE患者和151名健康对照者进行了回顾性研究。结果显示在SLE患者中观察到NLR、PLR增加,NLR、PLR与SLE疾病活动指数(SLEDAI)评分呈正相关。此外,NLR为2.065被确定为SLE的预测临界值(敏感性74.7%,特异性77.5%,AUC = 0.828)。多元回归分析表明,NLR与SLE活动度独立相关。NLR和PLR能反映SLE患者的炎症反应和疾病活动。

肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma, RCC)是最常见的肾癌类型,约占成人恶性肿瘤的3%。在RCC中,肾透明细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ccRCC)最常见,占所有病例的80%~90% [61]。越来越多的证据表明,全身炎症的存在影响包括RCC在内的各种恶性肿瘤的预后 [62]。Chang等 [63] 探讨ccRCC射频消融术后,NLR作为预后指标的作用。结果发现术前、术后较高的NLR与局部复发和远处转移的风险增加显著相关。结合NLR等预后指标,可用于评价ccRCC射频消融术后复发风险。Elghiaty等 [64] 研究了术前NLR对非转移性肾透明细胞癌(non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma, nmccRCC) (≤7 cm)预后的预测能力,他们认为术前NLR是nmccRCC术后无复发和癌症特异性生存率的独立预后指标。

转移性肾细胞癌(metastatic renal cell carcinoma, mRCC)往往是不可预测的,患者生存率低(5年生存率8%)。Kim等 [65] 对190例mRCC患者的研究表明,NLR是影响mRCC患者生存率的重要预后因素。在Heng模型中加入NLR可显著提高mRCC风险预测的判别能力。Tanaka等 [66] 和Motzer等 [67] 的研究显示对于接受靶向治疗的mRCC患者,用NLR替换中性粒细胞可以提高预测预后的准确性。

集合管癌(collecting duct carcinoma, CDC)又称为Bellini管癌,是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,起源于远端肾单位,占肾脏恶性肿瘤的1%。Taguchi等 [68] 分析显示NLR ≥ 4与肿瘤特异性生存率差有关。值得注意的是,唯一存活的患者在最初诊断和发生远处转移时,NLR均维持在较低水平(<4)。提示NLR可作为CDC及其他恶性肿瘤的一个有用的生物标志物。因此,NLR是一种具有成本效益的预后生物标记物,它可以为评估癌症治疗后患者的生存率提供有意义的辅助证据。NLR的动态变化可以作为传统因素的一个重要辅助指标,对生存率提供更好、更全面的预后评价。

天然动静脉瘘(arteriovenous fistula, AVF)是HD患者的血管通路,已被广泛应用50多年。AVF作为HD通路的第一选择,因为它在持久性和发病率较低方面优于其它模式的通路。此外,早期AVF的失败主要是由静脉狭窄引起的,据报道高达20%~60% [69] [70] [71]。早期AVF的失败的后果包括需要临时放置静脉导管和进一步的外科干预,这会增加发病率和死亡率的风险以及护理费用。因此,早期AVF失败风险的识别将是有利的。最近的数据表明炎症和早期AVF的失败之间存在联系。Wongmahisorn [72] 探讨了术后NLR对AVF失败的影响,并研究了396例患者的完整数据。结果显示早期AVF失败的发生率为30.6%,预测早期AVF失败的术前和术后NLR的最佳临界值分别为2.7(敏感性82.6%和特异性52.0%)和2.9 (敏感性78.5%和特异性73.1%)。通过单变量和多变量分析发现,术前和术后高NLR与早期AVF失败显著相关。

8. 总结与展望

综上,廉价且容易获得的NLR、PLR可能是CKD患者及HD患者的炎症状态、疾病进展及预后的有效生物标志物。然而,还需要进一步的研究来确定NLR、PLR的临床显著阈值及其临床相关性,并验证NLR和PLR是否可以作为预后模型设计中的有效生物标志物进行预测。此外,未来的研究需要确定NLR、PLR水平升高的CKD患者及HD患者是否会从抗炎治疗和干预中获益,从而改善患者的生活质量以及预后。

参考文献

[1] Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2007) Inflammatory Marker Mania in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pentraxins at the Crossroad of Universal Soldiers of Inflammation. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2, 872-875.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02750707
[2] Akchurin, O.M. and Kaskel, F. (2015) Update on Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease. Blood Purification, 39, 84-92.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000368940
[3] Gungor, O., Unal, H.U., Guclu, A., et al. (2017) IL-33 and ST2 Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease: Associations with Inflammation, Vascular Abnormalities, Cardiovascular Events, and Survival. PLoS ONE, 12, e0178939.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178939
[4] Ozturk, C., Balta, S., Balta, I., et al. (2015) Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Carotid-Intima Media Thickness in Patients with Behcet Disease without Cardiovascular Involvement. Angiology, 66, 291-296.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714527638
[5] Solak, Y., Yilmaz, M.I., Sonmez, A., et al. (2013) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio In-Dependently Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 17, 532-540.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-012-0728-x
[6] Pine, J.K., Morris, E., Hutchins, G.G., et al. (2015) Systemic Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Colorectal Cancer: The Relationship to Patient Survival, Tumour Biology and Local Lymphocytic Response to Tumour. British Journal of Cancer, 113, 204-211.
https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.87
[7] Kuo, Y.T., Wang, Y.Y., Lin, S.Y., et al. (2018) Age and Sex Differences in the Relationship between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Chronic Kidney Disease among an Adult Population in Taiwan. Clinica Chimica Acta, 486, 98-103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2018.07.025
[8] Chen, W., Beck, I., Schober, W., et al. (2010) Human Mast Cells Express Androgen Receptors But Treatment with Testosterone Exerts No Influence on IgE-Independent Mast Cell Degranulation Elicited by Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. Experimental Dermatology, 19, 302-304.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00969.x
[9] Lai, J.J., Lai, K.P., Zeng, W., et al. (2012) Androgen Receptor Influences on Body Defense System via Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems: Lessons from Conditional AR Knockout Mice. The American Journal of Pathology, 181, 1504-1512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.008
[10] Altunoren, O., Akkus, G., Sezal, D.T., et al. (2019) Does Neutrophyl to Lymphocyte Ratio Really Predict Chronic Kidney Disease Progression? International Urology and Nephrology, 51, 129-137.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-1994-7
[11] Pineault, J., Lamarche, C., Bell, R., et al. (2017) Association of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Inflammation and Erythropoietin Resistance in Chronic Dialysis Patients. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 4, 2054358117735563.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358117735563
[12] An, X., Mao, H.P., Wei, X., et al. (2012) Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Overall and Cardiovascular Mortality in Maintenance Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. International Urology and Nephrology, 44, 1521-1528.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-012-0130-3
[13] Okyay, G.U., Inal, S., Oneç, K., et al. (2013) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Evaluation of Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Renal Failure, 35, 29-36.
https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2012.734429
[14] Turkmen, K., Guney, I., Yerlikaya, F.H., et al. (2012) The Relationship between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Inflammation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Renal Failure, 34, 155-159.
https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2011.641514
[15] Turkmen, K., Erdur, F.M., Ozcicek, F., et al. (2013) Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Better Predicts Inflammation than Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Hemodialysis International, 17, 391-396.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12040
[16] Wrone, E.M., Carnethon, M.R., Palaniappan, L., et al. (2003) Association of Dietary Protein Intake and Microalbuminuria in Healthy Adults: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 41, 580-587.
https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2003.50119
[17] Wang, Y.K., Yuan, A.H. and Yu, C. (2013) Correlation between Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Events. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 6, 973-978.
[18] Pöss, J., Ukena, C., Mahfoud, F., et al. (2012) Physical Activity Is Inversely Associated with Microalbuminuria in Hypertensive Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: Data from I-SEARCH. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 19, 1066-1073.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711421301
[19] Akbas, E.M., Demirtas, L., Ozcicek, A., et al. (2014) Association of Epicardial Adipose Tissue, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Diabetic Nephropathy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7, 1794-1801.
[20] Azab, B., Daoud, J., Naeem, F.B., et al. (2012) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Worsening Renal Function in Diabetic Patients (3-Year Follow-Up Study). Renal Failure, 34, 571-576.
https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2012.668741
[21] Ciray, H., Aksoy, A.H., Ulu, N., et al. (2015) Nephropathy, But Not Angiographically Proven Retinopathy, Is Associated with Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 123, 267-271.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1547257
[22] Huang, W.J., Huang, J.H., Liu, Q.X., et al. (2015) Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Is a Reliable Predictive Marker for Early-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford), 82, 229-233.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12576
[23] Kutlugun, A.A., Ebinc, F.A., Ozturk, M.T., et al. (2018) Association of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Microalbuminuria in Patients with Normal eGFR. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine, 56, 21-26.
https://doi.org/10.1515/rjim-2017-0036
[24] Binnetoğlu, E., Şengül, E., Halhallı, G., et al. (2014) Is Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio an Indicator for Proteinuria in Chronic Kidney Disease? Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 28, 487-492.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21715
[25] Ene-Iordache, B., Perico, N., Bikbov, B., et al. (2016) Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Risk in Six Regions of the World (ISN-KDDC): A Cross-Sectional Study. The Lancet Global Health, 4, e307-e319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)00071-1
[26] Kocyigit, I., Eroglu, E., Unal, A., et al. (2013) Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Prediction of Disease Progression in Patients with Stage-4 Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Nephrology, 26, 358-365.
https://doi.org/10.5301/jn.5000152
[27] Tatar, E., Mirili, C., Isikyakar, T., et al. (2016) The Association of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio with Clinical Outcomes in Geriatric Patients with Stage 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease. Acta Clinica Belgica, 71, 221-226.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2016.1159797
[28] Kim, S.M. and Kim, H.W. (2014) Relative Lymphocyte Count as a Marker of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. International Urology and Nephrology, 46, 1395-1401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-014-0687-0
[29] Tonyali, S., Ceylan, C., Yahsi, S., et al. (2018) Does Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Demonstrate Deterioration in Renal Function? Renal Failure, 40, 209-212.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2018.1455590
[30] Yilmaz, G., Sevinc, C., Ustundag, S., et al. (2017) The Relationship between Mean Platelet Volume and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio with Inflammation and Proteinuria in Chronic Kidney Disease. Saudi Journal of Kidney Disease and Transplantation, 28, 90-94.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.198152
[31] Yuan, Q.G., Wang, J.W., Peng, Z.Z., et al. (2019) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Incident End-Stage Renal Disease in Chinese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C-STRIDE). Journal of Translational Medicine, 17, 86.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-1808-4
[32] Yoshitomi, R., Nakayama, M., Sakoh, T., et al. (2019) High Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with Poor Renal Outcomes in Japanese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Renal Failure, 41, 238-243.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2019.1595645
[33] Ouellet, G., Malhotra, R., Penne, E.L., et al. (2016) Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Novel Predictor of Survival in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Clinical Nephrology, 85, 191-198.
https://doi.org/10.5414/CN108745
[34] Yaprak, M., Turan, M.N., Dayanan, R., et al. (2016) Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Mortality Better than Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Hemodialysis Patients. International Urology and Nephrology, 48, 1343-1348.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-016-1301-4
[35] Catabay, C., Obi, Y., Streja, E., et al. (2017) Lymphocyte Cell Ratios and Mortality among Incident Hemodialysis Patients. American Journal of Nephrology, 46, 408-416.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000484177
[36] Benjamin, E.J., Blaha, M.J., Chiuve, S.E., et al. (2017) Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 135, e146-e603.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000491
[37] Li, G. and Zhang, Y.Y. (2016) Increased Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Persons Suffering from Hypertension with Hyperhomocysteinemia. Hypertension Research, 39, 606-611.
https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.30
[38] Cem, Ö., Yilmaz, S., Korkmaz, A., et al. (2016) Evaluation of the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Newly Diagnosed Nondiabetic Hypertensive Patients with Ascending Aortic Dilatation. Blood Pressure Monitoring, 21, 238-243.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0000000000000187
[39] Guo, Z., Yu, S.H., Xiao, L.L., et al. (2016) Dynamic Change of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Hemorrhagic Transformation after Thrombolysis in Stroke. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 13, 199.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0680-x
[40] Sheng, F.Q., Chen, B., He, M.R., et al. (2016) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Is Related to Electrocardiographic Sign of Spontaneous Reperfusion in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Archives of Medical Research, 47, 180-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.06.002
[41] Verdoia, M., Schaffer, A., Barbieri, L., et al. (2016) Impact of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Non-Urgent Percutaneous Coronary Revascularisation. Netherlands Heart Journal, 24, 462-474.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-016-0850-6
[42] Martínez-Urbistondo, D., Beltrán, A., Beloqui, O., et al. (2016) The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Marker of Systemic Endothelial Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Subjects. Nefrologia, 36, 397-403.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2015.10.018
[43] González-Fajardo, J.A., Brizuela-Sanz, J.A., Aguirre-Gervás, B., et al. (2014) Prognostic Significance of an Elevated Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in the Amputation-Free Survival of Patients with Chronic Critical Limb Ischemia. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 28, 999-1004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2013.06.037
[44] Benites-Zapata, V.A., Hernandez, A.V., Nagarajan, V., et al. (2015) Usefulness of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Risk Stratification of Patients with Advanced Heart Failure. The American Journal of Cardiology, 115, 57-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.10.008
[45] Durmus, E., Kivrak, T., Gerin, F., et al. (2015) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Are Predictors of Heart Failure. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 105, 606-613.
https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150126
[46] Cho, K.I., Cho, S.H., Her, A.Y., et al. (2016) Prognostic Utility of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe Calcific Aortic Stenosis. PLoS ONE, 11, e0161530.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161530
[47] Tonelli, M., Karumanchi, S.A., Thadhani, R., et al. (2016) Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Uremia-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 133, 518-536.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018713
[48] Neirynck, N., Glorieux, G., Schepers, E., et al. (2015) Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Leukocyte Oxidative Burst in Chronic Kidney Disease: Culprits or Innocent Bystanders? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 30, 943-951.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfu409
[49] Sevencan, N.O. and Ozkan, A.Z. (2019) Associations between Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio, Albuminuria and Uric Acid and the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hypertensive Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 1-3. Archives of Medical Science, 15, 1232-1239.
https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2018.76262
[50] Chen, I.C., Yu, C.C., Wu, Y.H., et al. (2016) Elevated Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Intermediate-Term Outcomes in Patients Who Have Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease with Peripheral Artery Disease Receiving Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty. Acta Cardiologica Sinica, 32, 532-541.
[51] Ozcicek, A., Ozcicek, F., Yildiz, G., et al. (2017) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Possible Indicator of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Archives of Medical Science, 13, 118-123.
https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2015.50784
[52] Li, H., Lu, X.X., Xiong, R.F., et al. (2017) High Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Mediators of Inflammation, 2017, Article ID: 9327136.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9327136
[53] Zhou, D., Wang, G.Y., Fan, Y., et al. (2017) Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Chinese Han Population. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13, 731-738.
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3993
[54] Gary, T., Pichler, M., Belaj, K., et al. (2013) Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: A Novel Marker for Critical Limb Ischemia in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease Patients. PLoS ONE, 8, e67688.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067688
[55] Chen, T.L. and Yang, M. (2020) Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. International Immunopharmacology, 78, Article ID: 106063.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106063
[56] Berhane, A.M., Weil, E.J., Knowler, W.C., et al. (2011) Albuminuria and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate as Predictors of Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease and Death. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 6, 2444-2451.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00580111
[57] Sato, H., Takeuchi, Y., Matsuda, K., et al. (2017) Pre-Dialysis Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, a Novel and Strong Short-Term Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: Results from a Single-Center Study. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 21, 370-377.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.12533
[58] Diaz-Martinez, J., Campa, A., Delgado-Enciso, I., et al. (2019) The Relationship of Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Nutrition Markers and Health Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients. International Urology and Nephrology, 51, 1239-1247.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02166-6
[59] Qin, B., Ma, N., Tang, Q., et al. (2016) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) Were Useful Markers in Assessment of Inflammatory Response and Disease Activity in SLE Patients. Modern Rheumatology, 26, 372-376.
https://doi.org/10.3109/14397595.2015.1091136
[60] Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, X., et al. (2016) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) Were Associated with Disease Activity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. International Immunopharmacology, 36, 94-99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.006
[61] Ljungberg, B., Bensalah, K., Canfield, S., et al. (2015) EAU Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: 2014 Update. European Urology, 67, 913-924.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.01.005
[62] Luo, Y., She, D.L., Xiong, H., et al. (2015) Pretreatment Neutrophil Tolymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Predictor of Urologic Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 94, e1670.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001670
[63] Chang, X.F., Zhang, F., Liu, T.S., et al. (2017) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Independent Predictor for Survival in Patients with Localized Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma after Radiofrequency Ablation: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. International Urology and Nephrology, 49, 967-974.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-017-1554-6
[64] Elghiaty, A., Kim, J., Jang, W.S., et al. (2018) Predictive Value of Preoperative Monocyte-Lymphocyte Ratio among Patients with Localized Clear Renal Cell Carcinoma of ≤7 cm on Preoperative Imaging. Medicine (Baltimore), 97, e13433.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013433
[65] Kim, S.H., Kwon, W.A., Kim, S., et al. (2018) The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Makes the Heng Risk Model Improve Better the Prediction of Overall Survival in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Patients. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 48, 835-840.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyy098
[66] Tanaka, N., Mizuno, R., Yasumizu, Y., et al. (2017) Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with First-Line and Subsequent Second-Line Targeted Therapy: A Proposal of the Modified-IMDC Risk Model. Urologic Oncology, 35, 39.e19-39.e28.
[67] Motzer, R.J., Escudier, B., Oudard, S., et al. (2010) Phase 3 Trial of Everolimus for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Results and Analysis of Prognostic Factors. Cancer, 116, 4256-4265.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25219
[68] Taguchi, S., Fukuhara, H., Miyakawa, J., et al. (2018) Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Collecting Duct Carcinoma. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 48, 692-694.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyy076
[69] Lee, T., Mokrzycki, M., Moist, L., et al. (2011) Standardized Definitions for Hemodialysis Vascular Access. Seminars in Dialysis, 24, 515-524.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00969.x
[70] Duque, J.C., Tabbara, M., Martinez, L., et al. (2017) Dialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Failure and Angioplasty: Intimal Hyperplasia and Other Causes of Access Failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 69, 147-151.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.08.025
[71] MacRae, J.M., Dipchand, C., Oliver, M., et al. (2016) Arteriovenous Access Failure, Stenosis, and Thrombosis. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 3, 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358116669126
[72] Wongmahisorn, Y. (2019) Role of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Indicator for Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Failure. The Journal of Vascular Access, 20, 608-614.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729819826037