老年人多重用药与跌倒相关性研究进展
Research Progress on the Correlation between Polypharmacy and Falling in the Elderly
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.1111827, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 364  浏览: 553 
作者: 陈 喜*, 慈莉娅#:滨州医学院烟台附属医院老年医学科,山东 烟台
关键词: 老年人多重用药跌倒跌倒风险综述The Elderly Polypharmacy Falling Risk of Falling Review
摘要: 多重用药已经成为老年人中一个普遍存在且日益严重的问题。跌倒是老年人独立性和生活质量的重大威胁因素,老年人跌倒易产生不同程度的身体伤害及心理损害,可加重家庭照护和社会医疗、经济负担。目前很多研究表明,跌倒与使用药物数量可能存在联系,多重用药会增加老年人跌倒等一系列不良事件发生的风险。本文围绕老年人多重用药、跌倒及二者的相关性进行综述,旨在提高老年人对多重用药及跌倒的重视,加强老年人健康自我管理,为实现健康老龄化提供理论依据。
Abstract: Polypharmacy has become a widespread and increasingly serious problem among the elderly. Falling is a major threat to the independence and quality of life of the elderly. The elderly falling easily produces different degrees of physical injury and psychological damage, and can increase family care and social medical, economic burden. At present, many studies have shown that there may be a relationship between falling and the number of drugs used, and polypharmacy will increase the risk of a series of adverse events such as falling in the elderly. This paper reviews the relationship between polypharmacy and falling in the elderly, in order to improve the elderly’s attention to polypharmacy and falling, strengthen their health self-management, and provide theoretical basis for realizing healthy aging.
文章引用:陈喜, 慈莉娅. 老年人多重用药与跌倒相关性研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(11): 5578-5586. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1111827

1. 引言

随着人口老龄化及寿命延长,老年人患多种慢性疾病的可能性持续攀升,通常需要长期应用多种药物以改善临床结果、生活质量和预期寿命,从而导致多重用药的发生率显著增加。老年人身体器官日渐老化,跌倒已经成为老年人中重要的公共健康问题,跌倒不仅对老年人身心健康造成不良影响,同时也给家庭、社会带来了沉重的负担,使得医疗卫生服务和长期照护面临挑战。因此,探讨老年人多重用药与跌倒相关性,减少不适当多重用药,对早期发现及干预老年人跌倒,维护老年人独立性,提高老年人生活质量,实现健康老龄化具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文将对老年人多重用药、跌倒及二者的相关性研究进展作一综述。

2. 老年人多重用药

2.1. 多重用药的定义及现状

尽管多重用药在社区老年人中已经成为一个普遍存在且日益严重的问题 [1] [2],但目前多重用药尚缺乏一致性、科学性的定义。通常将每天服用5种或5种以上的药物定义为多重用药 [3] [4],每天服用10种或10种以上的药物为过度多重用药,其中包括处方药、非处方药及中草药等。Steinma等人认为,单以数量分界来定义多重用药不能准确的体现药物适宜性以及临床治疗合理性,需对药物的适应症、疗效和药物相互间的危害进行综合评估 [5]。也有研究在定义多重用药时不仅考虑用药的种类及数量,还涉及用药时间,如从长期使用2种或2种以上药物超过240天或使用5~9种药物超过90天 [6] [7]。

多重用药又分为适当多重用药和不适当多重用药。适当多重用药是指对具有复杂或多种疾病的个体的用药处方达到最优化,且符合最佳循证处方条件,其可以改善临床治疗效果,降低发病率和死亡率;反之,不适当多重用药是指存在过度或不适当联合用药,增加药物不良反应风险,造成一系列不良临床后果。

美国一项对1523名社区老年人(≥65岁)多重用药的调查结果显示,有40.7%社区老年人存在多重用药 [8],高于英国(35.6%) [9]、中国(33.1%) [10]、意大利(31.7%) [11]、加拿大(27.0%) [12]、瑞士(26%) [1]。造成各国家的老年人多重用药发生率不一致的原因可能与研究对象界定范围和多重用药的定义存在差异、采取的筛查标准不同等因素有关。法国一项对70岁以上人群的横断面研究显示,53.6%的老年人存在多重用药(5~9种药物),13.8%的老年人存在过度多重用药(>10种),分别有30%、47%的多重用药和过度多重用药患者出现不良事件 [13]。瑞典一项纳入4304名老年人的三次横断面研究调查结果显示,多重用药流行率从1988年的27%上升到2001年的54%,2006年再次增加到了65% [14]。

2.2. 多重用药的危害及危险因素

2.2.1. 多重用药的危害

虽然适当的联合用药可以改善共病患者的临床症状、健康状况及生活质量,但多重用药也会大大增加衰弱、跌倒、认知功能障碍、药物不良反应(adverse drug reactions, ADR)、药物–药物和药物–疾病的相互作用、用药不依从性、不良事件(骨折、住院与再住院、急诊就诊和死亡率)以及潜在不适当用药的风险 [15] [16] [17] [18] [19],且与药物数量呈正相关 [19]。例如,使用利尿剂、降糖药物、镇静催眠药物、抗抑郁药物、抗帕金森病药物、多巴胺类药物可导致体位性低血压,当出现其中一种或多种与降压药物同时联用时,老年人发生低血压导致跌倒、骨折等不良事件风险显著增加。随着老年人听力、视力、认知能力和行动能力下降以及机体的变化导致对药物吸收、分布、代谢的改变,老年人多重用药带来的不良事件风险更大 [4]。

2.2.2. 多重用药的危险因素

多重用药的发生可由一种或多种因素引起,在一项对欧洲17个国家老年人多重用药现状调查研究中发现,年龄、性别、教育程度、经济、生活质量、社会活动、日常生活活动受限程度、抑郁、慢性疾病数量和服药困难(身体,精神,情感或记忆方面)是多重用药的重要影响因素 [1]。老年患者多重用药还与营养状况、日常活动能力和认知能力下降、用药知识水平、用药依从性有关 [20] [21] [22]。另外,传统的医疗模式仍然是对疾病的独立诊疗,没有根据老年人生理、心理、环境、社会等特殊性制定个体化的治疗方案。当老年人存在共病时,专科就诊模式往往未充分权衡各类药物间相互潜在风险与远期获益,导致多重用药及多重用药不良事件发生的风险增加。当发生ADR时,易被误认为是新出现的不适症状,再增加新的药物治疗其他药物的不良反应,以致药物越用越多,形成“处方瀑布” [23]。

2.3. 多重用药评估

老年人是各种慢性病的高发人群,且他们的安全用药意识缺乏,多重用药的情况更为突出。据统计,我国老年患者平均使用9.1种药物,有50%的老年患者每日使用3种药物,25%的老年患者每日使用4~6种药物。然而,随着越来越多的大型多中心试验证明预防性治疗及联合用药在慢性疾病的治疗、管理中显著获益,许多老年医学专家认为多重用药在老年人中不可避免,建议仔细和定期对药物审查,结合患者客观病情、主观感受、药物治疗效果和不良反应等深入评估联合用药的合理性,以减少多重用药带来的不良影响。目前常用的老年人合理用药的筛查和评估工具包括:Beers标准(Beers criteria)、老年人不适当处方筛查工具(Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions, STOPP)、老年人处方遗漏筛查工具(Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment, START)、中国老年人潜在不适当用药判断标准等,采用这些评估工具能够有效识别老年人潜在不适当药物(Potentially Inappropriate Medication, PIM),指导临床医师、药师改善用药选择,有利于减少药物不良事件的发生,提高老年人用药依从性及安全用药水平,改善临床结局和生活质量。

3. 老年人跌倒

3.1. 跌倒的定义及现状

跌倒是指导致一个人不慎落在地面或地板或其他低于其原先位置的表面上的事故 [24],且排除遭受猛烈打击、意识丧失、晕厥、瘫痪发作等原因。根据国际疾病分类(ICD-10),跌倒包括从一个平面至另一个平面的跌落和同一平面的跌倒两类。跌倒是老年人独立性和生活质量的重大威胁因素,随着老年人跌倒致死、致残率的急剧上升,老年人的身心健康也受到严重影响 [25]。据世界卫生组织统计数据显示,全球每年有30万人因跌倒死亡,其中60岁以上的人所占比例超过50%。在≥65岁的老年人群中,有30%发生过跌倒,15%发生过多次跌倒,存在过跌倒的老年人再次发生跌倒的可能性会增加2~3倍 [26]。在我国,跌倒是导致65岁以上老年人因伤致死的首要原因 [27],且跌倒的发生率与年龄的增长呈正相关,80岁以上老年人跌倒的年发生率更是高达50% [28]。据2020年美国疾病控制与预防中心报道,每年有四分之一的老年人(≥65岁)发生跌倒,超过300万老年人因跌倒就诊,其中超过80万人需住院治疗,同年,有五分之一的老年人因跌倒导致严重受伤,甚至死亡,并且其致死率还在稳步上升。跌倒造成的伤害是实现健康老龄化的主要障碍之一,且跌倒相关损伤的短期和长期护理显著增加了社会和经济成本。在2015年,美国跌倒产生的医疗保健总成本约为500亿美元 [29]。据估计,英国每年用于65岁以上的老年人跌倒相关的医疗费用达23亿英镑 [30]。我国作为老龄化人口速度最快的国家,每年至少有2000万老年人发生2500万次跌倒,因跌倒产生直接医疗费用支出超过50亿元人民币 [31],跌倒导致的社会经济代价约160~800亿元人民币 [32]。

3.2. 跌倒的危害及危险因素

3.2.1. 跌倒对老年人的身体及心理损害

跌倒会给老年人带来不同程度的身体伤害甚至死亡,即使是非伤害性跌倒也可能导致功能下降、独立性丧失和心理损害 [33] [34]。据统计,约30%~50%的跌倒会导致轻微的软组织损伤,5%~10%的跌倒可导致骨折 [35] 或创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury, TBI) [36] 等严重伤害,因跌倒导致髋部骨折的老年人预期寿命可缩短10%~15% [37]。有研究表明,约50%的老年人在发生跌倒后长期卧床 [38],导致出现一系列并发症,如:血栓形成及血栓栓塞、废用性肌萎缩、褥疮、肺部及泌尿系感染。此外,跌倒会产生心理损害,越来越多的老年人害怕跌倒(fear of falling, FOF),FOF指担心摔倒、失去平衡、失去信心和避免活动。据统计,在曾有过跌倒的老年人中90%的人害怕跌倒,而在曾未跌倒过的老年人害怕跌倒占65% [39]。20%~60%的老年人因为害怕跌倒而限制自己的日常和社交活动 [40],限制活动又导致身体机能的衰退,肌肉及肌力的下降,抑郁、社交孤立和无助感,反而进一步增加了跌倒风险,形成一个恶性循环 [41] [42]。如果在室外尤其是在街上,跌倒后老年人会感到非常无助、尴尬,甚至自尊心受损 [43],造成的心理创伤可能导致老年人生活活动能力下降,活动范围受限,使其生活质量下降 [44]。

3.2.2. 跌倒的危险因素

尽管跌倒在老年人中很常见,但跌倒并非衰老的必然结果,老年人中的大多数跌倒是由生理、心理、环境和社会因素共同作用的后果,且跌倒的风险随着危险因素的数量和年龄的增长而增加 [45]。通常将跌倒的危险因素分为个人因素和环境因素两个方面 [46],个人因素包括年龄、性别、功能能力(感觉系统、认知、骨骼肌肉、平衡力等)、慢性疾病、心理状况、服用药物和步态不稳 [47]。环境因素主要是指居家环境的跌倒风险,如地板无防滑垫或松散的地毯,浴室、楼梯无扶手或扶手不稳定,室内光线太强或太暗,拿取常用物品不方便等。此外,老年人的教育程度、经济水平、养老模式、社会支持、社会活动以及老年人享有的医疗保健途径、水平等社会因素与老年人跌倒也有一定相关性,但是这方面的研究相对较少。一项关于社区老年人跌倒的影响因素研究表明,65岁以上老年人跌倒的主要危险因素是多重用药、跌倒史、平衡和步态受损,其他风险因素包括高龄、女性、视力障碍、认知障碍、执行功能障碍以及环境因素 [48]。更有多项研究发现,跌倒的发生与老年人抑郁、焦虑以及害怕跌倒显著相关 [49] [50] [51]。

3.3. 跌倒的评估

大量研究表明,老年人跌倒是生物、心理、社会、环境因素共同作用的结果,也完全符合目前生物–心理–社会医学模式对健康危险因素评价的内在要求。由于跌倒会造成身体上、社会上、心理上、经济上,有时甚至是致命的后果,因此,早期筛查、评估跌倒风险,识别跌倒危险因素,以制定有针对性的预防和干预措施,对于提高老年人独立性,改善生存生活质量具有重要意义。目前国内外对老年人跌倒及跌倒风险评估的常用量表有很多,包括:Morse跌倒评估量表,MFES跌倒效能量表,托马斯跌倒风险评估工具(STRATIFY),社区老年人跌倒危险评估工具(FROP-Com),约翰·霍普金跌倒风险评估工具(JH-FRAT),老年人跌倒风险评估量表(FRASE),跌倒危险评估表(FRAT)等;对老年人躯体功能评估常用量表及工具包括:Berg平衡量表,计时起立–行走测验,Tinetti步态和平衡测试,5次坐到站测试,四方格迈步测试;对老年人跌倒相关心理评估常用量表包括:国际跌倒效能量表(FES-I)、跌倒效能量表(FES)、修正版跌倒效能量表(MFES)、特异度活动平衡信心量表(ABC)等;用于环境危险因素评估的工具包括居家危险因素评价工具(HFHA)、居家环境安全评估量表等。上述评估工具及量表预测能力好,信效度均较高,可以简单、快速地筛查或评估老年人跌倒风险,发现潜在的跌倒危险影响因素,对老年人跌倒自我效能的评价有重要意义。《中国老年人跌倒风险评估专家共识(草案)》建议,在评估老年人跌倒风险时,还应详细评估老年人的跌倒史、疾病史和服用药物史。跌倒风险的评估是给予干预措施的基础和前提,因此,医院、社区等相关部门应对65岁及以上的老年人群开展跌倒风险评估,尽早识别跌倒的高风险人群,对其展开干预措施,减少其跌倒发生率。

4. 老年人多重用药和跌倒

4.1. 多重用药是跌倒产生的重要因素

老年人发生跌倒的原因复杂,且大多数跌倒与可识别的危险因素有关,其中多重用药是重要的危险因素 [52]。基于美国医保数据显示,相比未服用药物人群的跌倒发生率(5.42%),药物使用者的跌倒发生率高达10.29% [53]。一项对5213名老年人为期2年的随访中显示,在1611名(30.9%)存在多重用药的老年人中,569人报告在过去2年内至少有一次跌倒。与未服用多种药物的人相比,服用多种药物的人跌倒率高21%,使用≥4种药物阈值多药组患者的跌倒率比未使用多药组患者高18%,而使用≥10种药物阈值多药组患者的跌倒率高50% [9]。Kojima、Fonad等人研究表示,跌倒风险与每天服用≥4种药物呈显著正相关 [54],同时服用≥5种药物是跌倒发生的独立影响因素 [55]。此外,日本一项对740例≥65岁老年人随访1年的队列研究结果显示,服用≥5种药物显著增加跌倒风险(OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.11~3.69) [56]。这与Seppala等人 [57] Meta分析的结果相一致。多种药物联合应用时可能因药效动力学和药代动力学之间的相互影响,导致老年人跌倒风险增加 [58]。因此,服用多种药物的老人应注意预防跌倒,减少多重用药可能是预防和管理跌倒的一种谨慎策略,但还需要进一步的研究来证实减少多重用药在跌倒的发展、逆转或延迟方面的可能益处。

4.2. 多重用药导致跌倒发生的机制

随着年龄的增加、机体的衰老,老年人对每种药物的特异性、安全性、耐受性、敏感性、药代动力学及药效动力学与年轻人相比存在显著差异 [59],当多种药物联合应用时,药物潜在的不良反应就更大。由于衰老导致消化道吸收功能退化、肝脏体积缩小、肝血流量减少以及血浆白蛋白、代谢酶活性、肾清除率降低,导致药物的吸收、转化、分布、代谢和排泄过程发生变化,容易产生血药浓度偏低或药物蓄积等不良反应。有研究表明,老年人的有效肝血流量会减少40%~60%,肝脏对药物的首过效应减弱,使进入血液循环的有效药量难以控制,另外,血浆白蛋白减少,药物与血浆蛋白结合率降低,多种药物联合使用时,与白蛋白出现竞争性结合,导致某种药物成分游离型明显增加,ADR风险增加 [60] [61]。随着机体的老化,各种代谢酶数量及活性也产生相应的变化,已有研究表明,70岁及以上的人细胞色素P450 (CYP450)氧化酶的活性比青年会下降约30% [62] [63]。营养状况和体脂分布改变也影响药物代谢。老年人体重较青年时可减少12%~19%,身体含水量可减少10%~15%,总脂肪可增加14%~35%,导致主要经肌肉吸收的药物血浆浓度增加,血中亲水性药物浓度升高 [64]。此外,由于老年人血–脑屏障的功能下降,使药物通过率明显增加,再加上老年人机体其他器官和系统功能的衰退,代偿能力减弱,机体内环境稳定性下降,对药物的敏感性、适应性和应变能力也减退,导致ADR风险增加,从而使跌倒风险增加 [65]。

5. 展望

首先,需要进一步细化、统一多重用药的定义;其次,积极管理老年人慢性疾病,及时纠正不合理用药是减少不适当多重用药的根本;第三,我们需要进一步制定干预措施,例如开发计算机临床决策支持系统,根据患者参数(身体质量指数、肾功能、药物代谢能力等)监测用药数量、减少不适当用药、优化给药方案、核查药物来源,进行药物知识及用药依从性宣教等措施减少老年人不适当多重用药,预防跌倒;此外早期评估跌倒风险,筛查、识别可预防、可控制的跌倒危险因素,以制定有效的预防措施。

参考文献

[1] Midão, L., Giardini, A., Menditto, E., et al. (2018) Polypharmacy Prevalence among Older Adults Based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 78, 213-220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2018.06.018
[2] Melzer, D., Tavakoly, B., Winder, R.E., et al. (2015) Much More Medicine for the Oldest Old: Trends in UK Electronic Clinical Records. Age Ageing, 44, 46-53.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu113
[3] Sirois, C., Laroche, M.L., Guénette, L., et al. (2017) Polypharmacy in Multimorbid Older Adults: Protocol for a Systematic Review. Systematic Reviews, 6, 104.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0492-9
[4] Masnoon, N., Shakib, S., Kalisch-Ellett, L., et al. (2017) What Is Polypharmacy? A Systematic Review of Definitions. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 230.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0621-2
[5] Steinman, M.A. (2016) Polypharmacy-Time to Get beyond Numbers. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176, 482.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.8597
[6] Veehof, L., Stewart, R., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F., et al. (2000) The Development of Polypharmacy. A Longitudinal Study. Family Practice, 17, 261-267.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/17.3.261
[7] Nishtala, P.S. and Salahudeen, M.S. (2015) Temporal Trends in Polypharmacy and Hyperpolypharmacy in Older New Zealanders over a 9-Year Period: 2005-2013. Gerontology, 61, 195-202.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000368191
[8] Charlesworth, C.J., Ellen, S., Lee, D., et al. (2015) Polypharmacy among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older in the United States: 1988-2010. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70, 989.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv013
[9] Dhalwani, N.N., Fahami, R., Sathanapally, H., et al. (2017) Association between Polypharmacy and Falls in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study from England. BMJ Open, 7, e016358.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016358
[10] 方向阳, 陈清, 侯原平, 等. 社区老年人衰弱相关因素[J]. 中国老年学杂志, 2019, 39(2): 216-219.
[11] Valent, F. (2019) Polypharmacy in the General Population of a Northern Italian Area: Analysis of Administrative Data. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 55, 233-239.
[12] Reason, B., Terner, M., McKeag, A.M., Tipper, B. and Webster, G. (2012) The Impact of Polypharmacy on the Health of Canadian Seniors. Family Practice, 29, 427-432.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmr124
[13] Herr, M., Jean-Marie, R., Pinot, J., et al. (2015) Polypharmacy and Frailty: Prevalence, Relationship, and Impact on Mortality in a French Sample of 2350 Old People. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 24, 637-646.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3772
[14] Craftman, A.G., Johnell, K., Fastbom, J., et al. (2016) Time Trends in 20 Years of Medication Use in Older Adults: Findings from Three Elderly Cohorts in Stockholm, Sweden. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 63, 28-35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.11.010
[15] Gutierrez-Valencia, M., Izquierdo, M., Cesari, M., et al. (2018) The Relationship between Frailty and Polypharmacy in Older People: A Systematic Review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84, 1432-1444.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13590
[16] Niikawa, H., Okamura, T., Ito, K., et al. (2017) Association between Polypharmacy and Cognitive Impairment in an Elderly Japanese Population Residing in an Urban Community. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17, 1286-1293.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12862
[17] Vetrano, D.L., Villani, E.R., Grande, G., et al. (2018) Association of Polypharmacy with 1-Year Trajectories of Cognitive and Physical Function in Nursing Home Residents: Results from a Multicenter European Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19, 710-713.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.04.008
[18] Caughey, G.E., Roughead, E.E., Pratt, N., et al. (2010) Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in the Elderly Associated with Prochlorperazine: Is a Prescribing Cascade Contributing? Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety, 19, 977-982.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2009
[19] Wastesson, J.W., Morin, L., Tan, E.C.K., et al. (2018) An Update on the Clinical Consequences of Polypharmacy in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 17, 1185.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2018.1546841
[20] Ce, F. (2019) Harms and Influencing Factors of Multiple Drug Use in Elderly Patients. World Latest Medicine Information, 19, 67-68.
[21] Jyrkkä, J., Enlund, H., Lavikainen, P., et al. (2011) Association of Polypharmacy with Nutritional Status, Functional Ability and Cognitive Capacity over a Three-Year Period in an Elderly Population. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety, 20, 514-522.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2116
[22] Guerriero, F., Orlando, V., Tari, D.U., et al. (2015) How Healthy Is Community-Dwelling Elderly Population? Results from Southern Italy. Translational Medicine, 13, 59-64.
[23] Read, S.H. and Mccarthy, L.M. (2020) Evaluation of a Common Prescribing Cascade of Calcium Channel Blockers and Diuretics in Older Adults with Hypertension. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180, 643-651.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.7087
[24] World Health Organization (2021) Falls.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls
[25] 陈瑞玲. 跌倒的药源性因素及干预策略[J]. 药品评价, 2019, 16(6): 15-17+60.
[26] Cheryl, K. and Butcher, H.K. (2017) Evidence-Based Practice Guideline: Fall Prevention for Older Adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43, 15-21.
https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20171016-01
[27] 中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心, 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会统计信息中心. 2015中国死因监测数据集[M]. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2016.
[28] 史晓红, 杨泽, 宋岳涛, 等. 中国老年人跌倒风险评估专家共识(草案) [J]. 中国老年保健医学, 2019, 17(4): 3.
[29] Florence, C.S., et al. (2018) Medical Costs of Fatal and Nonfatal Falls in Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66, 693-698.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15304
[30] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2013) Falls in Older People: Assessing Risk and Prevention.
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg161
[31] 幺莉, 冯志仙. 护理敏感质量指标实用手(2016版) [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016: 102-103.
[32] 赵鸣. 浙江省两地区社区老年人跌倒流行现状与危险因素分析[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2017.
[33] Kannus, P., Parkkari, J., Niemi, S., et al. (2005) Fall-Induced Deaths among Elderly People. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 422-424.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.047779
[34] Sterling, D.A., O’Connor, J.A. and Bonadies, J. (2001) Geriatric Falls: Injury Severity Is High and Disproportionate to Mechanism. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 50, 116-119.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200101000-00021
[35] Goldacre, M.J., Roberts, S.E. and Yeates, D. (2002) Mortality after Admission to Hospital with Fractured Neck of Femur: Database Study. BMJ, 325, 868-869.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7369.868
[36] Rubenstein, L.Z. and Josephson, K.R. (2002) The Epidemiology of Falls and Syncope. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 18, 141-158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0690(02)00002-2
[37] Coogler, C.E. and Wolf, S.L. (1999) Falls. In: Hazzard, W.R., Ed., Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1535-1546.
[38] Fleming, J. and Brayne, C. (2008) Cambridge City Over-75s Cohort (CC75C) Study Collaboration. Inability to Get Up after Falling, Subsequent Time on Floor, and Summoning Help: Prospective Cohort Study in People over 90. BMJ, 337, a2227.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2227
[39] Jrstad, E.C., Hauer, K., Becker, C., et al. (2005) Measuring the Psychological Outcomes of Falling: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 501-510.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53172.x
[40] Deshpande, N., Metter, E.J., Lauretani, F., et al. (2010) Activity Restriction Induced by Fear of Falling and Objective and Subjective Measures of Physical Function: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 615-620.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01639.x
[41] Zijlstra, G.A., van Haastregt, J.C., van Eijk, J.T., et al. (2007) Prevalence and Correlates of Fear of Falling, and Associated Avoidance of Activity in the General Population of Community-Living Older People. Age and Ageing, 36, 304-309.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm021
[42] Painter, J.A., Elliott, S.J. and Hudson, S. (2009) Falls in Community-Dwelling Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Prevalence and Contributing Factors. Journal of Allied Health, 38, 201-207.
[43] Nyman, S.R., Ballinger, C., Phillips, J.E., et al. (2013) Characteristics of Outdoor Falls among Older People: A Qualitative Study. BMC Geriatrics, 13, 125.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-125
[44] van der Meulen, E., et al. (2014) Effect of Fall-Related Concerns on Physical, Mental, and Social Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62, 2333-2338.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13083
[45] Iinattiniemi, S., Jokelainen, J. and Luukinen, H. (2008) Falls Risk among a Very Old Home-Dwelling Population. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 27, 25-30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02813430802588683
[46] Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society (2011) Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society Clinical Practice Guideline for Prevention of Falls in Older Persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59, 148-157.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03234.x
[47] Sartini, M., Cristina, M.L., Spagnolo, A.M., et al. (2010) The Epidemiology of Domestic Injurious Falls in a Community Dwelling Elderly Population: An Outgrowing Economic Burden. European Journal of Public Health, 20, 604-606.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp165
[48] Gazibara, T., Kurtagic, I., Kisic-Tepavcevic, D., et al. (2017) Falls, Risk Factors and Fear of Falling among Persons Older than 65 Years of Age. Psychogeriatrics, 17, 215-223.
https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12217
[49] Merchant, R.A., Chen, M.Z., Wong, B.L.L., et al. (2020) Relationship between Fear of Falling, Fear-Related Activity Restriction, Frailty, and Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68, 2602-2608.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16719
[50] Kojima, R., Ukawa, S. ando, M., et al. (2016) Association between Falls and Depressive Symptoms or Visual Impairment among Japanese Young-Old Adults. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 16, 384-391.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12487
[51] Holloway, K.L., Williams, L.J., Brennan-Olsen, S.L., et al. (2016) Anxiety Disorders and Falls among Older Adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 20-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.052
[52] Kelly, D.M., Frick, E.M. and Hale, L.S. (2011) How the Medication Review Can Help to Reduce Risk of Falls in Older Patients. JAAPA, 24, 30-55.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01720610-201104000-00005
[53] Watanabe, J.H. (2016) Medication Use, Falls, and Fall-Related Worry in Older Adults in the United States. Consultant Pharmacist, 31, 385-393.
https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2016.385
[54] Fonad, E., Robins Wahlin, T.B. and RydholmHedman, A.M. (2015) Associations between Falls and General Health, Nutrition, Dental Health and Medication Use in Swedish Home-Dwelling People Aged 75 Years and Over. Health & Social Care in the Community, 23, 594-604.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12182
[55] Kojima, T., Akishita, M., Nakamura, T., et al. (2012) Polypharmacy as a Risk for Fall Occurrence in Geriatric Outpatients. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 12, 425-430.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00783.x
[56] Masumoto, S., Sato, M., Maeno, T., et al. (2018) Potentially Inappropriate Medications with Polypharmacy Increase the Risk of Falls in Older Japanese Patients: 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 18, 1064-1070.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13307
[57] Seppala, L.J., Wermelink, A.M.A.T., de Vries, M., et al. (2018) Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: II. Psychotropics. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19, 371.e11-371.e17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.098
[58] Laflamme, L., Monárrez-Espino, J., Johnell, K., et al. (2015) Type, Number or Both? A Population-Based Matched Case-Control Study on the Risk of Fall Injuries among Older People and Number of Medications beyond Fall-Inducing Drugs. PLoS ONE, 10, e0123390.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123390
[59] Cojutti, P., et al. (2016) Polytherapy and the Risk of Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (PIPs) among Elderly and Very Elderly Patients in Three Different Settings (Hospital, Community, Long-Term Care Facilities) of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Italy: Are the Very Elderly. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 25, 1070-1078.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4026
[60] Tan, J.L., Eastment, J.G., Poudel, A., et al. (2015) Age-Related Changes in Hepatic Function: An Update on Implications for Drug Therapy. Drugs & Aging, 32, 999-1008.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0318-1
[61] Mclachlan, A.J. and Pont, L.G. (2012) Drug Metabolism in Older People—A Key Consideration in Achieving Optimal Outcomes with Medicines. Journals of Gerontology, 67, 175-180.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr118
[62] Sotaniemi, E.A., Arranto, A.J., Pelkonen, O., et al. (1997) Age and Cytochrome P450-Linked Drug Metabolism in Humans: An Analysis of 226 Subjects with Equal Histopathologic Conditions. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 61, 331-339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90166-1
[63] Cotreau, M.M., von Moltke, L.L. and Greenblatt, D.J. (2005) The Influence of Age and Sex on the Clearance of Cytochrome P450 3A Substrates. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 44, 33-60.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200544010-00002
[64] Noble, R.E. (2003) Drug Therapy in the Elderly. Metabolism, 52, 27-30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00298-1
[65] Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Association of Geriatric Research, Committee of Clinical Toxicology of Chinese Society of Toxicology (2018) Expert Consensus on Risk Management of Polypharmacy in Elderly. Chinese Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 15, 627-640.