肝上皮样血管内皮瘤5例分析并文献复习
Analysis of 5 Cases with Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma and Literature Review
摘要: 背景:肝上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种罕见的血管生成肿瘤,目前尚无公认的有效治疗方法。世界范围内使用的治疗方法包括肝移植、肝切除术、射频消融、化疗和观察。本研究的目的是分析我们医院用于肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的不同治疗方案的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年12月在青岛大学附属医院诊治的5例肝上皮样血管内皮瘤患者的病历资料。结果:患者均经术后病理或细针穿刺活检确诊。其中1例肝脏弥漫性病变的患者接受了肝移植,并在最后一次随访中无复发存活;1例患者接受肝切除术作为初始治疗,在随访期间出现复发;1例患者接受了射频消融术,并保持无病;其余2例患者选择了随诊观察而不治疗。1例接受肝切除术的患者术后32个月内因肿瘤复发去世,1例观察未治疗患者随访21个月后拒绝治疗而去世,其他患者在治疗复发病灶后未出现明显的疾病活动。随访截至2019年12月,平均随访时间为42.6 ± 28.8个月(15~82个月)。结论:肝上皮样血管内皮瘤治疗有多种方法。考虑到其惰性临床特点,评估病变行为的初步观察可能有助于选择适当的治疗方法。对于观察期内病情进展的患者可以考虑手术或肝移植。然而,由于我们的样本量很小,需要进一步的研究来分析最佳治疗方案的选择。
Abstract: Background: Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare angiogenic tumor and there is currently no recognized effective treatment. Treatments are used worldwide including liver transplantation, liver resection, radiofrequency ablation, chemotherapy and observation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of different treatment regimens for hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in our hospital. Methods: Medical records of 5 patients with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma treated in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2013 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients were confirmed by postoperative pathology or fine needle aspiration biopsy. One of the patients with diffuse liver disease received liver transplantation and was recurrence-free at the last follow-up. One patient received hepatectomy as initial treatment and relapsed during follow-up. One patient received radiofrequency ablation and remained disease free, while the remaining two patients opted for follow-up observation without treatment. One patient who received hepatectomy died of tumor recurrence within 32 months after surgery and one patient who was not treated under observation died after being followed up for 21 months and refused treatment. Other patients did not show significant disease activity after treatment of their recurrent lesions. As of December 2019, the mean follow-up time was 42.6 ± 28.8 months (15~82 months). Conclusion: There are many treatments of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Given its indolent course, an initial observation on the assessment of lesion behavior may help select an appropriate treatment. Surgery or liver transplantation may be considered for patients whose disease progresses during the observation period. However, due to our small sample size, further studies are required to gather more information that can aid in optimal treatment selection.
文章引用:梁志威, 邱文生. 肝上皮样血管内皮瘤5例分析并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(4): 1465-1472. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.114210

1. 背景

上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种罕见的血管源性恶性肿瘤,主要发生在肝脏。肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的发病率约为百万分之一至二,而死亡率在40%至65%之间 [1] [2]。肝上皮样血管内皮瘤被认为是一种低度恶性肿瘤,其临床病程介于血管瘤和血管肉瘤之间。大多数患者都涉及两个肝叶,肝右叶比肝左叶更容易出现病灶,一些患者在确诊时还出现肝外转移病灶,包括肺、骨和局部淋巴结等 [1]。临床需要通过组织病理学检查确诊。目前,世界各地的研究报道了各种治疗方法包括肝移植、肝切除术、射频消融术、化疗和观察 [3],但还没有已知的有效治疗方法。本研究的目的是分析我们医院用于肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的不同治疗方案的疗效。

2. 患者和方法

回顾性研究收集于2013年1月至2019年12月在我院接受治疗的5例经术后组织病理学或细针穿刺活检确诊为肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的患者。纳入标准:经术后组织病理学证实或细针穿刺活检确诊为肝上皮样血管内皮瘤,无严重的心肺疾病。对所有患者的病历进行回顾性分析,获得以下数据:人口统计学特征、体格检查、血液检查结果、治疗、组织病理学和无病/总生存率。在确诊后1个月,对患者进行每3个月一次评估,直到最后一次随访(2019年12月)。每次随访时进行体格检查、血液检查和影像学检查,观察结局分为有疾病生存、无疾病生存和死亡。无病生存期的计算是从确诊时到复发时,而总生存期的计算是从确诊到死亡或最后一次随访,以较早者为准。

本研究的所有参与者在青岛大学附属医院确诊为肝上皮样血管内皮瘤。这项研究得到了该医院伦理审查委员会的批准,并根据《赫尔辛基宣言》的指导方针获得了研究参与者的知情同意。

3. 结果

本研究共纳入5例经诊断并治疗的肝上皮样血管内皮瘤患者。所有患者的临床基本特征见表1。患者的平均年龄为50.6 ± 16.1岁(27~70岁)。其中3名患者接受了治疗(包括1名男性和2名女性),而其余2名患者(包括1名男性和1名女性)通过活检确诊后选择了观察而没有任何治疗。在3名接受治疗的患者中,2名患者存在弥漫广泛性肝脏病变,其中1名患者接受了肝移植,另2名患者接受肝切除术作为初始治疗。

接受肝移植的患者(患者1)在15个月的随访期内,未出现明显的肿瘤进展,也没有在肝移植后接受辅助治疗。接受肝切除的患者(患者2)在术后进行了7个周期的多西他赛化疗后,随访32个月后因肿瘤复发而去世。第三名患者(患者3)的手术标本组织病理学检查显示切缘阳性,术后18个月复查增强磁共振成像(MR)显示肿瘤复发,进行了射频消融术,消融后进行的对比增强计算机断层扫描(CT)显示病变区域无明显增强,患者在随访期间无疾病生存。

在最后一次随访中,选择观察的2名患者中均未出现明显的肿瘤进展,他们继续每3个月接受一次随访和影像学检查。其中1名患者(患者4)表现为弥漫性肝脏受累,影像学提示肺转移,该患者拒绝接受肝移植或索拉非尼化疗,存活了21个月。另一名患者(患者5)在随访82个月时进行的CT扫描显示右肺上叶可疑转移,在随访结束时仍存活。

Table 1. Clinical data of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma patients

表1. 所有患者的临床基本特征

4. 讨论

Ishak等人最早报道了肝上皮样血管内皮瘤 [4]。肝上皮样血管内皮瘤表现出多种临床表现,包括从无症状到门脉高压。在目前的研究中,超过一半的患者因体检发现的非特异性肝脏病变来我院就诊。超声、计算机断层扫描和核磁共振成像等影像学检查中经常观察到多个肝脏肿块,常诊断为肝动脉粥样硬化 [5]。计算机断层扫描可以充分发现肝脏病变,大多表现为低密度 [6]。76%的患者在增强扫描中有均匀的增强 [5] [7]。CT扫描可以检测血流不良病变周围的区域,该区域通常血流丰富,导致格里森囊收缩,这是肝上皮样血管内皮瘤诊断的线索之一 [8]。在目前的研究中,所有患者在计算机断层扫描图像上都表现出低密度的肿块,尽管增强特征不一致,这是一种诊断线索(图1)。在核磁共振成像中,大多数病灶在T1加权像上表现出低信号强度和周边暗边缘,在T2加权像上表现出高信号强度(图2) [1]。钆酸增强磁共振成像和扩散加权磁共振成像也可以在肝血管瘤和血管肉瘤的鉴别中发挥重要作用 [9] [10]。

肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的诊断主要依赖于内皮分化标志物的免疫组织化学证据和组织病理学检查的结果,因为这种病变的临床和生物学特征类似于血管瘤和血管肉瘤 [11]。肝上皮样血管内皮瘤显示出浸润性生长模式,上皮样细胞、树突细胞和中间细胞散布在富含透明质酸的基质中(图3) [1] [12]。免疫组织化学分析可以显示血管生成标记物如ⅷ因子相关抗原、CD31和CD34阳性,而细胞角蛋白表达阴性 [13] [14]。ⅷ因子相关抗原、CD31和CD34的报告阳性率分别为100%、86%和94% [1]。在本研究中,所有患者的三种标志物均呈阳性(图4)。

Figure 1. Abdominal enhanced computerized tomography (CT) images of a hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma patient (arrows). A Multiple low-density nodular lesions scattered in the liver parenchyma involving the right lobe and left medial segment in arterial phase. B,C Multiple low-density lesions with inhomogeneous enhancement in venous phase (B) and delayed phase (C)

图1. 肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤患者腹部增强CT图像(箭头)。A、肝实质散在分布的多发低密度结节性病变,动脉期累及右肝叶及左肝内节段。B、C静脉期(B)和延迟期(C)不均匀强化的多发低密度病变

Figure 2. MRI scan images of a hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma patient (arrows). A T2-weighted MRI showing multiple lesions with low signal. B Artery venous phase showing multiple lesions with hyperintensity. C Portal venous phase showing multiple lesions with a heterogeneous mild to moderate hyperintensity. D Coronal view image showing multiple lesions in the live

图2. 肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤患者的MRI扫描图像(箭头)。A、T2加权MRI显示多发低信号病灶。B、动静脉期,多发高信号病灶。C、门脉期多发性病变伴轻度至中度不等高信号。D、冠状面图像显示肝脏多发病灶

Figure 3. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed abnormal hyperplasia of fibrous tissue combined with vessel-like formations, with scattered neoplastic epithelioid cells (×200)

图3. 苏木精-伊红染色显示纤维组织异常增生伴血管样形成,散在肿瘤上皮样细胞(×200)

Figure 4. Pathological investigations identified hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. A Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor was positive for CD31 (×200). B Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor was positive for CD34 (×200). C Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor was positive for F8-R-Ag (×200). D Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor was positive for Vimentin (×200)

图4. 病理检查发现肝上皮样血管内皮瘤。A、免疫组化显示肿瘤CD31阳性(×200)。B、免疫组化示肿瘤CD34阳性(×200)。C、免疫组化显示肿瘤F8-R-Ag阳性(×200)。D、免疫组化示肿瘤Vimentin阳性(×200)

肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的治疗必须考虑到涉及的肝叶、病变的数量和大小以及是否存在肝外病变。然而,由于肿瘤的罕见性以及对全球缺乏最佳治疗共识,因此没有单一有效的治疗方法。Mehrabi等人报道,肝移植是目前最常见的治疗方法,其次是不治疗的观察、化疗或放疗以及肝切除 [1]。

肝移植适用于有多个不可切除病灶的患者,无论有无肝外病变 [15] [16]。肝移植后的5年生存率为50%~89% [15]。在一项涉及149名接受肝移植患者的欧洲研究中,平均生存期为7.6年(2.8~14.4年),复发的危险因素包括大血管侵犯和肺门淋巴结侵犯。1年、3年和5年生存率分别为97.1%、88.6%和74.4%。另一项涉及59名患者的欧洲研究表明,血管侵犯是肝上皮样血管内皮瘤肝移植后预后不良的危险因素,而不是淋巴结侵犯或肝外病变 [15]。总的来说,如本研究所观察到的,由于肝的多中心性,肝移植已作为治疗的选择。

对于单叶可切除病变或有以下表现的病变的患者,R0完全切除术一直是首选治疗方法 [17]。先前的研究表明病灶数量 < 10个、肿瘤直径 < 10厘米和肝外病灶 < 4个是肝脏切除的有利因素 [18]。另一项研究提到肝移植应严格限于单叶受累的患者 [19]。Mehrabi等人 [20] 还报告了3名患者,他们在肝移植后出现复发并存活超过100个月。然而,肝切除复发率高于肝移植。在目前的研究中,对于病变大于10厘米的患者,肝切除复发的预后比肝移植复发的预后差。同时,射频消融或化疗可作为术后复发的辅助治疗。

关于化疗,皇家马斯登医院的一项研究报告称,化疗后中位生存期的持续时间可达9.8年,α-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶联合治疗可达到良好的效果 [18]。此外,使用免疫抑制剂或哺乳动物雷帕霉素抑制剂可以使患者受益 [21]。在一项二期临床试验中,索拉非尼化疗可延长约33.5%患者的生存期超过6个月 [22]。然而,一些学者报告说,肝上皮样血管内皮瘤对化疗不敏感,或者对化疗的反应不如肝移植 [23] [24]。即使在目前的研究中,多西他赛治疗没有显示出明显的效果,患者最终出现复发。这说明肝上皮样血管内皮瘤可能对一线化疗药物不敏感。另一名拒绝索拉非尼治疗的疑似转移患者存活大于15个月,没有明显的疾病进展,这说明了肝上皮样血管内皮瘤具有不可预测性。

肝上皮样血管内皮瘤确诊后单纯观察的患者,临床病程依然不可预测。Makhlouf等 [2] 报告了一名存活27年的患者。另一方面,据报道2周是诊断后最短的存活时间 [1]。在本研究中,通过每3个月随访,其中1名患者在撰写本手稿时仍存活且状况良好。这些结果倾向于支持对具有影像学稳定性疾病的患者进行单纯观察的作用,并且我们认为诊断为上皮样血管内皮瘤的患者应大约在1~3个月的初始阶段进行观察,以评估疾病的生物学行为。如果肿瘤迅速增大(如3个月内增大 > 3厘米),应接受适当的治疗。此外,如果有弥漫性或进行性疾病进展的证据,应考虑肝移植。

5. 结论

肝上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种罕见的血管源性恶性肿瘤,临床和实验室检查结果无特异性。影像学特征容易导致误诊。肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的诊断是困难的,主要取决于组织病理学和免疫组织化学检测。目前用于肝上皮样血管内皮瘤的治疗方案包括肝移植、肝切除术、射频消融术、化疗和不治疗的观察。根据我们的研究发现,考虑到其惰性的临床特点,初始观察可能是肝上皮样血管内皮瘤管理的关键步骤。如果病变在观察期内有进展,应酌情安排肝移植或肝切除。然而,由于我们的结果受到小样本量的限制,需要进一步的研究来收集更多的证据,以帮助对这种罕见的肿瘤进行恰当的治疗选择。

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