GRACE评分、TIMI评分联合NT-proBNP对急性心肌梗死患者预后的预测作用
GRACE Score and TIMI Score Combined with NT-proBNP on Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
摘要: 目的:研究目前被广泛推荐的风险评分与心血管生物标志物的组合是否可以更好地预测急性心肌梗死患者的主要心血管不良事件(MACE)的发生。方法:所有入选患者均为2018年10月至2019年10月在青岛大学附属医院急诊科连续治疗,并确诊为急性心肌梗死的患者,对这些纳入患者进行回顾性调查。入院后收集病史、化验多项生化指标及计算风险评分,结局为主要心脏不良事件(MACE)。对患者进行随访,记录并评估MACE的发生率。根据是否发生MACE将患者分为事件组和非事件组,比较基线资料之间的差异,并采用Cox回归评价MACE的独立显著危险因素。绘制接收者操作特性曲线(ROC曲线),并通过计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC)比较风险评分及其与其他生物标志物联合的预测价值。结果:纳入的399例患者中,MACE发生率为24.6% (n = 98)。通过Cox回归分析可以得出,Ln (NT-proBNP)、GRACE评分和TIMI评分均为MACE的独立预测因素。根据ROC分析Ln (NT-proBNP) (AUC, 0.790; 95% CI, 0.738~0.843; P < 0.001),GRACE评分(AUC, 0.801; 95% CI, 0.749~0.853; P < 0.001)和TIMI评分(AUC, 0.743; 95% CI, 0.688~0.799; P < 0.001)在预测MACE方面均表现出良好的性能。此外,联合使用时ROC曲线下面积(AUC)显著增加(AUC, 0.854; 95 %CI, 0.824~0.901; P < 0.001)。结论:GRACE和TIMI这两种广泛应用的风险评分在MACE的发生上均有较好的预测能力。而它们与NT-proBNP的联合使用增加了预测的准确性。
Abstract: Aim: To investigate whether the combination of widely recommended risk scores with cardiovascular biomarkers could better predict MACE occurrence in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction who consecutively treated at the Emergency Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from October 2018 to October 2019 were enrolled. Retrospective study was performed among these enrolled patients. The outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Medical history, multiple laboratory biomarkers and risk scores were collected and calculated after admission. Patients were followed up and the incidence of MACE was assessed. The patients were divided into event group and non-event group according to whether MACE occurred or not, and the differences between baseline data were compared. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the independent significant risk factors for MACE. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was performed to analyze the predictive value. Risk scores and their predictive values in combination with other biomarkers were compared by calculating area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Results: Among the 399 patients included, the incidence of MACE was 24.6% (n = 98). According to Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, Ln (NT-proBNP), GRACE scoreand TIMI score were all independent predictors of MACE. And according to receiver operating characteristic analysis, Ln (NT-proBNP) (AUC, 0.790; 95% CI, 0.738~0.843; P < 0.001), GRACE score (AUC, 0.801; 95% CI, 0.749~0.853; P < 0.001) and TIMI score (AUC, 0.743; 95% CI, 0.688~0.799; P < 0.001) all exhibited good performance on predicting MACE. In addition, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) increased significantly when they were used in combination (AUC, 0.854; 95% CI, 0.824~0.901; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The current risk scores: GRACE and TIMI all have good predictive value for the occurrence of MACE. While their combined use and combination with NT-proBNP increased the accuracy of the prediction.
文章引用:金睿杰, 任雪萌, 姬赞赞, 李鹏. GRACE评分、TIMI评分联合NT-proBNP对急性心肌梗死患者预后的预测作用[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(11): 5213-5223. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1111770

1. 引言

心血管疾病(Cardiovascular disease, CVD)作为全球死亡的主要原因之一严重危害人类健康 [1] [2]。急性心肌梗死是CVDs中较严重的类型,根据指南可被分为非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI)和ST段抬型高心肌梗死( ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI) [3] [4] [5],我国也是急性心肌梗死的高发地区 [6]。为了找出更好地评估患者预后的方法指导患者的管理,科学家们开发了许多风险分层方法和预测模型。其中全球急性冠脉事件注册(Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events, GRACE)评分 [7] [8] [9] 和心肌梗死溶栓(Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, TIMI)评分 [10] [11] [12] [13] 是非常著名的风险评分,它们广泛用于急性冠脉综合征患者的风险分层。GRACE评分包括:Killip分级、收缩压、心率、年龄、血清肌酐浓度、入院时心脏骤停、ST段偏移和心脏标志物升高等危险因素,主要用于住院期间及出院后6个月的死亡风险预测。而TIMI评分对于STEMI患者和NSTEMI患者具有不同的指标和算法,最初也被开发用于预测短期预后。这两种风险评分均被欧洲指南推荐用于风险评估,然而除去死亡风险以外,许多急性心肌梗死的患者还面临着长期的不良预后,如心衰、再发心梗等。本实验选择了主要心脏不良事件(Major cardiovascular adverse events, MACE)作为观测结局,它包含了全因死亡、因不稳定型心绞痛或心力衰竭再住院、非致死性复发性心肌梗死、重复冠状动脉血运重建和卒中事件等,在本实验中我们分析了GRACE评分与TIMI评分对长期MACE的预测价值。此外,还有一些这两项风险评分里没有包含的其他风险生物标志物可能会具有较高的预测值,如N-末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、D-二聚体、心肌肌钙蛋白I (cTnI)等,近年来许多实验提示了它们与预后的相关性 [14] - [22]。本实验中我们研究了NT-proBNP联合GRACE评分和TIMI评分的预测效果,以探究联合应用对预后的影响。

2. 方法

2.1. 研究人群

我们回顾性分析了2018年10月至2019年10月在青岛大学附属医院急诊科就诊,并被确诊为急性心肌梗死连续接受治疗的431例患者。所有患者均已签署知情同意书,并使用标准技术接受了冠状动脉造影分析,根据已发表的指南诊断为急性心肌梗死 [23] [24]。其中STEMI患者的诊断标准为:心肌损伤标志物肌钙蛋白或CK-MB水平超过正常水平上限99%,心电图呈弓形ST段抬高(V1~V3导联新出现弓形ST段抬高,振幅 ≥ 0.2 mV,或其他导联ST段抬高且振幅 ≥ 0.1 mV),至少伴有以下情况之一:胸痛持续30 min以上,硝酸酯等药物不能缓解;超声心动图显示节段性室壁运动异常;冠状动脉造影异常。NSTEMI的诊断标准为:心肌损伤标志物肌钙蛋白或肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平超过正常水平上限99%,并伴有以下至少一种情况:持续性胸痛;心电图表现为新发的ST段压低或T波低平、倒置;超声心动图显示节段性室壁运动异常;冠状动脉造影异常。我们入选年龄大于18岁的急性心肌梗死患者,所有患者均进行了冠状动脉造影。排除标准包括:1) 合并严重器质性心脏病,如瓣膜病、先天性疾病、风湿性心脏病、心肌病;2) 存在严重肝肾功能不全;3) 伴有严重感染性疾病、恶性肿瘤、严重血液疾病或炎症性疾病;4) 失访或有效记录丢失的患者。为减少患者选择偏倚,无其他特定排除标准。最后,根据纳入及排除标准,本研究中最后共纳入了399例患者(297例男性;年龄:22~90岁)。

2.2. 数据收集

患者入院时收集基本资料、体格检查及病史等信息。基本资料如性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒情况。体格检查如入院时血压、心率、身高、体重、身体质量指数(BMI)。病史如既往心血管疾病史。既往治疗史如血运重建、冠状动脉旁路移植术。心血管风险因素如高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、冠心病家族史等。以及心梗相关药物的使用情况。

入院后清晨空腹抽取外周静脉血检测相关生化指标。如NT-proBNP、肌酐、hs-CRP、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、心肌肌钙蛋白、血糖和糖化血红蛋白等指标。生化指标都采用医院标准生化技术从静脉血中测定。

在冠状动脉造影前对所有入组患者进行心脏结构和功能的超声心动图分析。评估左心室射血分数(LVEF)水平。在患者进入急诊就诊时进行心电图检查,根据心电图的表现将患者分为STEMI或NSTEMI。对所有排除禁忌症后纳入的患者,均使用标准方法进行冠状动脉造影检查,并记录病变血管及狭窄严重程度。

2.3. 计算风险评分

GRACE评分如前所述有8个指标:Killip分级、收缩压、心率、年龄、血清肌酐浓度、入院时心脏骤停情况、ST段下移和心肌酶升高,每个指标对应不同的得分,将所有得分相加可得出总的GRACE评分。根据入院时收集的基本资料,按照文献所述计算GRACE评分 [25]。TIMI评分在STEMI患者和NSTEMI患者中的算法不同 [10] [11]。对于STEMI患者,指标包括年龄、糖尿病或高血压或心绞痛、Killip分级、收缩压、心率、体重、前壁ST段抬高或新发左束支传导阻滞和发作时间 > 4小时。而NSTEMI患者的指标包括:年龄 ≥ 65岁、≥3个冠心病的危险因素、已知的冠心病(狭窄 ≥ 50%)、ST段改变 ≥ 0.5 mm、过去24 h内 > 2次心绞痛事件、过去7天内使用阿司匹林、心肌标志物阳性。同样每个指标对应不同得分,根据评分细则相加得出TIMI评分。

2.4. 观测终点及随访

本研究的终点是院外MACE的发生。我们对患者随访2年,记录MACE发生时间,如果研究结束时未发生MACE,则记录随访结束时间。MACE包括:全因死亡、因不稳定型心绞痛或心力衰竭再住院、非致死性复发性心肌梗死、重复冠状动脉血运重建和卒中。通过查阅病历、门诊和电话对患者进行随访。

2.5. 数据统计

我们使用IBM SPSS Statistics (版本26.0)对数据进行统计分析。对于连续变量,使用平均值 ± 标准差(SD)表示。对于分类变量,使用频率(百分比)表示。由于NT-proBNP的分布呈高度偏态,我们对其进行了对数转换。首先采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验连续变量的正态分布。如果连续变量属于正态分布,则使用独立样本t检验比较连续变量之间的差异,非正态分布则使用Mann-Whitney U检验。分类变量之间的差异比较采用Pearson卡方检验或Fisher精确检验。通过Cox回归分析以确定MACE的独立预测因素。采用受试者工作特征的曲线下面积评估结局预测的准确性。在所有分析中,P值 < 0.05被视为具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 基本资料比较

根据排除标准排除部分患者后,我们共入组399例患者。研究人群的基础资料见表1,在这399例患者中,74%为男性(n = 297)。平均年龄61.89 ± 11.83岁。GRACE和TIMI的平均评分分别为127.49和3.39。在2年随访期间共观察到98例(24.5%) MACE病例。表1还显示了发生和未发生MACE组患者之间的基础资料差异。两组之间的对比显示,MACE组的平均年龄较大(67.88 ± 11.42 vs. 59.94 ± 11.32, P < 0.001),MACE组中高血压、糖尿病和有冠心病家族史的人更多(分别为P = 0.001、P = 0.009、P = 0.001)。此外,MACE组患者的Killip分级(P < 0.001)、UA水平(357.53 ± 114.81 vs. 330.23 ± 90.20, P = 0.015)、D-二聚体水平(438.98 ± 464.65 vs. 256.11 ± 181.89, P < 0.001)、Ln (NT-proBNP)水平(7.37 ± 1.32 vs. 5.87 ± 1.42, P < 0.001)、GRACE评分(153.54 ± 32.42 vs. 119.00 ± 27.63, P < 0.001)和TIMI评分(4.60 ± 1.73 vs. 3.00 ± 1.31, P < 0.001)与无MACE组相比均更高。而MACE患者的TG水平(1.41 ± 1.02 vs. 1.85 ± 1.95, P = 0.008)和LVEF (49.81 ± 10.13 vs. 56.27 ± 5.96, P < 0.001)比非MACE组低。剩余的指标包括:性别构成、BMI、吸烟比例、高脂血症比例、既往病史、用药情况、心肌梗死类型、hs-CRP、心肌肌钙蛋白、冠状动脉狭窄支数等,没有统计学差异(P > 0.05)。

Table 1. Baseline data of patients

表1. 基本资料对比

3.2. 与MACE相关的风险因素分析

表2通过Cox回归分析总结了MACE的预测因素。根据单因素Cox回归分析,糖尿病、冠心病家族史、年龄、LVEF、Ln (NT-proBNP)、D-二聚体、GRACE评分及TIMI评分均与较高的MACE风险显著相关。将这些指标纳入多因素Cox回归分析,我们发现糖尿病(HR = 1.850; 95% CI, 1.118~3.062, P = 0.017), Ln (NT-proBNP) (HR = 1.342; 95% CI, 1.044~1.72, P = 0.021),GRACE评分(HR = 1.016; 95% CI, 1.006~1.028, P = 0.003)和TIMI评分(HR = 1.274; 95% CI, 1.070~1.455, P = 0.005)是MACE的独立预测因子。

Table 2. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses for MACE

表2. 对MACE的Cox回归分析

HR, hazards ratio,风险比;CI, confidence interval,置信区间。

3.3. ROC曲线分析

通过ROC分别对Ln (NT-proBNP)、GRACE评分、TIMI评分和它们的联合预测能力进行分析。如图1所示,Ln (NT-proBNP) (AUC, 0.790; 95% CI, 0.738~0.843; P < 0.001)、GRACE评分(AUC, 0.801; 95% CI, 0.749~0.853; P < 0.001)和TIMI评分(AUC, 0.743; 95% CI, 0.688~0.799; P < 0.001)均表现出良好的预测性能。并且Ln (NT-proBNP)、GRACE评分、TIMI评分的联合应用显著提高了预测效率(AUC, 0.854; 95% CI, 0.824~0.901; P < 0.001),见图2。使用约登指数确定所有预测因素的临界点。Ln (NT-proBNP)、GRACE评分和TIMI评分的截断值按约登指数最大值分别为7.5807、140.5和3.5。

Figure 1. ROC curve analysis of GRACE score, TIMI score, and ln (NT-ProBNP) on MACE

图1. GRACE评分、TIMI评分和ln (NT-ProBNP)对MACE事件的ROC曲线分析

Figure 2. ROC analysis of MACE by the combination of GRACE score, TIMI score, and ln (NT-ProBNP)

图2. GRACE评分、TIMI评分和ln (NT-ProBNP)联合作用对MACE的ROC分析

4. 讨论

心血管疾病(Cardiovascular disease, CVD)作为全球死亡的首要病因,严重危害人类健康,因此对冠心病患者进行评估,建立危险分层,进一步规范管理,改善结局及减少死亡率和不良心血管事件的发生非常重要 [26] [27] [28]。在本研究中,我们分析了入院时测量的多种生物标志物、传统风险评分和MACE之间的相关性。我们检测了生物标志物组合的预测能力:NT-proBNP和2种众所周知的风险评分:GRACE评分和TIMI评分。本研究的实验结果表明,联合使用这些指标可有效提高对MACE的预测能力。NT-proBNP和这些风险评分在临床实践中很容易获得,这使其成为方便和实用的预测因子。

GRACE评分和TIMI评分是基于全球规模的大型前瞻性临床试验广泛推荐的风险评分,用于估计急性心肌梗死患者的风险 [29]。最初的GRACE风险评分主要用于预测急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者住院期间死亡率。但最近也有许多研究显示其在较长时间内指导急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)分诊和管理决策的价值 [9] [25] [30]。TIMI评分与GRACE评分一样,也是一种常用的风险评分系统,最初被开发用于预测短期预后 [10] [11] [31]。根据现行指南建议它们均主要用于评估死亡事件的发生情况。但在本研究中,我们选择MACE作为终点,考虑了其他心血管不良事件,如心力衰竭和血运重建。它们在长期管理中具有重要意义,我们试图弄清它们在危险分层中的实用性和对长期结果的预测价值。

一些其它的生物标志物可能提供这两种风险评分模型中没有的信息。因此,我们试图分析是否可以通过添加其他生物标志物来增加风险评分的预测能力。一些研究表明,生物标志物如:NT-proBNP、CRP、D二聚体、高敏肌钙蛋白等可能会提高风险评估能力 [14] [18] [19] [21] [32] [33] [34]。NT-proBNP水平是心血管疾病常用的重要检查指标,常用于诊断急性心力衰竭。最近的研究表明,它也与心血管事件和全因死亡率的高风险相关 [15] [35]。它被认为在评估心血管疾病的预后中起着至关重要的作用。这些生物标志物的组合可能提高风险预测能力。

在本研究中,我们首先分析了MACE组和非MACE组之间多种生物标志物和风险评分的差异,并选择了具有统计学意义的变量。结果显示:MACE组平均年龄、Killip分级、UA水平、D-二聚体水平、Ln (NT-proBNP)水平、TG水平、GRACE评分、TIMI评分较高;MACE组冠心病、糖尿病、高血压家族史较多,而MACE组LVEF较低。然后我们用COX回归对其进行分析。结果显示NT-proBNP、GRACE评分、TIMI评分可独立预测MACE的发生。GRACE评分和TIMI评分的AUC分别为0.801和0.743,证明了其预测不良心血管事件结局的能力。AUC结果表明这两种评分的预测能力有进一步改善的空间。而NT-proBNP作为一种被广泛推荐的心力衰竭标志物在最近的研究中也被报道对AMI患者的临床结局具有预测价值。与这些发现一致,本研究也表明了NT-proBNP具有良好的预测能力,其AUC为0.790。在风险评分中添加NT-proBNP,AUC增加至0.854 (95% CI, 0.824~0.901),证明NT-proBNP和两种风险评分的组合可以增强两种风险评分预测2年MACE的能力。

本研究仍存在一定的研究局限性。首先,我们样本量相对较小。且纳入本研究的患者来自同一医院,这一结果仍需大型多中心研究进一步分析。其次,这是一项回顾性研究,我们没有前瞻性的验证组合模型的指导价值。第三,根据最近的研究,其他一些生物标志物如CRP、高敏肌钙蛋白在长期预后中也很重要,而在本研究中,使用的生化标志物是在入院后和介入治疗前测量的,并没有记录和分析这其中会连续变化的生化指标,这可能导致遗漏一些信息。

总之,本研究表明NT-proBNP、GRACE评分、TIMI评分均与MACE预后密切相关。这三者的联合使用显示出良好的区分高危患者的能力和对长期临床结局更好的预测能力,这可能为ACS患者的管理提供指导。

利益冲突

本文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

NOTES

*第一作者Email: 874211660@qq.com

#通讯作者Email: Leepeng2004@163.com

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