经皮穴位电刺激对颌骨骨折术后镇痛影响
Effect of Transcutaneous Acupoint Electrical Stimulation on Postoperative Analgesia of Jaw Fracture
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.119613, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 319  浏览: 403  科研立项经费支持
作者: 王浩然*, 王 映, 孟 箭#:蚌埠医学院,安徽 蚌埠;徐州市中心医院,江苏 徐州
关键词: 经皮穴位电刺激颌骨骨折镇痛Transcutaneous Acupoint Electrical Stimulation Jaw Fracture Analgesia
摘要: 目的:探究经皮穴位电刺激在颌骨骨折术后病人镇痛中的作用。方法:本实验研究对象均来自徐州市中心医院口腔科2020年9月至2021年6月的76位需进行骨折切开复位内固定的患者。实验组:使用经静脉患者自控镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA)。术后4小时对患者进行经皮穴位电刺激选取患者双侧合谷穴、劳宫穴,无创电极片连接经皮穴位电刺激仪后贴于穴位区域皮肤,同侧腧穴连接一组导线,疏密波,频率为2 Hz或100 Hz,脉冲宽度0.2~0.6 ms,强度为患者所能耐受的最大值,以穴位处有酸麻胀痛“得气”感为度。刺激时间为30 min。术后第1天开始,一天两次,每次时长30分钟。对照组与实验组区别在于仅连接电极片不给予电刺激,并告知患者仪器使用时无异常感觉。若上述治疗方法患者疼痛仍未缓解,追加使用氨酚曲马多。术后第6个小时、术后第1天、术后第2天测定患者VAS得分分别记为T0、T1、T2。镇痛泵用量情况及有效按压次数,氨酚曲马多平均使用剂量,术后出现头晕、恶心、腹胀、尿潴留并发症。结果:实验组与对照组患者T0时VAS平均得分依次为(1.54 ± 0.57)分,(1.65 ± 0.52)分,t值为1.045,P值为0.298,差异无统计学意义;实验组与对照组患者T1时VAS平均得分依次为(2.62 ± 0.67)分,(3.23 ± 0.71)分,t值为4.714,P值 < 0.0001,差异有统计学意义;实验组与对照组患者T2时VAS平均得分依次为(1.39 ± 0.49)分,(1.78 ± 0.56)分,t值为3.398,P值 < 0.0001,差异有统计学意义。实验组与对照组患者有效按压次数依次为(3.39 ± 0.89)次,(4.57 ± 1.18)次,t值为6.053,P值 < 0.0001,差异有统计学意义;实验组与对照组患者PCIA药物使用剂量依次为(94.80 ± 4.20) mg,(97.10 ± 2.93) mg,t值为3.354,P值为0.001,差异有统计学意义。两组患者均未追加氨酚曲马多。实验组患者有5例发生术后并发症,具体为发生头晕、恶心、腹胀、尿潴留例数依次为1、2、1、1。对照组患者有13例发生术后并发症发生头晕、恶心、腹胀、尿潴留例数依次为3、6、2、2。两组患者X2值为4.659,P值为0.031,两组患者差异有统计学意义。结论:经皮穴位电刺激能减轻颌骨骨折患者术后疼痛、减少镇痛药物用量及术后并发症。
Abstract: Objective: The objective is to explore the effect of percutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on postoperative analgesia of jaw fracture patients. Methods: Seventy-six patients requiring open reduction and internal fixation of fractures were enrolled in this study from September 2020 to June 2021 in the Department of Stomatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital. Experimental group was the use of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (patient-controlled intravenous analgesia lPCIA). Postoperative 4 hours, the patients were put percutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation with bilateral valley cave, laogong, noninvasive percutaneous electrodes connection point which sticked on the skin, ipsilateral developments to connect a group of lead, the density wave, the frequency of 2 Hz or 100 Hz; pulse width is 0.2~0.6 ms; The intensity is the maximum that the patient can tolerate. At the acupoint, there is acid hemp pain “get gas” feeling for degree. The stimulation time was 30 min. On the first day after surgery, the patients were treated twice a day for 30 minutes each time. The difference between the control group and the experimental group was that only electrodes were connected without electrical stimulation, and patients were informed that there was no abnormal sensation during the use of the instrument. If the patient’s pain is not relieved by the above treatment methods, amphenol tramadol is additionally used. VAS scores of the patients were recorded as T0, T1 and T2 at 6 h, 1 day and 2 days after surgery, respectively. Analgesic pump dosage and effective pressing times, average dose of amphenol tramadol, postoperative dizziness, nausea, abdominal distention, urinary retention complications were recorded. Results: The mean VAS scores of the experimental group and the control group at T0 were (1.54 ± 0.57) points, (1.65 ± 0.52) points; t value was 1.045; P value was 0.298; the difference was not statistically significant. The mean VAS scores of the experimental group and the control group at T1 were (2.62 ± 0.67) points, (3.23 ± 0.71) points; t value was 4.714; P value < 0.0001; the difference was statistically significant. The mean VAS scores of the experimental group and the control group at T2 were (1.39 ± 0.49) points and (1.78 ± 0.56) points, respectively, with t value of 3.398 and P value < 0.0001, indicating statistically significant differences. The effective pressing times of experimental group and control group were (3.39 ± 0.89) times, (4.57 ± 1.18) times; t value was 6.053 and P value < 0.0001; the difference was statistically significant. The dose of PCIA in experimental group and control group was (94.80 ± 4.20) mg, (97.10 ± 2.93) mg; t value was 3.354; P value was 0.001; the difference was statistically significant. No additional amphenol tramadol was added in both groups. There were 5 cases of postoperative complications in the experimental group, including dizziness, nausea, abdominal distension and urinary retention, which were 1, 2, 1 and 1 respectively. There were 13 patients in the control group with postoperative complications including dizziness, nausea and abdominal distension. The cases of urinary retention were 3, 6, 2 and 2 respectively. X2 value of the two groups was 4.659 and P value was 0.031, indicating the difference between the two groups. It was statistically significant. Conclusion: Percutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation can reduce postoperative pain, analgesic drug dosage and postoperative complications in patients with jaw fracture.
文章引用:王浩然, 王映, 孟箭. 经皮穴位电刺激对颌骨骨折术后镇痛影响[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(9): 4199-4205. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.119613

1. 引言

颌骨骨折是口腔科常见疾病,常见病因为外伤(交通事故、高空坠落、打架)、拔牙并发症 [1]、颌骨骨髓炎、肿瘤、枪伤 [2] 等。颌骨骨折病因为外伤引起,短时间内巨大冲击力多致颌骨错位,常需手术治疗才能将其复位,临床上常见颌骨骨折的患者多伴有术后疼痛症状。疼痛分为急性疼痛、慢性疼痛;急性疼痛与口腔颌面外科相关的为术后疼痛、外伤痛、急性神经痛、晚期癌痛等,常见的为术后疼痛,相关的机制为手术造成局部组织损伤从而引起炎症的集聚,引起中枢敏化,使神经元敏感性增高。机体在受到创伤产生应激反应时,TNF-α,IL-6水平升高。两种因子在术后的组织损伤引起的急性期蛋白反应的重要介质,为术后感觉提供能源,并导致中枢敏化 [3]。若术后急性疼痛得不到有效控制或者控制效果不佳,疼痛持续时间超过3个月,则可能继发术后慢性疼痛。Choi等人认为急性疼痛向慢性疼痛过渡的关键机制为中枢神经系统TRPV1受体的上调。宋晶年等人研究发现术后急慢性疼痛的转化可能是由脊髓背根神经节卫星胶质细胞P2X7受体上调,进而介导ERK/MAPK信号通路激活,引起DRG神经元炎性反应增加所导致 [4]。术后的慢性疼痛将长期困扰患者。有学者对口腔科手术病人术后疼痛的做了一项统计,口内切口及口内外交通切口为术后中度疼痛 [5],颌骨骨折患者术后疼痛影响患者行动、降低睡眠质量、不利于患者血压的控制、延缓创口愈合、对患者心理及生理造成负面影响,甚至出现因术后疼痛引起术后谵妄 [6] [7]。目前术后镇痛的方法为多模式镇痛,是将不同作用机制的镇痛药物和方法联合应用,虽然减少了单种药物或方法的不良反应,但还是会引起诸如呕吐、尿潴留、腹胀等不良反应,患者术后疼痛的处理方法多为术后口服止痛药物 [8] 或行镇痛泵、相应区域神经阻滞麻醉 [9] [10]。针灸是可以起到术后镇痛效果而又避免多模式镇痛的不良反应的镇痛手段。而在临床工作中常见因颌骨骨折的病人术后疼痛较重,影响进食及休息这也不利于患者术后伤口恢复。故设想将经皮穴位电刺激应用于颌骨骨折病人术后,探究此技术是否也起到术后镇痛,减少术后麻醉药用量,从而减轻患者术后并发症,利于患者术后恢复。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 患者一般资料

本实验研究对象均来自徐州市中心医院口腔科2020年9月至2021年6月的76位需行骨折切开复位内固定患者(表1)。本研究经徐州市中心医院伦理委员会同意。

Table 1. General data of patients

表1. 患者一般资料

2.2. 纳入排除标准

纳入标准:1) 仅有上颌骨或者下颌骨发生骨折患者;2) 年龄18~70岁;3) 患者及家属无沟通障碍;4) 手臂及手掌无损伤的患者;5) 患者及家属知情并同意。

排除标准:1) 颌面部多发性骨折;2) 合并颅脑损伤患者;3) 骨折痛合并牙痛;4) 术前使用止痛类药物;5) 合并心肺脑肾等疾病患者。

2.3. 术后镇痛方法

实验组:使用经静脉患者自控镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA)由尼松(150 mg)、氢吗啡酮(10 mg)、帕洛诺司琼(0.15 mg)配置成镇痛液,取100 mL置于镇痛泵中,锁定时间为15分钟,输注速率2 mL/L,自控剂量0.15 mL/次。术后4小时对患者进行经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation, TEAS)选取患者双侧合谷穴、劳宫穴,棉签蘸取75%乙醇溶液擦拭患者穴位区域皮肤,无创电极片连接经皮穴位电刺激仪(型号:HANS-100A)后贴于穴位区域皮肤,同侧腧穴连接一组导线,疏密波,频率为2 H或100 Hz,脉冲宽度0.2~0.6 ms,强度为患者所能耐受的最大值,以穴位处有酸麻胀痛“得气”感为度。刺激时间为30 min。术后第1天开始,一天两次,每次时长30分钟。对照组与实验组区别在于仅连接电极片不给予电刺激,并告知患者仪器使用时无异常感觉。若上述治疗方法患者疼痛仍未缓解,追加使用氨酚曲马多。

2.4. 评价方法

术后第6个小时、术后第1天、术后第2天测定患者VAS得分分别记为T0、T1、T2。镇痛泵用量情况及有效按压次数,氨酚曲马多平均使用剂量,术后出现头晕、恶心、腹胀、尿潴留并发症。

2.5. 统计方法

使用SPSS20.0处理数据,计数资料使用卡方检验,计量资料使用非配对t检验,P < 0.5差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

疼痛得分:实验组与对照组患者T0时VAS平均得分依次为(1.54 ± 0.57)分,(1.65 ± 0.52)分,t值为1.045,P值为0.298,差异无统计学意义;实验组与对照组患者T1时VAS平均得分依次为(2.62 ± 0.67)分,(3.23 ± 0.71)分,t值为4.714,P值 < 0.0001,差异有统计学意义;实验组与对照组患者T2时VAS平均得分依次为(1.39 ± 0.49)分,(1.78 ± 0.56)分,t值为3.398,P值 < 0.0001,差异有统计学意义(表2)。

实验组与对照组患者有效按压次数依次为(3.39 ± 0.89)次,(4.57 ± 1.18)次,t值为6.053,P值 < 0.0001,差异有统计学意义;实验组与对照组患者PCIA药物使用剂量依次为(94.80 ± 4.20) mg,(97.10 ± 2.93) mg,t值为3.354,P值为0.001,差异有统计学意义(表2)。

两组患者均未追加氨酚曲马多。

实验组患者有5例发生术后并发症,具体为发生头晕、恶心、腹胀、尿潴留例数依次为1、2、1、1。对照组患者有13例发生术后并发症发生头晕、恶心、腹胀、尿潴留例数依次为3、6、2、2。两组患者X2值为4.659,P值为0.031,两组患者差异有统计学意义(表3)。

Table 2. VAS scores, pressing times and drug use in the two groups

表2. 两组患者VAS得分、按压次数及药物使用情况

Table 3. Complications of the two groups

表3. 两组并发症情况

4. 讨论

1958年8月30日上海第一人民医院首次在扁桃体摘除术中采用针刺双侧合谷穴的方法,在没有使用任何麻醉药物的情况下顺利完成手术并获得成功,近年来出现了电针麻醉下手术或者电针辅助麻醉,电针麻醉在动物实验中也起到了术后镇痛作用 [11]。其中经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)与传统的针灸麻醉相比有无创,麻醉效果好的优点,其应用于乳腺癌根治术,关节置换术,也用于口腔科门诊的牙髓炎镇痛治疗 [12] 以及门诊拔牙后的镇痛。TEAS的镇痛效应主要通过电生理和神经化学两种途径达成。Wall及Melzack所提出的闸门控制理论 [13] 认为:T细胞是脊髓角中疼痛传导的第一级细胞,相当于疼痛传导的闸门,而存在于T细胞周围的SG细胞则相当于锁,当我们通过外周刺激增强Aβ纤维内的信息传入,能够使SG细胞效应增强,抑制T细胞对疼痛的传导,此时闸门关闭,进行手术操作产生的伤害信号在C纤维中的传导受到抑制,疼痛减轻。

TEAS在术前术中及术后均有应用。在术前TEAS能减轻患者术前焦虑,改善患者术后恢复质量,加速患者康复 [14] [15] [16] 以及有术前预保温作用 [17] [18]。在术中TEAS可减少术中麻醉用量 [19] [20]。此外术中还可起到保护器官的作用,减少心、脑、肺、肝、肾的损伤 [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]。TEAS还有术后镇痛作用,针刺镇痛的机制与神经–体液因素有关,通过增加内源性阿片肽释放,减少致痛物质产生从而起到镇痛作用 [26]。

Tu等的研究显示TEAS能降低术后48 h内追加镇痛药消耗量,术后血浆致痛物质5-羟色胺,P物质(SP)的水平降低 [27]。本研究中实验组患者PCIA药物使用量少于对照组,也与上述研究结果相一致。PCIA药物使用减少,实验组的并发症相应的也较对照组少。镇痛类药物的副作用可引起术后恶心、呕吐、头晕等症状。此外TEAS刺激内关穴时也可减少术后恶心呕吐发生,起到宁心安神作用 [28] [29]。

5. 结论

综上所述,经皮穴位电刺激能减轻颌骨骨折患者术后疼痛、减少镇痛药物用量及术后并发症。但本实验病例数较少,后期扩大样本后进一步深入研究。

基金项目

蚌埠医学院研究生科研创新计划(Bbyxy)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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