老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者并发心房颤动的危险因素分析及列线图模型构建
Analysis of Risk Factors of Atrial Fibrillation in Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Nomogram Model Construction
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.113205, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 396  浏览: 549 
作者: 薛晓霞:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;刘 璐, 宫 婷:中国人民解放军海军第九七一医院,山东 青岛
关键词: 老年人慢性阻塞性肺疾病心房颤动危险因素列线图The Elderly Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Atrial Fibrillation Risk Factors Nomogram
摘要: 目的:探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD)患者并发心房颤动(Atrial Fibrillation, AF)的独立危险因素,并初步建立老年COPD患者并发AF的列线图风险预测模型。方法:回顾性收集2016年至2020年于某三甲医院住院治疗的老年COPD患者病例资料531例,根据是否发生AF分为COPD并发AF病例组81例和对照患者450例。对两组患者的年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒等一般情况,高血压病、冠心病、心力衰竭、糖尿病、急性呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、脑卒中、急性心肌梗死、消化道出血以及肾功能不全等合并疾病情况进行统计分析,并使用R语言开发构建列线图预测模型,根据曲线下面积(Area Under Curve, AUC)和Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L)检验验证模型准确性。结果:两组患者的吸烟、饮酒情况,心力衰竭、糖尿病、急性呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、脑卒中、急性心肌梗死等合并疾病差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);多因素Logistic回归结果示:心力衰竭(OR = 1.706)、糖尿病(OR = 1.730)、急性呼吸衰竭(OR = 3.408)、肺部感染(OR = 2.859)、脑卒中(OR = 1.662)、急性心肌梗死(OR = 1.204)是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素。使用R语言开发列线图模型,受试者工作特征曲线下面积AUC为0.809,H-L检验P = 0.35 (P > 0.05),发现该模型的区分度和校准度均较好。结论:心力衰竭、糖尿病、急性呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、脑卒中、急性心肌梗死等合并疾病是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素。本研究中列线图模型准确度较好,在临床工作中可提供一定的参考。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the independent risk factors of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) in elderly patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and to establish a nomogram risk prediction model for AF in elderly patients with COPD. Methods: A total of 531 elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in a tertiary hospital from 2016 to 2020 were retrospectively collected. According to the occurrence of AF, they were divided into COPD complicated with AF case group (81 cases) and control group (450 cases). The age, gender, smoking, drinking and other general conditions of the two groups, hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, acute respiratory failure, pulmonary infection, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal bleeding and renal insufficiency were statistically analyzed, and the nomogram prediction model was developed by R language. Area Under Curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) were used to test the accuracy of the model. Results: There were significant differences in smoking, drinking, heart failure, diabetes, acute respiratory failure, pulmonary infection, stroke, acute myocardial infarction and other comorbid diseases between the two groups (P < 0.05); multivariate logistic regression results showed that: heart failure (OR = 1.706), diabetes (OR = 1.730), acute respiratory failure (OR = 3.408), pulmonary infection (OR = 2.859), heart failure (OR = 1.706), diabetes (OR = 1.730), acute respiratory failure (OR = 3.408), pulmonary infection (OR = 2.859), stroke (OR = 1.662) and acute myocardial infarction (OR = 1.204) were independent risk factors for AF in elderly COPD patients. R language was used to develop the nomogram model. The AUC of the area under the curve was 0.809, and the H-L test was P = 0.35 (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Heart failure, diabetes, acute respiratory failure, pulmonary infection, stroke and acute myocardial infarction are independent risk factors of AF in elderly COPD patients. In this study, the accuracy of nomogram model is good, which can provide some reference in clinical work.
文章引用:薛晓霞, 刘璐, 宫婷. 老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者并发心房颤动的危险因素分析及列线图模型构建[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(3): 1429-1436. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.113205

1. 前言

心房颤动(Atrial Fibrillation, AF)是一种常见的心律失常,发生风险会随着年龄的增长而增加,从50~59岁时的1.5%增加到80~89岁时的23.5% [1] [2]。AF是COPD等多种慢性疾病最常见的心律失常 [3]。COPD在全球发病率和死亡率中排在第四位 [4],预计到2030年将排在第三位 [5]。老年COPD患者并发AF的发病率与死亡率均较高 [6]。Méndez-Bailón等人研究发现,COPD合并AF患者的院内死亡率为2.9%,而非COPD相关AF患者的院内死亡率为2.2% [7]。Konecny等人研究表明,重度COPD患者的房颤发病率比非COPD患者高约4倍 [8]。随着我国乃至世界人口老龄化的逐步加重,AF的发病率及医疗负担越来越重 [9]。老年COPD患者并发AF时,预后较差,临床治疗更加复杂,死亡率明显升高,尽管如此,临床中老年COPD患者的AF管理往往不被重视。本研究旨在探讨老年COPD患者并发AF的危险因素并初步构建列线图预测模型,以期对老年COPD患者预防AF的发生提供一定的参考。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 对象

采用回顾性研究方法并获得医院伦理会委员会批准,收集2016年1月1日至2020年12月31日于某三甲医院住院治疗的老年患者,纳入标准:① 年龄 ≥ 65岁;② 符合COPD诊断标准者 [10];③ 病历资料完整者且知情同意者。排除标准为:① AF病史在COPD确诊之前发生者;② 严重心脏瓣膜疾病者、甲状腺功能亢进者、心律不齐及心脏起搏器植入者;③ 病历资料缺失、不完整者;④ 无知情同意者。

2.2. 统计学方法

应用Excel 2016建立数据库,定量资料符合正态分布的数据采用t检验,以均数±标准差进行统计描述;对不服从正态分布的数据进行非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U检验),以中位数和四分位数M (P25, P75)进行统计描述。所有计数资料采用χ2检验,以构成比或率(%)进行描述,行单因素及多因素Logistic多因素分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。将多因素Logistic回归分析中筛选出的独立危险因素使用R语言开发构建列线图风险预测模型,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC)曲线,根据曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)及Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验来验证列线图模型的区分度和校准度。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组患者的临床资料比较

本研究共纳入531例老年COPD患者,根据是否发生AF,分为COPD并发AF病例组(n = 81)和对照组(n = 450)。两组患者的吸烟、饮酒情况,心力衰竭、糖尿病、急性呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、脑卒中、急性心肌梗死等合并疾病差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);年龄、性别、高血压病、冠心病、消化道出血及肾功能不全等合并疾病差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (表1)。

Table 1. Comparison of general clinical data between the two groups

表1. 两组患者一般临床资料比较

3.2. 独立危险因素筛选

结合单因素分析结果,将差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析中,得出心力衰竭、糖尿病、急性呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、脑卒中、急性心肌梗死等合并疾病是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素(表2)。

Table 2. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of AF in elderly COPD patients

表2. 老年COPD患者并发AF的多因素Logistic回归分析

3.3. 列线图预测模型的构建与验证

基于本研究中多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出的独立危险因素结果,使用R语言软件开发老年COPD患者并发AF的列线图风险预测模型,结果发现各危险因素在列线图模型中分值为:心力衰竭45分、糖尿病20分、急性呼吸衰竭80分、肺部感染45分、脑卒中100分、急性心肌梗死85分(图1)。

通过绘制ROC曲线,计算AUC值,进一步检验该列线图模型的区分度,结果发现AUC = 0.807 (95%CI = 0.752~0.865),灵敏度为0.667,特异度为0.827,提示该风险预测模型具有良好的区分度。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示:P = 0.35 (P > 0.05),说明该列线图风险预测模型校准度较好(图2)。

Figure 1. Nomogram prediction model of AF in elderly COPD patients

图1. 老年COPD患者并发AF的列线图预测模型

Figure 2. The ROC of elderly COPD patients complicated with AF

图2. 老年COPD患者并发AF的受试者工作特征曲线

4. 讨论

本研究共纳入531例患者,其中老年COPD患者并发AF者达15.25%。本研究结果发现心力衰竭和急性心肌梗死是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素,心力衰竭在列线图预测模型中可增加45分的影响权重,急性心肌梗死可增加85分的影响权重。Sidney等人研究报道,COPD与心血管事件风险独立相关 [11]。COPD患者合并心力衰竭时,可诱发缺氧、高碳酸血症和电解质紊乱,加重心脏负担,进一步恶化心血管事件,更易诱发AF [12]。Andreas等人研究报道,COPD相关的肺部炎症,会诱发心律异常及心血管事件发生 [13]。有研究表明,COPD患者合并心肌梗死等器质性心脏疾病会导致AF的发生 [6]。COPD与心血管疾病相互影响,COPD患者合并心血管相关疾病和新发房颤之间可能存在关联,在临床工作中需密切关注。

研究报道,COPD患者并发AF与肺炎、急性呼吸衰竭有关 [6]。Ganga等人 [14] 研究发现,在动物模型中,链球菌引起的肺炎已显示可引起心肌微脓肿,可发展为易于发生心律不齐的纤维化病变,这可能解释了COPD患者并发肺部感染、急性呼吸衰竭时易引起AF的机制。Buch等人研究表明,COPD患者肺功能下降与AF发生风险增加相关 [15]。本研究结果显示,在预测老年COPD患者并发AF的列线图预测模型中,急性呼吸衰竭分值为80分,肺部感染所占分值为45分,与目前的研究结果一致。老年COPD患者肺部疾病加重与合并心血管疾病均可诱发AF,提示我们在关注患者肺部疾病时,应积极控制感染、改善肺功能,关注患者心律及心血管疾病情况,预防AF的发生。

亚洲一项前瞻性研究表明,COPD患者合并脑卒中(缺血性或出血性)时AF的发病率明显高于无COPD的脑卒中患者 [16]。日本一项研究报道,脑卒中是AF发生的独立危险因素 [17]。本研究结果发现脑卒中是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素,在列线图预测模型中可增加100分的影响权重。但具体的机制尚不清楚,需行进一步研究明确。目前研究中尚未发现COPD患者合并糖尿病对AF的影响,本研究结果显示,糖尿病是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素,在列线图中所占分值为20分。尽管本研究中年龄、性别、吸烟不是老年COPD患者并发AF的独立危险因素,但大量文献表明,在COPD人群中诱发房颤的危险因素包括年龄较大、男性、缺氧,吸烟 [6] [7] [18]。这可能与本研究中的研究人群限制相关。

本研究初步构建预测老年COPD患者并发AF的列线图风险预测模型,经过验证具有一定的准确性,可以为临床提供一定的理论参考。但因受到病历系统、研究人群的限制,具有一定的局限性,未来仍需行前瞻性、多中心的进一步研究来明确每一种AF类型对COPD患者的结局影响等问题。

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