眶–鼻沟通性炎性假瘤恶性转归1例
Malignant Outcome of Orbital-Nasal Communication Inflammatory Pseudotumor: A Case Report
摘要: 眼眶与鼻窦由于解剖因素与生理基础的关系,使炎症或肿瘤常相互波及形成沟通性占位;眶鼻沟通性梭形细胞肿瘤性质的不断转化在临床上未见报道。炎性假瘤(inflammatory pseudotumor, IPT)、炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, IMT)、梭形细胞肉瘤(spindle cell sarcoma, SCS)属于梭形细胞肿瘤(spindle cell tumors)中炎性反应性病变、侵袭性肿瘤、恶性梭形细胞肿瘤的一组异质性疾病。本文首次报道1例由IPT、转化为IMT,最终转化为SCS的梭形细胞眶鼻沟通性病例。
Abstract: Due to the relationship between anatomical factors and physiological basis, the orbital and paranasal sinuses often spread to each other to form communicating space occupying lesions; The continuous transformation of orbital nasal communicating spindle cell tumors has not been reported in clinical practice. Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT), inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), and spindle cell sarcoma (SCS) are among the inflammatory reactive lesions, invasive tumors, a heterogeneous group of malignant spindle cell tumors. This article is the first to report a case of spindle cell orbitonasal communication from IPT, to IMT, and finally to SCS.
文章引用:齐智依, 皮啸环, 王兴华, 姜发纲. 眶–鼻沟通性炎性假瘤恶性转归1例[J]. 眼科学, 2022, 11(2): 142-149. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJO.2022.112021

1. 背景

在眶鼻沟通性占位组织病理学报道中,IPT是一种常见病理类型,由多形性炎症细胞反应和纤维血管组织反应引起的特发性肿瘤性炎症,是一种良性、非感染性、占位性、非肿瘤性的炎症状态。在一些病例中IPT出现肿瘤性特征,包括细胞遗传学异常和侵袭性临床行为,如局部侵袭、复发,甚至远处转移,病理特点是以纤维母细胞及肌纤维母增生为主,病理确定为IMT;IMT是一种具有惰性至恶性生物学潜能,其病理性质上偶见肿瘤消退或转化为恶性梭形细胞肿瘤,为一种生物学行为不确定的肿瘤;SCS为一类具有高度恶性梭形细胞肿瘤特性,其在组织学上为梭形细胞肿瘤特征,临床上表现为恶性肿瘤的特征。

IPT、IMT、SCS三者属于不同性质的梭形细胞肿瘤。本文报道一例罕见梭形细胞眶鼻沟通性占位,从临床诊断为IPT,后病理明确为IMT,并最终恶化为SCS的病理演变过程。

2. 病例资料

患者,男,62岁,于2019年05月23日首次就诊于武汉协和医院眼科;述19天前体检发现左眼眶占位,伴眼红眼胀及眼痛等病史。右眼0.8,最佳矫正视力1.0。左眼0.5,最佳矫正视力0.8。左眼睑高度肿胀,结膜充血,左眼呈上斜位,向下运动受限。右眼未见明显异常。2019年05月24日眼眶CT (图1(A)、图1(B))提示左侧眶尖–上颌窦内团块影伴邻近骨质破坏。为明确疾病性质行手术治疗,术中见肿物蔓延至上颌窦,眼眶下壁受损,肿物弥散,呈白色、质硬,完整切除后送病检。术后病理结果(图2(A)、图2(B))提示(左眼眶)纤维组织增生伴大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润及局灶淋巴滤泡形成。免疫组化染色示:CD3及CD20示病变内T细胞B细胞混杂,CD21及D2-40 (FDC网+),PCK及SMA (增生的肌纤维母细胞+),EMA (增生的浆细胞弱+),Kappa及Lambda示浆细胞为多克隆性增生,IgG (浆细胞+),IgG4阳性细胞数约80个/HPF,IgG4阳性细胞数与IgG阳性细胞数之比约25%;CD68示组织细胞散在分布,Desmin、S100、ALK、CD30及CD123无特殊所见。临床诊断:炎性假瘤。

2019年07月患者左眼睑肿胀复发,于复旦大学附属眼鼻喉医院行“左鼻窦鼻腔肿物切除术 + 左全组鼻窦开放术”,临床诊断为炎性假瘤。2020年08月开始出现左眼视力下降,伴眼痛、流脓,于11月27日就诊本院。专科查体:右眼0.8,最佳矫正视力1.0。 左眼无光感,左眼睑肿胀下垂遮蔽眼球,见大量黄色分泌物,瞳孔固定,左眼球固定向前下方移位;右眼未见明显异常。2020年11月27日眼眶CT (图3(A)、图3(B))、眼眶MRI (图3(C)、图3(D))提示左眼眶内壁、左侧筛窦及上颌窦窦壁缺如,呈术后改变;左侧眼眶–上颌窦区–筛窦不规则稍低软组织密度影,2020年12月03日全身糖代谢PET-CT提示(图4(A)、图4(B)、图4(C)、图4(D))左眼眶–上颌窦–筛窦区不规则软组织密度影,累及周围骨质;余探测部位未见明显恶性肿瘤病变及转移征象。2020年12月21日本院行(左侧)鼻窦肿物切除术 + (面部)鼻侧切开术 + 鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤(侵入眼眶及颅内)摘除术。术后病理结果(图5(A)、图5(B)):(左侧鼻腔鼻窦)梭形细胞肿瘤,符合炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤。免疫组化染色示瘤细胞:ALK (−),SMA (−),Desmin (−),Calponin (部分+),HHF35 (−),h-caldesmon (部分+),PCK (+),EMA (−),CK8/18 (−),CK5/6 (−),P40 (−),P63 (少量弱+),Cyclin D1 (部分+),CD34 (−),S100 (−),SOX10 (−),MyoD1 (−),Myogenin (−),P16 (−),ERG (−),CD21 (−),CD35 (−),INI1 (+),β-Catenin (浆+),NTRK (−),Ki67 (LI: 20%)。

A、B:术前CT左侧眶尖见团块状软组织影,累计及鼻窦、侵及骨质。

Figure 1. Chest CT scans of this patient

图1. 本例患者眼眶CT影像

A:左眼眶–鼻窦肿物(苏木精–伊红染色,×40);B:左眼眶–鼻窦肿物(苏木精–伊红染色,×100)。

Figure 2. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor

图2. 本例肿瘤组织病理学和免疫组化检测

Figure 3. 27 November 2021 CT image and MRI of orbit in this patient

图3. 2020年11月27日本例患者眼眶CT影像、眼眶MRI

Figure 4. 3 December 2020 PET-CT of systemic glucose metabolism in this patient

图4. 2020年12月03日本例患者全身糖代谢PET-CT

A:左眼眶–鼻窦肿物(苏木精–伊红染色,×40);B:左眼眶–鼻窦肿物(苏木精–伊红染色,×100)。

Figure 5. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor

图5. 本例肿瘤组织病理学和免疫组化检测

2021年01月03日转入本院肿瘤科治疗,2021年01月05日(图6(A)、图6(B)、图6(C))鼻窦、肝脏、上腹部CT提示左眼、左鼻窦鼻腔术后改变、肝脏、脾脏内多发异常强化影、所及Th5、L1椎体压缩性骨折。治疗行吉西他滨 + 克艾力联合伯舒化疗。2021年05月14日复查CT、MRI提示(图7(A)、图7(B)、图7(C)、图7(D)、图7(F))双侧髂骨、坐骨、耻骨、骶骨、股骨头、下腰椎见广泛骨质破坏。活检术后病理结果(图8胸5、腰1)提示转移性梭形细胞肉瘤。免疫组化染色示瘤细胞:CD34 (−),CD117 (−)、Dog (−)、S-100 (+−)、Desmin (−)、SOX-10 (−)、SMA (部分+)、STAT-6 (−)、CD99 (+)、PCK (+)、ALK (−)、P53 (+野生型)、Ki-67 (Li: 20%)、CK18 (−)、Vimentin (+)、P63 (−)、BCL-2 (+)、HCK (+)、TTF-1 (−)。病理诊断:转移性梭形细胞肉瘤。

Figure 6. 5 January 2021 MRI of orbit, CT of liver, spleen and upper abdomen of the patient

图6. 2021年01月05日本例患者眼眶MRI、肝脾脏、上腹部CT

Figure 7. 4 May 2021 CT and MRI images of this patient

图7. 2021年05月04日本例患者CT影像、MRI影像

Figure 8. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (HE staining, ×40)

图8. 本例胸、腰椎组织病理学和免疫组化检测(苏木精–伊红染色,×40)

3. 讨论

眼眶在解剖上与鼻腔、鼻窦有着密切的毗邻关系,眼眶壁的2/3以上与鼻窦仅以菲薄的骨壁相隔,其形成了眼、鼻腔、鼻窦疾病相互波及的解剖和生理因素;临床上眼眶的炎症及肿瘤常侵及鼻窦、鼻腔形成眶鼻沟通性占位,在眼眶肿瘤与鼻腔、鼻窦部肿瘤病理组织观察发现,眶鼻沟通性占位的常见病理分型:鳞状细胞癌、炎性假瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、淋巴瘤、腺癌、粘液囊肿、骨及软骨肿瘤等 [1]。炎性假瘤在眶鼻沟通性占位中作为常见病理分型、作为梭形细胞肿瘤的良性病变。梭形细胞肿瘤是包含良性、侵袭性、恶性的一组疾病。本病例报道一例眶鼻沟通性占位中诊断为良性梭形细胞肿瘤(IPT)、侵袭性梭形细胞肿瘤(IMT)、最终转化为恶性梭形细胞肿瘤(SCS)。

3.1. IPT、IMT的联系

IPT定义为由多形性炎症细胞反应和纤维血管组织反应引起的一种良性、非感染性、占位性、非肿瘤性的炎症状态 [2] [3]。病理组织组成成分复杂多变,主要由淋巴细胞、浆细胞和巨噬细胞的聚集以及成纤维细胞、肌成纤维性细胞的反应性增生 [4]。近来,1990年Meis和Enzinger首先报道在IPT一些病例中发现了IMT作为一种独特肿瘤实体,有其自身的病理、分子、临床学特征。病理组织以纤维母细胞及肌纤维母增生为主,伴有淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和组织细胞的炎性浸润,主要构成了梭形细胞型、粘液样型、纤维型三种病理组织类型 [5] [6],在细胞遗传学上发现了2p23染色体短臂上克隆重排了酪氨酸激酶基因座中alk-1基因的位置alk基因,并与原肌球蛋白3、原肌球蛋白4、网格蛋白重链和ran结合蛋白2 (ranbp2)等多种合作伙伴融合 [7] [8]。临床行为上具有局部侵袭性、复发,远处转移的真正肿瘤;由于IPT病理与临床变现复杂多样以及在梭形细胞肿瘤分类中IPT、IMT作为炎性或良性反应性病变,IPT与IMT很难做出明确的区分,在一些组织病变上IPT与IMT仍使用同义和互换的术语 [9]。本案例最初病理组织表现为纤维组织增生伴大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润及局灶淋巴滤泡形成,描述性病理报告为疾病早期病理变化,临床诊断为IPT几次复发后病理明确诊断为IMT。临床案例报道IMT经保守治疗可出现自发性消退现象 [10] [11] [12] [13];此类报道与本案例疾病进程表现出相反性及病理的转化。

3.2. IMT诊断、预后

世界卫生组织WHO 2020年定义表明,IMT是一种独特的、很少转移的肿瘤,由肌纤维母细胞和成纤维细胞梭形细胞组成,并伴有浆细胞、淋巴细胞和/或嗜酸性粒细胞的炎性浸润 [6];IMT是在各个部位均可发病,最常发生在肺脏,腹部软组织、头颈部较常见 [14] [15] [16] 的中间生物学潜能的间充质梭形细胞肿瘤,其发病可能与感染(EB病毒、单纯疱疹病毒)、创伤、手术和放射治疗有关 [17] [18] [19]。影像学特征与IPT及其他恶性肿瘤之间缺少特异性甚至出现较高相似性,其临床表现具有罕见性与病理组织多样性,因此IMT的术前诊断具有极大挑战性,以病理学诊断为主。

目前IMT是炎症性还是肿瘤性仍存在争议,这种疾病临床案例报道也呈现良性与恶性两种不同转归。25例眼眶IMT随访报道该疾病在类固醇激素或放射治疗没有转移及死亡,预后良好 [20];1996年一篇文献报道IPT/IMT经过五次复发临床病理转变为SCS [21]。文献不断报道IMT的快速恶化、转化为上皮炎性肌成纤维细胞肉瘤(epithelial inflammatory myofibroblast sarcoma, EIMS)、低级别肌纤维母细胞肉瘤、化生癌、SCS [7] [22] [23] [24] [25]。

3.3. 探讨IMT转化为SCS

IMT作为肌纤维母细胞梭形细胞病变伴炎性浸润的异质性组,具有局部复发(15%~20%)、罕见转移特性的惰性至恶性生物学潜能性肿瘤。SCS作为梭形细胞肿瘤中的高度恶性肿瘤、在病理组织上具有梭形细胞肿瘤特征临床上具有高度恶性肿瘤的特性。病理学中可知肌成纤维细胞与成纤维细胞、梭形细胞三者的关系为:肌成纤维细胞是经过修饰的具有收缩能力的成纤维细胞,肌成纤维细胞一般为梭形细胞,其形态变化可从圆形、星状、上皮样细胞到神经节样细胞不等,梭形细胞肿瘤涵盖了从反应性肿瘤样病变到高度恶性肿瘤的一组异质性疾病 [26] [27] [28]。研究发现在IMT转化为SCS的病理变化中,相关炎性细胞因子促使成纤维细胞转化为肌成纤维性细胞表达平滑肌肌动蛋白与成纤维因子 [4] [29],其中COX-2炎症因子与肿瘤的侵袭性、癌症的发生发展呈现出相关性 [30]。随着疾病复发,组织细胞密度、异型性出现相应的增加,甚至转化为肉瘤 [21] [29]。在本病例中肿瘤免疫组化中呈现出高Ki-67 (Li20%)、ALK (−)、p63、p53的过表达。免疫组化研究表示ALK阴性被认为与高转移、复发相关 [31] [32] [33]。高度异型性、神经节样细胞的存在、有丝分裂的增加、Ki-67增殖指数升高、缺乏ALK反应性和致癌蛋白过度表达(如p53过度表达)与肿瘤的侵袭性生长、复发和恶性转化相关 [34]。

3.4. 总结

在本案例中疾病眼眶–鼻窦沟通性病变,经过多次复发,病理性质出现不断转化;即梭形细胞病变(IPT、IMT、SCS),为炎性/良性–交界性/侵袭性–恶性肿瘤。鉴于在本案例的发现及查阅相关案例报道,临床治疗对于疾病复发并表现为侵袭性,临床治疗中应该给与扩大手术范围的根除治疗以及术前、术后放化疗等积极治疗。对于局限性眼眶IMT伴或不伴复发这类疾病常呈现良好预后,在治疗上可给与肿瘤切除或药物保守治疗。然而由于这类疾病的罕见性,阻碍了确切的临床诊疗方案,需要不断总结临床经验。本案例为回顾性病例研究,不涉及其他侵犯个人隐私,已获得病人家属的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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