药物治疗在慢性硬膜下血肿中的研究进展
Research Progress of Drug Therapy in Chronic Subdural Hematoma
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.117425, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 332  浏览: 505 
作者: 高聪伟*, 亓旭晨#:浙江大学医学院,浙江 杭州
关键词: 慢性硬膜下血肿药物Chronic Subdural Hematoma Drugs
摘要: 慢性硬膜下血肿(chronic subdural hematoma, CSDH)指的是发生于硬脑膜与蛛网膜之间、具有包膜的血肿,出血时间通常在3周以上,好发于65岁以上老年人。CSDH是神经外科常见疾病之一,手术是主要的治疗方法,包括开颅术、钻孔术、以及内镜手术等等。然而无论何种手术,大约27%~33%的患者术后会出现复发,且术后并发症如颅内出血、颅内感染、肺部感染等问题仍比较棘手;随着人口老龄化,发病率逐渐升高,加上越来越多抗血栓药物的使用以及术前并发症如高血压、糖尿病等也提高了术后复发率及并发症发生的概率;此外,对于心肺功能不全、颅内感染的患者,手术是禁忌的。因此,对于复发风险较高或预计手术效果较差或有手术禁忌的患者,单用药物治疗或作为手术的辅助疗法或许可以提供更好的效果。
Abstract: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) refers to a hematoma with an envelope that occurs between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane. The bleeding time is usually more than 3 weeks, and it usually occurs in the elderly over 65. CSDH is one of the most common diseases in neurosurgery, and surgery is the main treatment including craniotomy, drilling, and endoscopic surgery, etc. However, no matter what kind of surgery, about 27% to 33% of patients will relapse after surgery, and postoperative complications such as intracranial bleeding, intracranial infection, lung infection and other problems are still difficult to deal with. With the aging of the population, the incidence rate is gradually increasing; coupled with the use of more and more antithrombotic drugs and preoperative complications such as hypertension, diabetes, etc., which have also increased the recurrence rate and the probability of complications after surgery. In addition, for patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency and intracranial infections, surgery is contraindicated. Therefore, for patients with a higher risk of recurrence, poor surgical results, or surgical contraindications, medication alone or as an adjuvant therapy to surgery may provide better results.
文章引用:高聪伟, 亓旭晨. 药物治疗在慢性硬膜下血肿中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(7): 2935-2940. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.117425

1. 引言

CSDH是神经外科常见疾病,一般认为是外伤或脑萎缩导致连接硬脑膜和蛛网膜的桥静脉撕裂,随后在血液和脑脊液刺激下,硬脑膜边界细胞分泌细胞因子招募炎性细胞,同时自身分化为成纤维细胞大量增殖,逐渐形成血肿的外膜;被招募的炎性细胞大量分泌白介素6 (Interleukin-6, IL-6)、白介素8 (Interleukin-8, IL-8)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2)、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等炎症因子,促使外膜上逐渐形成未成熟、高渗透性的毛细血管。而后继发凝血障碍及纤溶亢进,导致外膜持续渗血,形成慢性炎症 [1]。药物治疗通过抗炎、抗血管生成或抗纤溶等机制可以打断这一恶性循环,发挥治疗作用 [2]。本文简单回顾了CSDH的可能发生机制并介绍相关药物在治疗CSDH上的相关研究进展。

2. 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, ACEI)

血管生成素2 (angiopoietins, Ang2)在CSDH的促炎及促血管生成作用已较明确。ACEI可抑制Ang2的生成,Ang2的作用通路主要是Ang2/Tie2/PI3K/HIF-1α,终产物缺氧诱导因子1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, HIF-1α)促进VEGF的表达,因此Ang2与VEGF具有协同作用 [3]。因此理论上ACEI通过减少Ang2及VEGF的生成,可以抑制CSDH包膜上血管的生成及炎症因子的浸润,降低血管的通透性,阻止血肿的进一步扩大。Weigel等 [4] 发现,钻孔术后使用ACEI降压的CSDH患者,其复发率明显降低;同时发现使用ACEI的患者血肿液中VEGF含量显著低于未经ACEI抑制剂治疗的患者,因此ACEI可能有抗VEGF的作用。而根据Poulsen等 [5] 的一项前瞻性研究发现,在术后90天内每天服用5毫克培哚普利与服用安慰剂进行比较,发现术后6周两组的血肿体积并无显著差异,且复发率也无区别。另一个回顾性研究 [6] 则发现术前使用ACEI的CSDH患者的初始血肿体积更大,且术后复发率更高;这被认为是由于ACEI引起的缓激肽升高引起的血管扩张通透性增加、血液外渗所致。根据现有证据来看,ACEI作为手术的辅助用药,其结果尚不明确;且偏向于其不能降低CSDH术后复发率,甚至有反效果。因此目前不推荐其用于治疗CSDH;需要更多的ACEI作为单独用药效果的高级别证据。

3. 氨甲环酸

多项研究已证实了纤溶亢进和凝血功能障碍在CSDH的发生及进展中所起的重要作用 [7]。氨甲环酸可以阻断纤溶酶原上的赖氨酸结合位点抑制纤溶酶原的激活,从而降低纤维蛋白的降解;而且纤溶酶可以促进缓激肽的产生,缓激肽可以增加血管的通透性及炎症细胞的浸润;同时,高浓度的氨甲环酸可以直接抑制纤溶酶 [8]。因此氨甲环酸具有抗纤溶、抗炎、降低血管通透性的作用。Kageyam等 [7] 的一项回顾性研究发现,18名未经手术CSDH患者通过每天口服氨甲环酸750 mg,最后这些患者的血肿完全消失。而Tanweer等 [9] 则发现CSDH钻孔引流术后每天服用氨甲环酸650 mg,经过长期随访,患者的血肿几乎完全消失,且无术后复发病例。Mikkelsen等 [10] 报告了一例4次钻孔术后依然复发的CSDH患者,该患者长期使用华法林;第4次复发后患者再次行钻孔术,并在术后24小时内4次静脉注射氨甲环酸10mg/kg,随访9个月,患者血肿基本吸收,症状基本消失,未再复发。以上案例说明氨甲环酸对于CSDH的保守治疗、手术辅助用药以及术后复发的患者似乎可以提供益处,然而由于缺乏对照以及样本量的不足,其治疗CSDH的效果及安全性似乎不太确定。对于氨甲环酸的主要并发症如血栓形成,缺乏相应的评估;而且CSDH好发于老年人,许多患者长期使用抗血栓药物,氨甲环酸对这部分患者的影响也缺乏相应的研究。其他并发症,如诱发癫痫的风险 [11],也应进行评估。总之,氨甲环酸对CSDH的治疗效果仍不十分明确,需要大样本的前瞻性临床对照试验来评估其治疗CSDH的确切疗效以及副作用如血栓形成和诱发癫痫的风险。

4. 塞来昔布

环氧合酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)是环氧合酶-1 (cyclooxygenase-1, COX-1)的同工酶,一般在炎症刺激下,在炎症细胞中表达。COX-2可催化花生四烯酸转化为PGE2。PGE2可以促进血管扩张、通透性增加;PGE2可以促进血管内皮细胞产生VEGF,从而促进血管生长;PGE2也可以不通过VEGF直接促进血管生长;且VEGF也可激活COX-2促进PGE2生成 [12]。CSDH血肿液中已发现高浓度的PGE2和VEGF,且COX-2在外膜高度表达 [13]。塞来昔布可以选择性地抑制COX-2,减少PGE2的产生,具有潜在的抗血管生成和抗炎作用。一项前瞻性实验将塞来昔布用于治疗钻孔术后的CSDH患者,由于伴有塞来昔布禁忌症的患者太多,最终只有23名患者入组;与安慰剂相比,实验组的复发率并无明显下降。由于样本量太少,该实验缺乏说服力。因此,需要更多的前瞻性研究来证实塞来昔布或者其他COX-2抑制剂治疗CSDH的疗效。

5. 血小板活化因子受体(Platelet Activating Factor Receptor, PAFr)拮抗剂

在炎症状态下,炎症细胞可大量合成PAF,通过与PAFr 相结合,可激活炎症细胞产生大量炎症介质 [14]。相关研究 [15] 已证实CSDH血肿液中PAF浓度显著高于健康对照,外膜毛细血管中亦发现较多的PAF和组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator, tPA),推测PAF可促进内皮细胞产生tPA;且PAF可促进嗜酸性粒细胞产生纤溶酶原;复发患者血浆中PAF浓度显著高于未复发患者。因此PAF可促进血肿腔的纤溶亢进及血管通透性增高,导致外膜反复出血增加术后复发率。依替唑仑通过阻断PAFr,已被证明可抑制CSDH的进展,减少术后复发。Hirashima等 [16] 发现钻孔术后服用依替唑仑降低了术后复发率,缩小了血肿;另一项研究 [17] 则对轻中度的CSDH患者随机给予依替唑仑和常规治疗,发现依替唑仑可降低手术需求,且对CT呈低密度或术前没有偏瘫症状的患者效果更高。依替唑仑可能可促进CSDH血肿的吸收,但目前尚缺乏更多的证据验证PAFr (如依替唑仑)对CSDH的治疗效果。

6. 糖皮质激素

激素用于治疗CSDH已具有较长历史,其理论依据主要是其具有的抗炎、抗血管生成和抗纤溶作用 [18]。激素对血肿液中的IL-6、IL-8、VEGF、tPA等均具有抑制作用 [19];动物实验中也观察到经过激素治疗的小鼠硬膜下血肿较对照组明显减小 [20]。多项回顾性及前瞻性研究均证实了激素在CSDH中的效果。根据Berghauser等 [21] 对496例术前接受地塞米松治疗的CSDH患者的回顾性研究发现,术前地塞米松使用时间越长,则术后复发率越低。Delgado-Lopez等 [22] 则对入院时的CSDH患者进行MGS评分(Markwalder分级评分),评分为MGS 1~2分的患者接受地塞米松治疗,而MGS 3~4分的患者接受手术治疗;发现两组均取得了良好的治疗效果。而Zhang等 [23] 对27例复发CSDH患者的前瞻性研究,入院时GCS ≥ 13分者接受地塞米松治疗,<13分者行钻孔治疗;发现二组也取得了不错的效果。与上述结果相似,Sun等 [24] 的一项前瞻性研究将入组患者分为地塞米松组、手术联合地塞米松组、手术组,发现单纯手术组复发率最高,手术联合地塞米松则显著降低术后复发率,加速血肿吸收,更快地改善预后。而Miah等 [25] 则认为地塞米松虽可降低手术需求,但也增加了相关并发症和延长了住院时间。由于公认的抗炎作用,目前认为无论对于初发、复发的患者或者作为术前术后辅助用药,激素均可降低手术需求及术后复发率;根据治疗前的GCS及MGS评分,对于入院时意识状态尚可、症状轻微的患者激素治疗效果较好。此外,对于激素的使用时间、剂量及并发症的把控目前还不甚明确;有学者认为 [25],由于CSDH的炎症反应在2~3周达到高峰,因此短疗程、更频繁地给药在达到治疗效果的同时,也能显著减少并发症及缩短住院时间。

7. 阿托伐他汀

阿托伐他汀除了众所周知的降脂作用外,由于其抗炎和促血管成熟作用也广泛用于治疗CSDH。动物实验 [26] 发现经过阿托伐他汀治疗的CSDH大鼠血肿吸收更快,神经功能改善更明显;且外周血及血肿周围的调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Treg)升高;血肿外膜中性粒细胞等炎性细胞浸润减少,炎性因子IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、VEGF显著降低,而抗炎因子IL-10升高。Treg细胞可抑制炎性细胞分泌IL-6、IL-8,并能直接产生IL-10,发挥抗炎作用 [27]。因此推测阿托伐他汀可刺激外周血Treg细胞的产生并动员Treg细胞至血肿部位发挥治疗作用。Jiang等 [28] 的一项随机对照实验发现与安慰剂相比,经过阿托伐他汀治疗的患者血肿吸收及神经功能改善更快,手术需求更低;且对高龄及血肿较大的患者效果更好。Wang等 [29] 根据入院时的GCS和MGS评分,将分级较好的患者纳入阿托伐他汀治疗组,随访36个月,除1例外,其余均无复发。另一项研究 [30] 则比较了阿托伐他汀保守治疗与阿托伐他汀作为手术辅助治疗的效果;随访期间,保守组血肿完全吸收,无复发患者;而手术组中联合使用阿托伐他汀的效果优于单独手术组。由于阿托伐他汀抗炎作用较弱,不足以迅速控制炎症;单独使用阿托伐他汀可能存在使用时间长、并发症多、效果差等副作用。而糖皮质激素抗炎作用更强,二者联合用药可以降低使用剂量,缩短用药时间,降低并发症发生率,提高疗效。Wang等 [31] 认为相比于单独使用阿托伐他汀,阿托伐他汀联合小剂量地塞米松能够更快地促进血肿消退及神经功能改善,且外周血内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells, EPC)、Treg细胞明显升高,CD4 + T细胞明显下降;EPC的减少是CSDH发生及复发的重要原因,阿托伐他汀可以动员内EPC进行血管修复,这是其发挥治疗作用的另一个机制 [32]。体外CSDH模拟标本实验证实 [33],阿托伐他汀联合小剂量地塞米松明显抑制粘附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1及VEGF、IL-6的生成,促进内皮细胞间紧密连接蛋白、KLF-2 (类Kruppel因子2)的表达,从而降低毛细血管的通透性,促进血肿吸收。因此二者的联合用药对于治疗CSDH具有协同作用,是一种更具有前景的治疗方法。

8. 总结

总之,单独药物治疗或作为术前术后辅助疗法,均能对CSDH起到治疗作用。由于CSDH复杂病理生理机制,许多在小样本临床实验中被证明有效的药物在随后的大型临床实验中的结果差强人意;这可能是由于样本量不够或混杂变量未能很好地控制所致。因此,对CSDH的发病机制进行更为深入的研究,有助于开发新的药物及评估药物疗效。药物用于治疗CSDH潜力还未得到充分开发,目前对于临床症状较轻、术前分级较好以及有手术禁忌症的患者,药物治疗可起到较好的效果,同时避免手术及相关并发症,缩短住院时间。当然药物的副作用也需注意;联合运用不同作用机制的药物在起到较好的效果的同时,也减轻了大剂量单药使用的副作用。阿托伐他丁联合小剂量地塞米松可能是目前被证明疗效较为确切的联合疗法,或许值得推广。

NOTES

*第一作者,

#通讯作者。

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