HER2/HR阳性乳腺癌治疗进展
Research Progress of HER2/HR-Positive Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.118562, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 473  浏览: 932  国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 杨 雪, 李 玲, 吴大鹏, 袁胜利*:青岛大学附属青岛市立医院,山东 青岛;刘根利:大连医科大学附属青岛大学附属青岛市立医院,山东 青岛
关键词: 乳腺癌HER2/HR阳性化疗抗HER-2药物激素治疗CDK4/6抑制剂Breast Cancer Triple-Positive Chemotherapy Anti-Her-2 Treatment Hormone Therapy CDK4/6 Inhibitors
摘要: 乳腺癌是一种异质性疾病,在HER-2阳性亚型中,由于存在大量的表型和临床异质性(主要与激素受体(HR)表达有关),这种现象得到了大量数据证明。众所周知,HER-2阳性通常与更具攻击性的肿瘤表型和降低的总生存率有关,而且与内分泌治疗的获益减少有关。临床前研究证实了HER-2和雌激素受体(ER)信号转导的功能性串扰在内分泌抵抗中的作用,同时,ER信号转导也成为对HER-2阻断剂耐药的可能机制。在HER-2阳性肿瘤中,HR状况定义了两种不同的亚型,临床行为不同,对抗癌药的敏感性也不同。三重阳性亚型,即ER/PgR/Her-2阳性肿瘤,可以被认为是最类似于HER-2阴性/HR阳性肿瘤的亚型,生物学和临床结局具有实质性差异。我们认为可以考虑在该亚组中降级治疗,即对小肿瘤,低肿瘤负荷,两种激素受体高表达的肿瘤多重靶向治疗的去化学治疗,本文回顾了有关HER-2/HR阳性肿瘤的生物学和临床数据的现有文献,试图更好地定义HER-2亚型并优化HER-2靶向药物,化学疗法,内分泌治疗和细胞周期抑制剂在各个肿瘤亚型中的应用。
Abstract: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which has been largely demonstrated in the HER-2 positive subtype due to a large number of phenotypes and clinical heterogeneity (mainly related to hormone receptor (HR) expression). It is well known that HER-2 positive is generally associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and reduced overall survival, and with reduced benefits from endocrine therapy. Preclinical studies have confirmed the role of functional cross-talking of HER-2 and estrogen receptor (ER) signal transduction in endocrine resistance, and ER signal transduction has also become a possible mechanism for resistance to HER-2 blockers. In HER-2 positive tumors, HR status may define two different subtypes with different clinical behaviors and different sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Triple positive subtypes, namely ER/PgR/HER-2 positive tumors, can be considered the subtypes most similar to HER-2 negative/HR positive tumors, with substantial differences in biological and clinical outcomes. We think that in some cases, whether can consider to use de-escalation therapy is taken into account in the subgroups, namely for small tumors, low tumor load, two kinds of hormone receptor targeted therapy of high expression of multiple tumor to chemotherapy. This paper reviewed about its HER-2/ER/PgR positive tumor biology and clinical data of the existing literature, in an attempt to better define its HER-2 subtypes and optimize its HER-2 targeted drugs, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitors in the application of different tumor subtypes.
文章引用:杨雪, 李玲, 刘根利, 吴大鹏, 袁胜利. HER2/HR阳性乳腺癌治疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(8): 3835-3847. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.118562

1. 引言

乳腺癌是一种异质性疾病,具有基因型和表型多样性,激素受体(HR)共表达可能解释了这种异质性的一部分 [1] [2]。据报道,大约70%的浸润性乳腺癌表达雌激素受体(ER),而大多数ER阳性癌症也表达孕激素受体(PgR)。在15%~20%的原发性乳腺癌中存在HER-2蛋白的过表达或基因扩增,与无病生存期(DFS)和总体生存期(OS)降低有关 [3]。70个基因的MammaPrint分析中显示,即使在没有治疗的情况下,少数HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者也表现出良好的预后]。HER-2阳性乳腺癌大约有50%也同时表达HR+,HR+乳腺癌也有十分之一患者表达HER-2阳性 [4] [5] [6]。根据HR状况,HER-2+肿瘤表达不同的途径:HER-2+/HR-组PI3K,MAPK和NOTCH途径的过度表达可以证明不同的生存结果和治疗敏感性 [7]。

高表达HER-2的ER阳性肿瘤通常以较低的水平表达ER。在HER-2阳性肿瘤中,ER和HER-2水平在RNA和蛋白质水平上均呈负相关 [4] [8] [9]。在HR+/HER-2+病例中,三重阳性占绝大部分,ER+/PR-/HER-2+次之,ER-/PR+/HER-2+最少。即使仅表达一种激素受体,肿瘤增殖也受HR信号和HER-2途径驱动 [10],而正常PgR水平的存在暗示了乳腺癌细胞中完整的ER信号转导途径。根据一项整合DNA拷贝数阵列,DNA甲基化,外显子组测序,信使RNA阵列,微小RNA测序和反相蛋白的研究,PAM50的数据表明,多达三分之一的HER阳性早期乳腺癌可能在本质上被归类Luminal A或B [11] [12]。ER和PR升高与内分泌反应性和降低的化学敏感性有关 [13] [14]。HER/ER串扰是抵抗内分泌和抗HER-2治疗的机制 [15]。

以下实验室证据表明,ER表达和/或活性的上调可以作为逃逸机制,导致HER-2和HR阳性乳腺癌患者对HER-2靶向治疗产生耐药性。HER-2和ER通路的双重抑制可能在HR和HER-2阳性乳腺癌中发挥最佳的抗肿瘤活性。此外,在ER/HER-2阳性组中,有一类“三联阳性”(ER/PgR/HER-2阳性)肿瘤,或具有特别高的HR表达水平的肿瘤,这可能代表了独特的亚组 [16] [17]。临床实验数据表明这部分人群预后更好。标准化疗,Her-2阻断和内分泌治疗的组合可能被认为是过度治疗。在新辅助阶段情况刚好相反,HER2/HR阳性乳癌PCR更低。接近PCR人群也更多,同时,HER2/HR阳性的PCR对远期预后OS的预测能力比三阴性乳腺癌要差,部分未达到PCR的HER2/HR阳性乳腺癌,也能获得较好的远期生存 [18]。联合治疗方案可以将毒性更高的基于化疗的HER-2靶向组合的启动延迟6~12个月,有时甚至更长。对于高激素受体表达的患者,肿瘤类型更倾向于Luminal型,是否可以去化学治疗,仍需更多临床验证。

在本文中,我们总结并批判性地讨论了在HER-2阳性早期和晚期乳腺癌中通过HR状态在肿瘤生物学和临床结果方面的可用文献数据。HER-2与ER途径的关系见图1

Figure 1. Relationship between HER-2 and ER pathway

图1. HER-2与ER途径的关系

雌激素通过激活ER核功能,可以增加配体的转录和表达,例如转化生长因子-α (TGFα)和胰岛素样生长因子1 (IGF1)。同时,也会促进PI3K/AKT和p42/44MAPK途径的激活。抗HER-2治疗可以抑制酪氨酸激酶效应转录因子Myc转录活性,抑制其靶基因survivin,这与良好的应答有关。相反,ER的共表达导致survivin表达上调和ER转录活性增加,随后反应降低。ER及其下游效应子均增加,并且通过激活ER途径介导了HER-2靶向药物的耐药性,HER2途径激活导致乳腺癌中ERK1/2 MAPK的下游过度激活。在原发性乳腺癌肿瘤的乳腺癌细胞系和培养物中,MAPK (hMAPK)的过度激活已显示出诱导ER表达的丧失,而抑制hMAPK可以恢复ER表达,这表明hMAPK在确立ER状态中起直接作用。ER表达在肿瘤内是动态的,并且可能取决于外部激素环境和MAPK活化而变化。另一方面,共抑制子的磷酸化可导致它们从细胞核中输出,从而阻止了细胞核中ER转录复合物的调控,最近显示雌激素-ER和他莫昔芬-ER复合物直接抑制HER-2转录。

2. 新辅助治疗

目前,我们没有足够的证据来根据临床常规中的HR+状况来调整HER2 + EBC中的新辅助疗法。美国FDA荟萃分析表明,HER2阳性乳腺癌的PCR与更长时间的生存有关,HR-患者这种关联性大于HR+患者。不管治疗是从新辅助还是辅助开始,系统治疗都将被视为连续体 [19]。新辅助疗法很可能会成为最初的体内反应测试的标准骨架,其功效(pCR与非pCR)将成为个性化后续治疗选择的重要信息。仅给予一种HER-2靶向药物时,病理完全缓解(pCR)率在22.7%至30%之间,3年无复发生存率(RFS)为71%~78% [20]。当将帕妥珠单抗和拉帕替尼加到曲妥珠单抗和化疗中时,pCR率分别增加到45.8%和51.3%之间 [21] [22] [23]。他莫昔芬对HER-2阳性/女性患者的结局无益处甚至可能有害。在使用抗HER-2 靶向药物和化疗药物时,与HR-/HER-2+肿瘤患者相比,HR+/HER-2+乳腺肿瘤患者的pCR率低1.5~2.5倍 [18],这可能是因为这些方案不包含内分泌治疗。此外,增加内分泌治疗,未达到pCR的HER-2阳性/HR阳性肿瘤患者未必像三阴性患者亚组那样预后差。pCR可能是HER-2阳性/HR阴性但不适用于HER-2阳性/HR阳性乳腺癌患者的替代终点。并且,新辅助试验对无化疗的HER-2双重阻断进行试验的结果似乎证实存在一个亚组,即使不进行化疗,仅抗HER-2单独治疗也可能有效 [24] [25]。对于早期乳腺癌(eBC)的真实世界数据显示HR-且BMI ≥ 25的患者可能会受益于升阶梯治疗的方法,而HR+且BMI < 25的患者可能有资格接受较短时间的抗HER2药物的辅助治疗或降阶梯治疗 [26]。相关研究数据总结见表1

新辅助治疗中双重抗HER-2靶向药物和/或内分泌治疗,ER阳性和ER阴性亚组有明显不同。NeoALTTO、ACOSOG Z1041、CALGB 40601、NOAH等几个前瞻性临床实验都证明了HER2阳性乳腺癌的PCR与更长时间的生存有关,HR-患者这种关联性大于HR+患者 [21] [22] [23] [27] [31]。在TBCRC006实验 [32] 中使用曲妥珠单抗–拉帕替尼加或者不加化学治疗,54% HR阳性肿瘤患者同时接受来曲唑治疗,总体PCR率为27%,在HR阳性肿瘤中为21%,而在HR阴性肿瘤中为36%。可将反应和耐药的分子决定因素与原发性乳腺癌对药物治疗的临床反应相关联。在最初反应后,取决于HER-2信号的内分泌耐药性可能迅速出现。在TRYPHAENA试验 [30] 中,评估与不同的化疗组合的双重HER2阻断(帕妥珠单抗加曲妥单抗)。在HER2阳性/HR阳性的患者中,三个周期的氟尿嘧啶报道的pCR率(仅乳腺癌,ypT0/is)分别为46.2%和48.6%,接受六个周期的多西他赛,卡铂和双重抗HER2封锁治疗的患者的pCR率为50.0%。在NEOSPHERE研究报告 [25] 中,未经化疗的曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗治疗组的pCR率为16.8%,与ER阴性肿瘤相比,ER阳性的新辅助疗法的pCR率显著降低,治疗12周后总体pCR率为42%。在ADAPT实验 [27] [33] 中,T-DM1单一药物的pCR率可与更广泛的化学疗法加靶向治疗相当,并且通过增加内分泌治疗不会改变其疗效,单药毒性非常低。无脱发,周围性多神经病或发热性中性粒

Table 1. Clinical data of HER-2 positive breast cancer in neoadjuvant therapy

表1. HER-2阳性乳腺癌在新辅助治疗中的临床数

备注:pCR:病理完全缓解率;ET:内分泌治疗;NA:不存在或者未获得;FEC方案:F5-氟类;E蒽环类;C环磷酰胺;T:紫杉类;H:曲妥珠单抗;p:帕妥珠单抗。

细胞减少的报道。主要毒性为ALT或AST改变,血小板减少症和疲劳。HR+亚组的PCR率要明显低于HR-亚组,但是,在HR+亚组中也有大量的近pCR(pT1a-b)。由于Rimawi及其同事在将新辅助治疗期延长至24周后,在HR+亚组中的近pCR较少。并且这种近pCR在其HR-亚组中的频率较低,可以得出结论,HR+HER2+ 肿瘤需要更长的靶向治疗时间才能获得最佳结果。在KRISTINE试验中,患者被随机分为六个周期的新辅助多西他赛,卡铂,曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗或T-DM1治疗。其pCR率与ADAPT试验中报道的结果一致。有趣的是,NeoPHOEBE研究 [21] 的结果表明,在曲妥珠单抗和紫杉醇中添加新辅助药物buparlisib是不可行的,并且不会导致HER2+原发性乳腺癌患者的pCR显着改善。在buparlisib组中,观察到ORR升高的趋势,主要在ER阳性亚组,治疗2周后Ki67明显降低。

3. 辅助治疗

对ALTTO,APHINITY,ExteNET,HERO,TEACH等临床试验的大规模探索性分析,提供了明确的证据,即基于HR状态,HER2阳性早期乳腺癌的特征是存在两种具有不同自然病史的疾病,并为咨询接受化疗加曲妥珠单抗辅助的患者提供了重要的预后信息 [34] [35] [36]。对于HR阳性或阴性/HER2阳性早期乳腺癌患者,应分别制定不同的随访策略以及未来的特殊降级和升级临床试验。相关研究数据见表2

Table 2. Clinical data of HER-2 positive breast cancer in adjuvant therapy

表2. HER-2 阳性乳腺癌在辅助治疗中的临床数据

备注:DFS:无病生存;OS:总体生存时间;iDFS;无侵袭性疾病生存。

ER的价值与曲妥珠单抗的益处存在定量相互作用,而不能定性地改变ER的临床策略。ER阳性疾病中骨骼和软组织更常见,相反,在ER阴性亚组中更经常观察到内脏部位。HERA试验重要性在于确定了无论ER状态如何,1年曲妥珠单抗作为HER2+早期乳腺癌女性治疗的标准。曲妥珠单抗组在DFS中具有明显优势,但在HER-2阳性/HR阳性肿瘤患者中,危险比的区间更宽广。HR阳性/HER-2阳性肿瘤通常具有不同的复发时机和复发方式,因为复发会以相对恒定的速率发生,并在10到15年后继续发生跟进。相反,HER-2阳性/HR阴性肿瘤在前5年内更常见地复发。

在ALTTO试验 [35] 中,HR阳性和阴性/HER2阳性的早期乳腺癌患者在8年时的生存结果相似,但是随着时间的推移,DFS事件的危险性明显不同。在第0~5年和第6~8年,HR状态显示出对首次DFS事件的类型和整体DFS事件发展的危险因素有强烈影响。尽管在HER2阴性的早期乳腺癌患者中已明确确定了HR状况及其随时间变化的DFS模式的预后价值,但在HER2阳性人群中这一重要信息仍不确定。肿瘤分期(肿瘤大小和淋巴结状态)是最强的预后因素。

在TEACH试验中,HR阳性/HER2阳性的患者表现出较好的4年预后。APINITY实验显示,通过将曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗联合使用可获得更深刻的前期HER2阻断,对于HR阴性/HER2阳性的患者特别有益。这可能与对HER2信号的高度依赖以及这些肿瘤在短期随访中更具侵略性的临床行为有关。ExteNet实验 [34] [37] [38] 显示,在基于曲妥珠单抗的标准治疗后,使用1年的neratinib可以使HR阳性/HER2阳性的肿瘤患者受益匪浅。HR阳性/HER2阳性肿瘤对HER2信号的依赖性较小,ER信号的上调可能导致部分抗HER2的治疗耐药性。加上持续发生DFS事件的风险,这可以解释通过使用非交叉耐药药物(如曲妥珠单抗和那拉替尼的序列)将抗HER2阻断延长至1年以上,从而在该患者人群中观察到益处。

4. 解救治疗

在HER-2+转移性乳腺癌中的临床前和临床研究证实HR的表达与对曲妥珠单抗的反应性降低有关。尽管在内分泌治疗中添加HER-2靶向治疗似乎没有OS获益,但CLEOPATRA以及MARIANNE等实验 [39] [40] 证实了联合治疗组的PFS获益,表明在晚期疾病中这种联合治疗是合理的选择。对曲妥珠单抗试验的回顾性评估显示,其疗效独立于HR,尽管如此,分析中仍存在一些局限性,例如对HR状态的经验性定义(正向与否定) (未考虑HR表达的程度)以及缺乏集中评估。在晚期情况下,即使在HR阳性肿瘤患者中,曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗的双重阻断而无需化疗也能产生可观的缓解率和临床获益。曲妥珠单抗和拉帕替尼的组合与单独使用拉帕替尼相比,显示出更长的PFS和OS,其中一半为HR阳性肿瘤。但是,在一项III期试验中,与HR阴性肿瘤患者相比,使用帕妥珠单抗和trastuzumab双重阻断的HER-2阳性和HR阳性肿瘤患者对PFS和OS的获益降低了,这证实了可能的HER-2阻断剂与内分泌途径之间的负面干扰。有趣的是,将ET添加到T-DM1中,并没有使患者明显获益 [41]。迄今为止,尚无试验直接比较内分泌治疗加HER-2靶向治疗与化疗加HER-2靶向治疗。在没有化疗的情况下,鉴定可预测HER-2阻断剂获益的潜在生物标志物可以显著改善HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者的治疗。一项大型研究的生物学评估表明,17q12-21扩增子基因HER-2的高表达和属于PAM50 HER-2富集的内在特征与较好的预后相关,这表明一部分患者可以不用化学疗法治疗。相关研究数据见表3

Table 3. Clinical data of rescue treatment for HER-2 positive breast cancer

表3. HER-2阳性乳腺癌在解救治疗中的临床数据

备注:ORR:疾病客观反应率;PFS:疾病无进展生存时间;TTP:肿瘤进展时间;OS:总体生存时间;T-DM1: trastuzumab emtansine;NA:不存在或者不可得;AI:芳香化酶抑制。

解救治疗中双重封锁结合抗激素药和HER-2靶向药物

在MARIANNE研究 [49] 中向T-DM1添加培妥珠单抗并没有增加疗效。而在,REGISTHER实验 [21] 显示在患有HER2和HR阳性疾病的患者中,同时使用或顺序使用HT与曲妥珠单抗联合使用或不联合化疗均可改善PFS和OS时间。然而,在调整了其他相关变量后,OS优势仅在接受化疗的患者中显着。与基于曲妥珠单抗的HER2和HR阳性MBC疗法联合使用时,HT可以同时或顺序使用,以改善疗效。在TH3RESA实验 [50] [51] 中,在两种或两种以上HER2指导方案进展的患者中,T-DM1与医生选择的治疗方法相比,治疗方法显著提高了总生存率。证实HER2是一个治疗靶点,即使在先前的多线治疗后,同时HER2/HR阳性乳腺癌的亚组分析,与HR阴性组PFS大致相同,但是有更好的OS数值。ALTERNATIVE实验显示,对于先前曾接受过TRAS和ET治疗的HER2阳性,HR阳性MBC患者,使用LAP + TRAS + AI获得的PFS获益具有临床意义和稳健性。与HER2阳性/HR阳性MBC患者相比,LAP + TRAS + AI双重HER2阻断显示出优于TRAS + AI的PFS优势。该组合为该患者群体提供了有效而安全的节省化疗的替代治疗方案。一项针对超过1000例HER-2阳性晚期乳腺癌患者(包括530例HER-2阳性/HR阳性肿瘤患者)的前瞻性观察研究(registHER)显示,无论有无化疗,结局对与单独使用基于HER-2的疗法相比,将HR和HER-2通路的双重靶向与更长的PFS和OS有关。

有趣的是,在一个病例报告中,显示依维莫司/曲妥珠单抗/依西美坦联合治疗可使多线治疗后的HR阳性/HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者PFS达到>27个月。而在BOLERO-1研究中,尽管在HR-亚组中,与安慰剂组相比,中位PFS延长,但在HER2+的晚期患者中,依维莫司和曲妥珠单抗和紫杉醇作为一线治疗在HER2+患者中没有PFS获益。

解救治疗中CDK4/6抑制剂与抗激素药和HER-2 靶向药协同作用

在MONARCHER实验中,与标准化疗加曲妥珠单抗相比,abemaciblib,氟维司群和曲妥珠单抗的组合显着改善了无进展生存期,同时显示出可耐受的安全性。结果表明,对于激素受体阳性,HER2阳性晚期乳腺癌患者,无化学疗法可能是替代治疗方案。这项试验是第一项报告在至少经过两线抗HER-2治疗的患者中,CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗和HER2靶向治疗与标准护理化疗的比较,出现阳性结果的随机研究。A组(abemaciblib、trastuzumab和fulvestrant)比C组(标准化疗和trastuzumab)无进展生存率提高。两种治疗意图的总体反应A组比C组增加了一倍以上。正在进行的PATINA实验,会评估在HR+/HER2+转移性乳腺癌的晚期一线治疗中,在诱导治疗后向抗HER2治疗和ET维持中添加palbociclib的功效和安全性。

5. 去化学治疗的讨论

迄今为止,化疗和抗HER-2药物的治疗方法仍然是所有HER-2阳性乳腺癌子集的主要治疗手段,无论HR状态如何,ASCO指南仍建议将HER-2阻断剂和化学疗法联合作为晚期乳腺癌的一线治疗的最佳选择,但也考虑将内分泌疗法与HER-2靶点疗法,CDK4/6抑制剂联合使用。癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)网络已证明存在两种遗传上不同的HER-2阳性亚型(HR+和HR-),它们具有不同的mRNA表达 [19]。HR阳性/HER-2阳性肿瘤通常富含Luminal基因簇,属于luminal B亚型,因此合理假设也具有独特的临床行为以及对抗癌药的敏感性不同。大量数据表明,即使在HER-2阳性乳腺癌中,HR的高表达人群通常表现出较好的预后,以及对化学治疗不敏感。因此,术语“过度治疗”是与曲妥珠单抗还是与化疗更严格相关尚待阐明。在某些情况下或在特定的患者亚组中,不进行化疗是否是最合适的选择,并且是否必须单独进行内分泌治疗或者与HER-2阻断剂和/或CDK4/6抑制剂联用。有趣的是,一项大型的回顾性研究显示在“三联阳性”表达HR很高的肿瘤患者中,常规辅助治疗中加入曲妥珠单抗并不能带来益处 [20]。几项回顾性研究显示,主要是在患有小肿瘤的HR+/HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者中,仅采用抗HER-2药物和辅助激素治疗即可获益,无需延长化疗时间或完全没有化疗。

6. HR、HER-2和细胞周期检查点的三重封锁的原理

细胞周期蛋白D1和CDK4/6的激活在HR+/HER2+乳腺癌的肿瘤发生中起重要作用。来自HER2和HR受体的有丝分裂信号在细胞周期检查点有交集,并导致细胞周期蛋白D1表达的协同增加。具体来说,HER2/MAPK和FOXA1转录因子复合的活性雌激素受体α (ER)都可以影响CCND1转录,进而影响细胞周期由G1到S的过渡。CDK4/6还可以使ER磷酸化,提供了一个正反馈环,并进一步增加了ER转录活性 [52] [53] [54]。考虑到ER信号转导和HER2在细胞周期检查点上的过度表达的协同效应,以及这些途径之间的多个反馈回路,将CDK4/6抑制剂与HER2抑制剂和抗激素药联合用于治疗HR+/HER2+乳腺癌是一个强有力的信号。

几种新药Margetuximab [55] [56],neratinib,pyrotinib,tucatinib,DS8201 [57] [58] 等也在HER2阳性晚期乳腺癌中良好的疗效。期待他们大规模临床实验的结果。

7. 结语

继续将所有HER-2阳性乳腺癌视为具有相同治疗选择的相同疾病已经过时了。HR表达将两种不同亚型的HER-2阳性疾病分层。从生物学上讲,这些肿瘤具有导致肿瘤发生过程的不同驱动途径。应进一步研究其相关途径的生物学意义和复杂的相互作用,以确定乳腺癌的内在异质性,并在复杂的临床环境中为治疗决策提供依据,并确定适合于靶向治疗和创新治疗的其他肿瘤亚型将是研究重点。总体而言,以上报道的数据表明,一部分小的HER-2阳性,HR高表达的乳腺癌是否无需化疗,是否总是需要给予抗HER-2药物,以及,在新辅助阶段,是否应该延长治疗时间,或者精准选择人群进行去化疗的降阶梯治疗或者多重靶向的升阶梯治疗,需要更多临床实验的证实。PgR的表达与HR+/HER-2+患者的生存有关。T-DM1的治疗组合中,无论是(新)辅助,还是解救治疗,加入内分泌治疗的意义不大,是否加入抗内分泌药物和CDK4/6抑制剂,情况会有所改善,仍需证实。随着CDK4/6抑制剂使用,联合抗HER-2治疗和内分泌治疗,为HER2/HR阳性乳腺癌治疗提供去化疗的新方案,未来需要更多基于分子分析的研究,比如肿瘤驱动途径的鉴定,以优化生物标志,实现对治疗人群的精准定位。随着新抗HER-2药物Margetuximab,DS8201等的涌现,我们期待更有效的多重靶向治疗的新药物组合。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金青年项目:项目号grant no. 82003997;项目负责人:吴大鹏。

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