经济博弈中的公平理论及公平规范执行的群体偏见

Fairness Theory in Economic Games and Group Bias of Fairness Norm Enforcement

摘要: 公平是群际互动中最重要的规范之一，它是群体成员在一定的社会情境下如何行为的规范。历年来，经济学家和社会心理学家运用行为博弈的经典范式——最后通牒博弈范式及其相关变式探究个体的公平偏好、利他、互惠等行为。对于经济博弈中个体违背“理性人假设”的现象，学者们分别提出了不平等厌恶、互惠偏好、平等–互惠–竞争三种理论来解释其背后的心理机制。群体认同是指个体对其所属群体身份的知觉及其所付诸于该群体身份上的价值与情绪，直接影响着群际互动中人们的公平规范执行行为。研究者发现在群体偏见影响公平规范执行时会产生内群体偏爱(In-group Bias)和黑羊效应(the Black Sheep Effect, BSE)两种现象，表现为相比于外群体，个体更愿意接受内群体成员的不公平提议或者更多拒绝内群体成员的不公平提议。当前研究者分别通过纯粹偏好理论(Mere Preference Theory, MPT)和规范聚焦假设(Norms-Focused Hypothesis, NFH)来解释上述相悖的现象。未来研究应侧重促进公平理论与群体偏见与公平规范执行理论的交叉共融，拓宽群体偏见与公平规范研究的群体范围，增加得失框架下群体偏见与公平规范的研究。

Abstract: Fairness is one of the most important norms in group interaction. It is a norm for how group members behave in a certain social situation. Over the years, economists and social psychologists have used the classic paradigm of behavioral games—Ultimatum game paradigm and its related variants to explore individual behaviors such as fairness preferences, altruism, and reciprocity. Regarding the phenomenon that individuals violate the “rational man hypothesis” in economic games, scholars have put forward three theories to explain the psychological mechanism behind it, such as inequality aversion, reciprocity preference and equality-reciprocity-competition. Group identity refers to some knowledge of one’s group membership together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership, which directly affects people’s fairness norm enforcement during inter-group context. Researchers have found that when group biases affect the implementation of fair norms, there will be two phenomena: In-group Bias and the Black Sheep Effect, which are manifested in that individuals were more likely to accept unfair offer from in-groups or more likely to reject unfair proposals offered by in-group members compared with out-group members. Currently, norms-focused hypothesis and mere preferences theory have usually been used to explain the above contradictory phenomena. Based on this review, future research should focus on promoting the integration of fairness theory and group bias of fairness norm enforcement theory, broaden the group scope of group bias and fairness norm research, and enhance the research on group bias and fairness norm under the framework of gains and losses.