体外心肺复苏对成人心跳骤停患者预后影响因素的多中心回顾性研究
A Multicenter Retrospective Study of the Prognostic Factors of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adult Patients with Cardiac Arrest
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.123329, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 295  浏览: 431 
作者: 齐 齐, 李 喆, 郭 琦, 邢金燕*:青岛大学,山东 青岛
关键词: 体外心肺复苏心跳骤停External Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiac Arrest
摘要: 目的:通过回顾性分析中国成人ECPR (External Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)支持的数据,探索影响成人ECPR患者生存的危险因素。方法:回顾分析2016年1月至2020年6月中国成人ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation)数据库369例ECPR支持的相关数据。根据临床结局将患者分为存活组及死亡组并进行分析比较。死亡患者265例(71.8%),存活患者104例(28.2%),男性276人(74.8%),女性93人(25.2%)。观察指标:基线资料、复苏情况、住院期间情况等。结果:基线资料中住院时间及住ICU (Intensive Care Unit)时间存在差异,死亡组的时间明显低于存活组(p < 0.000)。既往病史两组之间无差异。CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)至ECMO时间,CPR至ECMO时间,ECMO团队接到求助电话到启动ECMO时间,死亡组高于存活组(p < 0.05)。存活组恢复自主循环,ECMO辅助前除颤的患者比例更高(p < 0.000)。神经系统并发症、肢体并发症,存活组低于死亡组(p < 0.05)。随着ECMO辅助时间延长,感染风险存活组较死亡组明显增加(p < 0.000)。存活组内环境明显稳定于死亡组(p < 0.05)。结论:ECMO辅助前及辅助期间的乳酸水平,心跳骤停到ECMO启动的时间可作为参考指标,辅助判断成年ECPR患者的预后。把握ECPR的时机,缩短恢复自主循环时间,加强抢救团队训练及多学科的合作,加强ECMO期间的患者管理,减少并发症是提高患者疗效的关键。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the risk factors for survival of adult ECPR patients by retrospective analysis of ECPR (external cardiopulmonary resuscitation) support data in China. Methods: The data of 369 cases of ECPR in Chinese adult ECMO database from January 2016 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the clinical outcome, the patients were divided into survival group and death group, then, we analyzed and compared it. 265 patients (71.8%) died, 104 patients (28.2%) survived, 276 males (74.8%) and 93 females (25.2%). The outcome measures: baseline data, resuscitation, duration of hospitalization and so on. Results: There were differences in length of hospital stay and length of ICU (Intensive Care Unit) stay in baseline data, and the length of hospital stay in the death group was significantly lower than that in the survival group (p < 0.000). Past medical history did not differ between the two groups. For time from CPR to ECMO, time from CPR to ECMO, time from ECMO team to ECMO initiation, death group was higher than survival group (p < 0.05). A higher proportion of patients in the survival group resumed autonomic circulation with ECMO-assisted pre-defibrillation (p < 0.000). Neurological complications and limb complications were lower in the survival group than in the death group (p < 0.05). With the prolonged duration of ECMO assistance, the risk of infection increased significantly in the survival group compared with the death group (p < 0.000). The homeostasis in survival group was more stable than that in death group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Lactic acid level before and during ECMO treatment and the time from cardiac arrest to ECMO initiation can be used as reference indexes to help judge the prognosis of adult ECPR patients. Grasping the opportunity of ECPR, shortening the recovery time of spontaneous circulation, strengthening the training of rescue team and multi-disciplinary cooperation, strengthening the patient management during ECMO, and reducing complications are the key to improving the curative effect of patients.
文章引用:齐齐, 李喆, 郭琦, 邢金燕. 体外心肺复苏对成人心跳骤停患者预后影响因素的多中心回顾性研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(3): 2290-2297. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.123329

1. 背景

心跳骤停(CA)是全球主要的导致死亡的原因之一 [1],预后差 [2] [3]。尽管进行了心肺复苏术(CPR),但只有少数患者恢复到先前的生活状态 [4] [5]。传统的心肺复苏难以保证大部分心跳骤停的患者能过渡到自主循环恢复的状态。体外心肺复苏术(ECPR)是一种紧急的救援方法,它可以改善无脉搏期间的血流和氧气的输送,维持重要器官的灌注,延缓不可逆的终末器官损伤,也为传统心肺复苏术失败的心跳骤停患者提供充足的时间以确定并治疗心跳骤停的可逆原因。事实也证明了在过去几十年中,ECPR的使用较前增加 [6]。

方法及观察指标:回顾分析2016年1月至2020年6月中国成人ECMO数据库369例ECPR支持的相关数据。包括基线治疗:年龄、性别、身高、体重,合并症:高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、慢性呼吸系统疾病、脑血管意外及后遗症史、心脏外科手术史、心内介入史、心梗病史、心衰病史、慢性肾病史、肝硬化、实体或血液癌症、吸烟史。记录复苏情况,包括心脏骤停的位置和原因、救援小组报告的主要心律、CA (cardiac arrest)至CPR时间、CPR至ECMO时间、ECMO团队接到求助电话到患者床旁开始施救的反应时间、开始安置ECMO到启动ECMO时间、ECMO团队接到求助电话到启动ECMO时间、使用血管活性药物的种类及计量、是否除颤,以及心肺复苏术的方式(人工按压或者机械按压)。住院期间情况,包括开始ECMO时的MAP、ECMO安装前后的血细胞比容、ECMO安装前6小时血气分析的结果、ECMO安装后24小时血气分析结果、心脏超声的结果、在ICU逗留期间的最高乳酸水平、血管活性药物的使用情况、ECMO前SOFA评分及ECMO安装24小时后SOFA评分、是否进行亚低温治疗、是否恢复自主循环、是否除颤、相关并发症,包括操作并发症、机械并发症、出血并发症、神经系统并发症、肺部并发症、感染发症,及结局。

2. 定义

ECPR是指在潜在的可逆病因能够去除的前提下,对已使用传统心肺复苏不能恢复自主心率,活反复心跳骤停而不能维持自主心率的患者,实施体外膜肺氧合 [7]。

血管活性药物评分(vasoactive-inotropic score, VIS) = 多巴胺[μg/(kg∙min)] + 多巴酚丁胺[μg/(kg∙min)] + 10 × 米力农[μg/(kg∙min)] + 100 × 肾上腺素[μg/(kg∙min)] + 100 × 去甲肾上腺素[μg/(kg∙min)] + 10000 × 垂体后叶素[U/(kg∙min)] [8]。

3. 统计方法

对数据进行正态性检验,定量数据使用均数 ± 标准差或中位数、四分位数间距表示;定性数据使用频数、百分率进行统计描述。根据数据特征对资料进行t检验、卡方检验或非参数检验,比较组间差异,并将单因素分析中具有统计学意义及临床当中普遍认为存在意义的指标纳入Logistic多因素回归分析当中。使用SPSS25 (IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 for windows)软件对数据进行分析,以P值 < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

4. 结果

共有369例患者接受了ECPR支持,并纳入统计分析。原发病为急性心肌梗死、恶性心率失常的患者有254例(69%),暴发性心肌炎的患者有19例(5%),急性肺栓塞的患者有26例(7%),重症肺炎的患者有8(2%),脓毒症患者有11例(3%),其他原因及不明原因的患者有51例(14%)。死亡患者265例(71.8%),存活患者104例(28.2%),男性276人(74.8%),女性93人(25.2%)。中位年龄为56岁(IQR: 45, 66),中位住院时间7天(IQR: 2, 18.75),中位住ICU时间4天(IQR: 1, 11),中位BMI为23.88 (IQR: 22.22, 26.10),中位CA至CPR时间为1 min (IQR: 0, 2),中位CPR至ECMO时间为35 min (IQR: 20, 57),中位ECMO团队接到求助电话到患者床旁开始施救的反应时间为10 min (IQR: 5, 16),中位开始安置ECMO到启动ECMO时间为25 min (IQR: 18.5, 37.5),中位ECMO团队接到求助电话到启动ECMO时间40 min (IQR: 30, 55),根据临床结局将患者分为存活组及死亡组,研究队列的基线资料及既往病史特征见表1

对于行ECPR的患者而言,复苏时间,方式,ECMO团队的反应时间,置管时间,是否恢复自主循环都直接关系到患者的预后情况。ECMO辅助后的相关并发症和患者的早期死亡存在一定关系。表2是行ECPR患者存活组和死亡组复苏情况及相关并发症比较。

Table 1. Baseline data and past medical history of ECPR patients were compared between the survival group and the death group

表1. 行ECPR患者存活组和死亡组基线资料及既往病史比较

Table 2. Comparison of resuscitation and related complications between ECPR survival group and death group

表2. 行ECPR患者存活组和死亡组复苏情况及相关并发症比较

CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU = intensive care unit; CA = cardiac arrest.

ECMO辅助前及辅助后的Hct (hematocrit)水平,血管活性药物的使用情况,SOFA评分,ECMO辅助前及辅助后的乳酸等内环境情况都是反应患者全身灌注的重要指标,对患者的预后有重要的影响。存活组和死亡组的ECMO特点的具体情况见表3

Table 3. Comparison of ECMO characteristics between survival group and death group of PATIENTS undergoing ECPR

表3. 行ECPR患者存活组和死亡组ECMO特点比较

Lac = lactic acid; Hct = hematocrit.

根据表1表2表3的结果,将单因素分析中具有统计学意义及临床当中普遍认为存在意义的指标纳入Logistic多因素回归分析当中,得到表4

Table 4. To study the influence of multiple Logistic regression analysis on the prognosis of ECPR patients

表4. 研究影响ECPR患者预后的多因素Logistic回归分析

5. 讨论

最近一项涉及6261名ECPR患者的系统评价和荟萃分析显示,ECPR后的总生存率为29% [9],本次回顾性研究存活率为28.18%,两者之间结果相近。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,影响患者生存的独立危险因素包括:住ICU时间(OR = 1.197, 95% CI: 1.108~1.292)、ECMO安装前6 h内最差Lac (OR = 0.879, 95% CI: 0.794~0.973)、CPR至ECMO时间(OR = 0.963, 95% CI: 0.931~0.997)、以及ECMO安装前SOFA评分(OR = 0.821, 95% CI: 0.706~0.995)。因此,较之ECPR的存活的患者,ECMO安装前6h内最差Lac值越低,住ICU时间越短,CPR至ECMO时间越长,ECMO安装前SOFA评分越高,患者的存活率越低,死亡风险越大。一项荟萃分析显示,较低的乳酸、较高的 pH 值和较短的低流速时间与更好的预后相关,这与我们的结果相近 [10]。德国柏林一项2014年8月至2017年12月进行的关于eCPR的回顾性研究结果亦与本次研究所得结果相近 [11]。

接受ECPR治疗的患者多器官功能障碍的发生率很高,例如弥散性血管内凝血、肺部感染、肢体的缺血坏死和颅内出血,肝肾功异常,所有并发症都可能导致患者的早期死亡。Smith M研究表明 [12],人的一项回顾性研究发现,应用股动脉插管安置ECMO导致下肢缺血的发生率高达20%,严重者需要截肢 [13]。ECMO辅助期间,为给与患者呼吸、循环等必要的生命支持,大多数情况下患者需要气管插管接呼吸机辅助呼吸,留置深静脉置管,导尿管,胃管以及肝素抗凝等。因此,ECMO辅助时间的延长会增加菌血症、多器官功能衰竭以及颅内出血的风险。加之心跳骤停导致心肌受损,循环衰竭,心肌细胞的不可再生性要求抢救团队尽快恢复患者的自主循环。所以缩减恢复患者自主循环的时间,减少ECMO辅助时间可有效的提高患者的预后,相关措施包括有效、及时的心肺复苏、加强ECMO团队的训练及相关科室的合作,早期尽快实施ECPR,增加心肌灌注,避免不可逆的脑损伤,及时的解除残余心脏的病变。

乳酸是反映全身微循环灌注情况的重要指标。ECMO辅助前的乳酸水平以及乳酸下降的时间与预后明显相关。表3数据表明,存活组的乳酸水平在ECMO辅助前及辅助均明显低于死亡组,实施ECMO后乳酸下降的速度比死亡组明显增快。死亡组ECMO辅助后4 h乳酸水平较前增高,不排除“洗出效应”的原因 [14],也可能是患者组织缺氧,循环障碍加重的可能。因此,乳酸情况的好转,表明ECPR对于全身的灌注改善。乳酸堆积扰乱全身内环境,对机体各脏器功能恢复不利。乳酸的变化也提示心脏功能的恢复情况。这与很多在儿童和成人ECMO期间的所得结果相近 [15] [16]。

从CA到ECMO植入的时间与死亡率相关。有文献表明当ECMO开始时间超过60分钟时存活概率显着降低 [3],但这种关系不是线性的,并且在持续可电击节律、暂时性恢复自主循环或存在生命迹象的情况下,ECPR治疗窗可能会延长 [17]。

北美一项多中心的ECPR研究显示,与具有不可电击初始心律的受试者相比,具有可电击初始心律的ECPR受试者可耐受更长的常规复苏间隔 [18]。本研究示存活组ECMO辅助前除颤率更高,与上述研究结果相近。这也与临床普遍结果相符合。

6. 限制

回顾性研究其本身就存在选择偏移及回忆偏移,例如心跳骤停到CPR时间难以明确。本研究是多中心的回顾性研究,ECPR的入排标准难以统一,没有明确的指标。部分数据缺失明显,统计人员也可可能是非专业人员,不能确定数据的准确性。

7. 结论

ECMO辅助前及辅助期间的乳酸水平,心跳骤停到ECMO启动的时间可作为参考指标,辅助判断成年ECPR患者的预后。把握ECPR的时机,缩短恢复自组循环时间,加强抢救团队训练及多学科的合作,加强ECMO期间的患者管理,减少并发症是提高患者疗效的关键。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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