PDT联合玻璃体注射雷珠单抗与单一雷珠单抗治疗慢性中心性浆液性视网膜脉络膜病变转化I型脉络膜新生血管疗效观察
Oberservation of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab versus Mono Therapy of Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Switched to Type 1 Choroidal Neovascularization
DOI: 10.12677/HJO.2021.104026, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 396  浏览: 1,154  科研立项经费支持
作者: 陈青山, 李 志, 梁思颖, 胡晨丽:暨南大学附属深圳市眼科院,深圳市眼科学重点实验室,广东 深圳;冬雪川*:深圳市新产业眼科新技术有限公司,广东 深圳
关键词: 中心性浆液性脉络视网膜病变I型脉络膜新生血管病变光动力疗法抗新生血管内皮生长因子Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Type 1 Choroidal Neovascularization Photodynamic Therapy Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
摘要: 目的:比较PDT联合玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗(intravitreal injection Ranibizumab, IVR)与单一IVR治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serous choroidal retinopathy, CSC)转换为伴有I型脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization, CNV)的疗效。方法:回顾性病例系列研究。临床确诊的慢行CSC79例91只眼,对伴有不规则色素皮脱离的23例26只眼行吲哚青绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography, ICGA),血管成像OCT (optical coherence tomography angiography, OCTA),部分患者行多光谱眼底照相(multispectral imaging, MSI)检查。确诊转换伴有I型CNV的慢性CSC23例26只眼。其中15例17眼行PDT联合IVR,8例9眼行单一IVR治疗。对比观察两组治疗后4周,8周,12周,24周最佳矫正视力(BCVA)与黄斑中心视网膜厚度(central retinal thickness, CRT)。结果:联合治疗组基线BCVA 56.25 ± 16.02个字母;单一治疗组66.84 ± 14.01 (P = 0.108)。联合组治疗后8周BCVA与单一治疗组比较差异有显著性意义(P = 0.039),治疗后4周,12周,24周两组比较差异没有显著性意义(P = 0.250; 0.068; 0.067)。联合治疗组基线CRT为381.18 ± 91.06,单一治疗组263.00 ± 64.79 μm (P = 0.002)。治疗后4,8,12周联合治疗组与单一治疗组CRT比较差异有显著性意义(P = 0.023; 0.029; 0.024)。治疗后24周两组CRT没有显著性差异,(P = 0.080)。结论:慢性CSC可转换为伴有I型脉络膜新生血管,PDT联合IVR与单一IVR治疗均可提高视力,降低CRT,联合治疗组降低CRT疗效优于单一IVR。6个月后联合与单一IVR治疗没有显著差异。
Abstract: Purpose: To compare the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab (IVR) versus mono IVR for treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) switched to type one choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Methods: Retrospective nonconsecutively series cases study. 79 cases 91 eyes of CSC were included. Charts and multimodal imaging were reviewed. Among recurrence or maintained serious pigment retinal epithelium detachment (PED) patients were examined by indocyanine Green angiography, optical coherence tomography angiography and Multispectral Imaging. 23 cases (26 eyes) of CSC were shown to switch to type one CNV. Fifteen cases (17 eyes) were treated with PDT and IVR. Eight cases (9 eyes) were only treated with IVR. The BCVA and central retinal thickness of two groups after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks treatment were comparative observed. Results: Best corrected visual acuity (ETDRS letter) of patients at baseline were 56.25 ± 16.02 in combined therapy group; and 66.84 ± 14.01 in mono IVR group (P = 0.108). There was a significant difference between two groups 8 weeks post therapy (P = 0.039). Significant difference were not found 4, 12, 24 weeks after therapy (P = 0.250, 0.068, 0.067). CRT in combined therapy group at baseline were 381.18 ± 91.06 μm and 263.00 ± 64.79 μm in mono IVR group (P = 0.002). There were significant difference in 4, 8, 12 weeks after therapy (P = 0.023; 0.029; 0.024). No significant difference was found 24 weeks after therapy (P = 0.080). Conclusion: recurrent CSC had a possibility for conversion of chronic CSC with type one CNV. PDT with IVR and IVR group could improve BCVA and decrease CRT, combined group were better than only IVR injection on decreasing CRT, however, there was no difference in 6 months after therapy.
文章引用:陈青山, 李志, 梁思颖, 胡晨丽, 冬雪川. PDT联合玻璃体注射雷珠单抗与单一雷珠单抗治疗慢性中心性浆液性视网膜脉络膜病变转化I型脉络膜新生血管疗效观察[J]. 眼科学, 2021, 10(4): 198-207. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJO.2021.104026

1. 引言

急性中心性浆液性视网膜脉络膜病变(acute central serous choroiretinopathy, ACSC)是没有经过治疗的黄斑视网膜神经上皮下浆液在数月内自行吸收或仅微小色素上皮损害的自限性疾病,然而约50%的ACSC会复发 [1]。15%持续视力下降,视网膜下积液与RPE损害转为慢性CSC [2]。当慢性CSC伴有脉络膜增厚,持续性色素上皮脱离,OCTA特征显示I型脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization, CNV)形成 [3]。有报道36%伴有I型CNV的CSC会进转换为息肉状脉络膜血管病变 [4]。慢性CSC半流量激光照射PDT或半剂量光敏剂PDT治疗取得显著疗效 [2] [5] [6]。但目前尚缺乏较多临床研究证实单一抗VEGF与PDT联合或不联合治疗伴有I型CNV的慢性CSC确切疗效 [5] [6]。因此我们对一组慢性CSC转换为伴有I型CNV的慢性CSC病例进行PDT联合抗VEGF与单一抗VEGF治疗。现将结果报告如下。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

回顾性病例系列研究。2010年6月至2019年5月经暨南大学深圳眼科医院眼底病门诊确诊CSC转换为伴有I型CNV慢性CSC 23例26眼,ICGA,OCTA与MSI检查确诊伴有I型CNV的慢性CSC,表现为息肉状脉络膜血管病变13例15眼,增厚型脉络膜新生血管10例11眼。男14例,女9例。双眼3例。年龄41~78岁。慢性CSC转换为I型CNV患者病史1.5~4年,平均2.94年。单一IVR治疗9眼,联合治疗17眼,具体见表1。该临床研究经暨南大学附属深圳市眼科医院医学伦理委员会批准。

Table 1. Clinical baseline characteristic of the patients

表1. 患者基线一般临床特征

2.2. 方法

所有患者均进行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼底彩色照相、FFA、ICGA、OCT 和OCTA检查,部分患者进行MSI检查(深圳新产业眼科新技术公司)。视力采用国际标准对数视力表检查,并转换为ETDRS视力进行分析。FFA采用海德堡眼底造影系统(HRA2)进行检查,OCT采用海德堡(spectralis HRA)或Zeiss-cirrus HD OCT进行检查。OCTA采用SSADA血管OCT (美国OPTOVUE公司)或扫频域OCT (Swept-source OCT,SS-0CT,日本Topcon公司)进行检查。

CSC,增厚型脉络膜新生血管,息肉状脉络膜血管病变患者纳入标准:所有患者均根据FFA早期显示局灶性视网膜荧光素渗漏,晚期黄斑区圆形或椭圆形视网膜神经上皮脱离灶荧光素积存定义为急性CSC;病程>3月或既往有反复发病史,FFA显示多灶斑驳样荧光素渗漏定义为慢性CSC。慢性CSCOCT显示伴有不规则浆液性PED与神经上皮浆液脱离,OCT EDI模式显示脉络膜增厚且伴有I型CNV诊断为增厚型脉络膜新生血管 [7] [8] [9] [10],I型CNV诊断标准:OCT显示不规则,波浪状PED,OCTA显示“海珊瑚状”异常脉络膜血管网,位于RPE层下 [11];息肉状脉络膜血管病变(PCV)诊断标准为ICG造影前6分钟内见单个或多个脉络膜高荧光灶,伴有脉络膜异常血管网,OCT显示“拇指样”PED [12] [13]。排除标准:OCT显示的突破RPE层的II型CNV性年龄相关黄斑变性,特发性CNV等。

2.3. 联合治疗

PDT治疗采用半剂量光敏剂Visudyne (Novartis, Switzerland)在IVR后一周内进行,照射时间83 s。PDT照射面积以ICGA与OCTA显示的CNV面积加1000 μm;单一玻璃体注射治疗患眼常规进行玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗(IVR),玻璃体腔注射10 mg/ml Ranibizumab 0.05 ml (含Ranibizumab 0.5 mg),按月注射连续三次。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS24.0统计学软件(SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA)进行统计学分析,采用均数 ± 标准差(mean ± SD)表示。治疗前后BCVA,黄斑中心视网膜厚度,黄斑中心脉络膜厚度比较采用student’s t test。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. PDT联合Ranibizumab与单一Ranibizumab治疗前后BCVA比较

PDT联合治疗组与单一Ranibizumab治疗组基线最佳矫正视力比较没有显著差异,治疗后8周两组最佳矫正视力比较有显著性差异,4,12,24周没有显著差异。(表2图1)表明两组治疗后提高最佳矫正视力差异不显著。

3.2. PDT联合Ranibizumab与单一Ranibizumab治疗CRT比较

联合治疗组基线CRT与单一治疗组CRT及治疗后4,8,12周比较差异有显著性意义,24周后没有显著性差异(表3图2),图2显示联合治疗组CRT在治疗后4周,8周比较基线下降明显。

3.3. CSC,PCV,增厚型脉络膜新生血管OCTA特征与中心凹下脉络膜厚度

PCV15只眼OCTA均可显示异常分支血管网(branching vascular network, BVN),但仅能显示7眼Mini息肉病灶(44.4%),表明OCTA对慢性CSC转换为PCV息肉病灶的检出率较低。本研究PCV与增厚型脉络膜新生血管患者OCTA能很好显示位于RPE与Bruch膜之间的Ⅰ型CNV,与ICG造影显示的BVN完全对应(图3)。CSC,PCV与增厚型脉络膜新生血管黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness, SFCT)分别为373.61 ± 65.11;296.22 ± 30.24;328.63 ± 76.18 um (t = 3.48,3.21;P < 0.05)。CSC患者黄斑中心脉络膜厚度比较显著增厚(图4)。

Table 2. BCVA of PDT combined with ranibizumab vs mono ranibizumab therapy (mean ± SD)

表2. PDT联合ranibizumb与单一ranibizumab治疗 BCVA比较(mean ± SD)

*表示差异有统计学意义。

Table 3. CRT of PDT combined with ranibizumab vs mono ranibizumab therapy (mean ± SD)

表3. PDT联合ranibizuma与单一ranibizumab治疗CRT比较(mean ± SD)

*表示差异有统计学意义。

Figure 1. BCVA of the combined group vs. mono ranibizumab group therapy follow-up

图1. 联合治疗组与单一IVR组BCVA随访比较

Figure 2. CRT of the combined group vs. mono ranibizumab group therapy follow-up

图2. 联合治疗组与单一IVR组CRT随访比较

Figure 3. (a) FFA and ICGA suggesting focal dilation of macular choroidal capillaries in the left eye in December 2016; (b) FFA indicating multifocal and minor fluorescein leakage around the macular center, and ICGA suggesting patchy hyper fluorescence in the macular area in May 2017; (c) FFA and ICGA indicating ink-like fluorescein leakage around the macular center

图3. (a) 2016年12月左眼FFA ICGA黄斑脉络毛细血管局灶性扩张;(b) 2017年5月左眼FFA黄斑中心旁多灶点状轻微荧光素渗漏,ICGA显示黄斑区多灶脉络膜斑状高荧光;(c) 2017年9月左眼FFA ICGA显示黄斑中心旁墨渍样荧光渗漏

Figure 4. OCTA revealing tppe 1 CNV in the CC layer; EDI-OCT detected a SFCT of 298 μm, and B-scan suggesting serous detachment of macular neuro-epithelium and superficial detachment of subfoveal RPE

图4. (a) OCTA显示黄斑脉络膜毛细血管层绒团样CNV;(b) EDI-OCT测量黄斑中心脉络膜厚度(SFCT) 298 um,B扫描显示黄斑神经上皮浆液脱离,中心凹下RPE浅脱离

Figure 5. Detachment flattening after one month of treatment with half-dosage PDT and IVR

图5. 半量PDT联合IVR抗治疗后一月OCT显示黄斑神经上皮脱离平伏

Figure 6. Patient with a history of chronic CSC. (a): OCTA showing type I CNV in the CC layer; B-scan suggesting subretinal fluid and irregular RPE detachment in April 2017. The patient converted from CSC into PNV. (b) and (c): OCTA showing macular CNV disappearance and absorbed subretinal fluid post IVR (six times from May 2017 to December 2017)

图6. 患者具有慢性CSC病史。(a):OCTA显示I CNV位于CC层;B扫描显示视网膜下积液与不规则RPE浅脱离,提示患者由慢性CSC转换为I型CNV;(b) 与 (c):OCTA显示IVR治疗后黄斑视网膜下液吸收,RPE脱离减轻(2017年5月至2017年12月IVR治疗5次)

4. 讨论

CSC由于RPE的渗漏导致浆液性视网膜神经上皮或色素上皮脱离,其中三分之二视网膜神经上皮脱离下伴有浆液性PED,而慢性或复发性CSC多表现波浪妆不规则PED [12] [13] [14]。FFA显示RPE渗漏,ICGA显脉络膜毛细血管扩张,血管通透性增高,OCTA发现35.6%不规则形状PED内存在CNV结构特征 [15]。近年研究把具有脉络膜血管高通透性,脉络膜增厚的一类疾病如视网膜色素上皮肥厚(pachychoroid pigment epithelium, PPE)、CSC、PNV与PCV统称为脉络膜增厚谱系疾病(pachychoroid septrum diseases) [16],最重要的共同病理特征是脉络膜厚度增加与伴有I型CNV。本研究中CSC91只眼平均黄斑中心凹脉络膜厚度(SFCT) 373.61 ± 65.11 um,转化为息肉状脉络膜血管病变患者SFCT 296.22 ± 30.24 um,转化为增厚型脉络膜新生血管患者SFCT 328.63 ± 76.18 um。SFCT均较文献报告的正常国人脉络膜厚度增加 [17]。Dansingani KK等 [18] 报告三种脉络膜谱系疾病的SFCT,其中CSC 415 ± 167 um,PCV 396 ± 231 um,PNV 417 ± 120 um,三组比较差异没有显著性意义。而我们的研究结果显示转换成I型CNV患者的SFCT与CSC患者比较,明显变薄,差异具有统计学意义。我们分析认为本研究中转换成I型CNV患者的SFCT比较CSC薄的原因是进行过PDT联合IVR或IVR治疗的结果,因为PDT与抗VEGF治疗对CSC,PCV等疾病RPE与脉络膜血管层有塑形作用 [19] [20] (图5)。

研究表明慢性CSC是具有不规则PED的增厚脉络膜病变,OCT显示CNV比例为95%~99% [8] [14] [15],本研究中91眼CSC眼具有不规则PED,转为具有I型CNV的患者共26眼,OCTA显示I型CNV呈绒线团样血管网,占具有PED的CSC 36.4%,与Bousqllet E等报道约33.33%的I型CNV比例相似 [15],但与其他研究相比较CNV的比例较低。原因可能是我们发现部分CSC患者具有较浅的不规则PED,但OCTA却显示较小不典型血管网,ICGA造影显示黄斑脉络膜血管局部扩张,不具有斑状强荧光的典型特征,因此还不能称为I型CNV。

CSC转换成I型CNV,结合脉络膜增厚或OCTA显示息肉与异常脉络膜血管网则具备PCV或PNV特征。Fung AT [4] 等首次报告3例PNV均没有CSC病史,是由于缺乏OCTA检查没有发现I型CNV。本研究11眼增厚型脉络膜血管病变均有CSC病史与体征,OCTA结果均显示有I型CNV结构。表明CSC可因增厚的RPE与增厚的脉络膜导致脉络膜高通透性,脉络毛细血管扩张,CNV增生而形成增厚型脉络膜新生血管,但其病理本质仍然是I型CNV。本研究15眼CSC转为PCV,占比16.4%,而文献报告约36%的慢性CSC最终转为PCV。通过本研究结果我们推测脉络膜谱系疾病可由CSC转为PNV再转为PCV,是否可由慢性CSC直接转换为PCV,目前尚没有研究结论。

半剂量verteporfin PDT与低流量激光照射PDT已经成为慢性CSC治疗的“金标准” [21] [22]。然而不具备CNV的慢性CSC没有充分的依据表明单一抗VEGF有效。 [22] [23] [24] CSC转换PCV治疗依据PCV的治疗标准。部分回顾性临床研究与多项RCT研究表明单一抗VEGF治疗能有效改善慢性中浆或PCV患者视力,减少视网膜下液(图6)。然而EVEREST I,II研究表明联合治疗在消退脉络膜息肉仍然具有优势,包括慢性CSC转换的PCV。 [24] [25] [26] 本研究结果显示联合治疗提高BCVA仅在2个月后比较单一IVR提高,6个月时两组比较没有显著性差异。两组BCVA与基线比较均有提高,差异有显著性意义。结果表明PDT联合抗VEGF与单一玻璃体注射Ranibizumab均能提高CSC转换为PNV与PCV的BCVA,但两组比较没有显著差异。联合治疗在降低CFT,减少黄斑视网膜下液与单一抗VEGF (雷珠单抗)比较,1月,2月,3月均有显著性差异,6个月时两组比较差异没有显著性意义。因为本研究采用的即时联合治疗或没有进行3 + prn治疗导致6个月时可能部分病例复发的原因。这与Fung AT [4] EVEREST I [26] 的研究结果类似。

本研究转换为I型CNV的慢性CSC患者样本量较小,随访时间短,且为非连续的病例回顾性研究。没有单独设组进行联合治疗与单一抗VEGF治疗的比较,没有比较不同抗VEGF药物治疗的效果。故仍有待于多中心,大样本,前瞻性RCT研究来探索转换为I型CNV的慢性CSC发病机制及不同治疗方法与药物的疗效。

基金项目

深圳市科技研发资金——深科技创新〔2019〕33号(项目编号JSGG20180507182010237)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Liu, D.T., Fok, A.T. and Lam, D.S. (2012) An Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 1, 296-302.
[2] van Dijk, E.H.C., Fauser, S. and Breukink, M.B. (2018) Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy versus High-Density Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Treatment in Patients with Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (The PLACE Trial). Ophthalmology, 125, 1547-1555.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.021
[3] Lupidi, M., Fruttini, D., Eandi, C.M., et al. (2020) Chronic Neovascular Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Stress/Rest Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 211, 63-75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.10.033
[4] Fung, A.T., Yannuzzi, L.A. and Freund, K.B. (2012) Type 1 (Sub-Retinal Pigment Epithelial) Neovascularization in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Masquerading as Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Retina, 32, 1829-1837.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182680a66
[5] Chan, W.M., Lai, T.Y., Lai, R.Y., et al. (2008) Safety Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: One Year Results of a Prospective Study. Retina, 28, 85-93.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e318156777f
[6] Sartini, F., Figus, M., Nardi, M., et al. (2019) Non-Resolving, Recurrent and Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Available Treatment Options. Eye, 33, 1035-1043.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-019-0381-7
[7] Yannuzzi, L.A., Freund, K.B., Goldbaum, M., et al. (2000) Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Masquerading as Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology, 107, 767-777.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00173-6
[8] Gemenetzi, M., De Salvo, G. and Lotery, A.J. (2010) Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment. Eye, 24, 1743-1756.
https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2010.130
[9] Koizumi, H., Yamagishi, T., Yamazaki, T., et al. (2013) Relationship between Clinical Characteristics of PolypoidalChoroidal Vasculopathy and Choroidal Vascular Hyperpermeability. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 155, 305-313.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2012.07.018
[10] Zhang, X.Y., Timothy, Y.Y. and Lai, T.Y. (2017) Paying Attention to the Concept and Research of Pachychoroidal Disease Spectrum. Chinese Journal of Experimental Ophthalmology, 35, 385-390.
[11] Spaide, R.F., Jaffe, G.J., Sarraf, D., et al. (2020) Consensus. Nomenclature for Reporting Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Data. Ophthalmology, 127, 616-636.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.11.004
[12] Yang, L.H., Jonas, J.B. and Wei, W.B. (2015) Conversion of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy to Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Acta Ophthalmologica, 93, e512-e514.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12606
[13] Koh, A.H.C., Chen, L.J., Chen, S.J., et al. (2013) Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: Evidence-Based Guide Lines for Diagnosis and Treatment. Retina, 33, 686-716.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182852446
[14] Dimirel, S., Yanik, Ö., Nalci, H., et al. (2017) The Use of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
in Pachychoroid Spectrum Diseases: A Concurrent Comparison with Dye Angiography. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 255, 2317-2324.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-017-3793-8
[15] Bousquet, E., Bonnin, S., Mrejen, S., et al. (2018) Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Flat Irregular Pigment Epithelium Detachment in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina, 38, 629-638.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001580
[16] Ooto, S., Tsujikawa, A., Mori, S., et al. (2011) Retinal Microstructural Abnormalities in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Retina, 31, 527-534.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181eef2db
[17] Zeng, Q., Ding, X.Y., Li, J.Q., et al. (2011) Chinese Macular Choroidal Thickness and Effective Factors Analysis. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 27, 450-453.
[18] Dansingani, K.K., Balaratnasingam, C., Naysan, J., et al. (2016) En Face Imagine of Pachychoroid Spectrum Disorders with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Retina, 36, 499-516.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000742
[19] Azar, G., Wolff, B., Mauget-Faÿsse, M., et al. (2016) Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy: Aspect on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Acta Ophthalmologica, 95, 421-427.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13221
[20] Lai, T.Y., Chan, W.M., Li, H., et al. (2006) Safety Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy with Half Dose Vertipofin for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Short Time Pilot Study. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 90, 869-874.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.090282
[21] Chan, W.M., Lam, D.S., Lai, T.Y., et al. (2003) Treatment of Choroidal Neovascularization in Central Serous Chorioretinopaty by Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 136, 836-845.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00462-8
[22] Arevalo, J.F. and Espinoza, J.V. (2011) Single-Session Combined Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin and Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Pilot Study at 12-Month Follow-Up. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 249, Article No. 1159.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-011-1651-7
[23] Cheung, C.M., Timothy, L.Y., Ruamviboonduk, P., et al. (2018) Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: Definition, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Ophthalmology, 125, 708-724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.11.019
[24] Koh, A., Lai, T.Y.Y., Takahashi, K., et al. (2017) Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab with or without Verteporfinphotofynamivc Therapy for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmology, 135, 1206-1213.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4030
[25] Mao, J., Zhang, C., Liu, C., et al. (2019) The Efficacy of Intravitreal Conbercept for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019, Article ID: 7409426.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7409426
[26] Koh, A., Lee, W.K., Chen, L.J., et al. (2012) EVEREST STUDY: Efficacy and Safety of Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with Ranibizumab or Alone versus Ranibizumab Mono Therapy in Patients with Symptomatic Macular Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Retina, 32, 1453-1464.
https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8