血清生物标志物对肝细胞癌的早期诊断及预后的应用
Application of Serum Biomarkers in Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.126789, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 346  浏览: 549 
作者: 芦佳骏, 樊海宁, 任 宾*:青海大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,青海 西宁;青海省包虫病研究重点实验室,青海 西宁
关键词: AFP阴性肝细胞癌诊断预后血清生物标志物AFP Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis The Prognosis Serum Biomarker
摘要: 原发性肝癌(Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma, PHC)是当今世界上发病率最多和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)占原发性肝癌的大多数,而甲胎蛋白(AFP)阴性HCC约占HCC的30%至40%,AFP阳性的HCC可根据血清AFP水平升高和典型的影像学特征进行诊断,而AFP阴性HCC (ANHC)由于缺乏理想的诊断标志物而不容易被发现。目前监测肿瘤复发的手段主要依赖于影像学,对于ANHC应用影像学进行诊断容易造成漏诊,尤其是直径小于3 cm的ANHC。此外,肝脏的一些良性病变也可与HCC有类似的影像学表现,误将ANHC诊断为良性肿瘤,从而耽误病情,延误最佳治疗时机,致预后差。尽管HCC的诊断和治疗以及术后监测发展迅速,但总体预后由于复发率和转移率高,仍不乐观。因此,寻找合适的用于诊断ANHC及HCC的血清生物标志物显得至关重要,随着分子生物学的发展,研究者们发现了一些能够用于诊断癌症的生物标志物,而用于诊断肝癌的血清生物标志物主要有蛋白质抗原、炎性细胞因子等方面。本综述将简要概述这些以血清为重点的生物标志物的研究进展,并讨论它们作为HCC早期诊断和预后的潜在临床应用价值。
Abstract: Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers, while alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) negative HCC accounts for about 30% to 40% of HCC. AFP positive HCC can be diagnosed according to elevated serum AFP level and typical imaging fea-tures. AFP negative HCC (ANHC) is not easily detected due to the lack of ideal diagnostic markers. Current methods for monitoring tumor recurrence mainly rely on imaging, and imaging diagnosis of ANHC is easy to cause missed diagnosis, especially for ANHC smaller than 3 cm in diameter. In addi-tion, some benign lesions of the liver may also have similar imaging manifestations to HCC, and ANHC may be mistakenly diagnosed as benign tumor, thus delaying the disease, delaying the opti-mal timing of treatment, and resulting in poor prognosis. Despite rapid advances in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC, as well as postoperative monitoring, the overall prognosis is not optimistic due to the high rate of recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, it is of great importance to find ap-propriate serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of ANHC and HCC. With the development of molecular biology, researchers have discovered some biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis of cancer, and the serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver cancer mainly include protein antigens and in-flammatory cytokines. This review will briefly review the progress of these serum-focused bi-omarkers and discuss their potential clinical application in the early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
文章引用:芦佳骏, 樊海宁, 任宾. 血清生物标志物对肝细胞癌的早期诊断及预后的应用[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(6): 5446-5453. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.126789

1. 引言

原发性肝癌(PHC)是指经肝细胞或肝内胆管细胞发生的癌,据不完全统计,2020年我国约有41万人被检出肝癌,同年约有39万人因肝癌死亡。尽管癌症死亡率自1991年以来大幅下降,但根据2016年癌症统计数据 [1] 显示,每年因肝癌死亡的人数仍在上升。肝细胞癌(HCC)是PHC最常见的类型 [2],约占世界已报告确诊病例的75%~80%,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)是亚洲最常见的传染性疾病,它是导致HCC的主要诱因 [3] [4] [5]。大多数HCC早期的症状及体征并不突出,使得很多患者在疾病的中、晚期才得以被诊断。所以导致了治疗效果不好,治愈率低下,预后不佳。有资料证实:早期HCC患者在进行外科手术(肝移植和癌灶切除)干预后的5年内的生存率均超过90%,但中、晚期患者5年内总生存率却仅为7% [6]。尽管目前的分期系统可以作为患者生存和治疗的重要预后因素,但它们主要是基于影像学表现,也只能检测到中、晚期的HCC患者,无法提供足够的肿瘤生物学信息,而这可能最终导致肿瘤复发,预后不佳。

HCC目前的诊断方法主要依靠血清学检查、超声学检查和影像学检查。虽然影响学检查可以明确诊断HCC,但因其昂贵的检查费用并不适用于广泛筛查HCC。根据美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network)对肝恶性肿瘤的临床实践指南,对于发展为HCC的高危患者,应每半年进行1次腹部超声学检查及AFP血清学检查 [7]。由于超声检查对操作者的依赖和对肝硬化小肝 [8] 中鉴别良恶性结节的能力较差而受到限制。甲胎蛋白(AFP)于1963年被发现且首次应用于HCC的早期筛查和诊断,是被用于肝癌筛查最广泛的生物标志物。当AFP水平显著升高且有明确的影像学特征时,HCC是比较容易诊断的。然而,在约1/3 HCC患者中并未发现AFP升高 [9],这使得一部分肝癌不容易被诊断,致使许多甲胎蛋白阴性肝细胞肝癌(ANHC)患者难以早期诊断和治疗,尤其是直径小于3 cm的ANHC。此外,肝脏的一些良性病变也可与HCC有类似的影像学表现,将ANHC误诊为肝脏其他良性病变,失去最佳治疗时机。尽管HCC的诊断和治疗以及术后监测发展迅速,但总体预后由于复发率和转移率高,仍不乐观。那么寻找其他能够早期诊断HCC的血清学标志物便十分必要。

近年来,分子生物学迅猛发展,相关血清标志物对于相关肝病的诊断及预后的研究取得了新的进展,这其中就包括慢性乙肝、急性慢性肝衰竭(ACLF)、HBV相关HCC等。越来越多的研究表明,血清生物标记物可以用来诊断HCC和ANHC,并评估其预后。本综述将简要概述一些以血清为重点的生物标志物的研究进展,并讨论它们作为HCC早期诊断和预后指标的潜在临床应用价值。

2. 蛋白质生物标记物

2.1. 高尔基体糖蛋白-73 (Golgi Protein-73, GP73)

GP73是一种在人的上皮细胞中表达的常驻高尔基体Ⅱ型跨膜糖蛋白。Kladney等研究者 [10] 在2000年首次报道,其研究发现GP73在正常肝脏和病变肝脏中表达不同,正常肝脏中GP73只在胆囊上皮细胞中表达;然而,病毒性和非病毒性肝病 [11] 患者中GP73在肝细胞中表达增强。2008年,我国毛一雷等 [12] 研究者共收集173例血清,发现GP73较AFP诊断HCC的敏感性增加28.3%,特异性高达92.8%,首次报道了GP73在乙型病毒性肝炎引起的HCC患者中具有高敏感性和特异性。近年来,越来越多的研究 [13] [14] 表明,GP73在区分HCC患者和非HCC患者方面具有较高的优势。Xiao等 [15] 研究者在GP73和AFP联合检测诊断HCC的敏感性和特异性的结果分别为90.91%和98.86%,均高于各自单独检测结果,提出了血清标志物联合诊断的可能,为肝癌的早期诊断提供了参考。Fang [16] 等研究者在对肝癌多个生物标志物联合检测的元分析上也得出AFP、GP73联合诊断HCC时的敏感性和特异性也是要优于各自检测的结果。赵 [17] 等研究者在对50例ANHC患者进行研究时,结果显示GP73在诊断小肝癌(直径小于3 cm)的灵敏度和准确率最高,分别为72.0%、86.7%,可用于ANHC的辅助诊断。此研究还指出,联合2项或3项肿瘤标志物(GP73、AFP-L3、DCP)进行ANHC的检测也具有较好的诊断价值。因此GP73可能是一种对HCC患者的早期诊断具有诊断意义的血清标志物。

2.2. c-反应蛋白(c-Reactive Protein, CRP)

c-反应蛋白(CRP)是一种对全身炎症敏感的炎性标志物,在肝细胞组织损伤、感染或急、慢性炎症反应时释放的一种非特异性的急性期反应蛋白。在过去的几十年里,一些临床研究表明血清CRP与几种慢性疾病的风险有关,如心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化和癌症 [18]。血清CRP的临床价值也在肿瘤中得到了探索,其在多种肿瘤中均检测到CRP表达升高,并影响疾病预后 [19] [20] [21]。尽管CRP与癌症患者全身炎症之间的关系已被普遍接受,但对血清CRP水平和肿瘤局部免疫状态的意义知之甚少。白细胞浸润是肿瘤间质的主要组成部分,形成高度复杂的、动态的和相互作用的免疫环境,有助于肿瘤的发展和进展 [22]。在HCC患者中,有研究显示,在可切除和不可切除肿瘤的情况下,血清CRP水平高预示着不良的临床结果 [23]。Meischl等研究者 [24] 在对216例肝细胞癌(HCC)切除或非手术治疗患者的总生存和复发的预后因素中提到血清CRP > 1 mg/dL时,肝移植后肝癌复发率更高,同时也提到了CRP升高可能反映了更具有侵袭性的肿瘤行为以及肝硬化并发症导致的死亡风险增加。Zhang Y等人 [25] 共检测了101名接受PD-1抑制剂治疗的HCC患者的血清CRP水平,研究显示血清CRP和AFP水平均为PD-1抑制剂治疗的HCC患者PFS的独立危险因素。同时他们还证明了CRP-AFP预后模型在对不同HCC风险组中均有鉴别能力。在一项多因素Cox回归分析中发现 [26],在330例移植HCC患者中,移植性肝癌患者CRP是影响生存的唯一重要炎症标志物。NLR、PLR、GGT、AST、ALT和格拉斯哥炎症评分也有显著性差异,仅在单因素分析中有意义。小肝癌(<5 cm)和大肝癌患者以及甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平升高或降低的患者CRP显著。血清CRP水平高(>2.5 mg/dL)与低的HCC患者比较,NLR、LMR、Hb、总胆红素和肝转氨酶水平以及最大肿瘤直径(MTD)和门静脉血栓形成(PVT)患者百分比存在显著差异。综上所述,CRP可能是预测HCC预后及复发的新的生物标志物。

3. 炎性生物标志物

1863年德国病理学家鲁道夫·魏尔肖 [8] 首次提出了慢性炎症可能与癌症之间存在联系,约¼的人类癌症可能与慢性炎症有关,而这取决于在肿瘤微环境中是否有炎症细胞的参与 [9] [27]。由于炎症是HCC中肿瘤发生的一个重要组成部分,炎性肿瘤微环境与肿瘤进展有关,调节性T调节细胞水平升高,预后较差,而淋巴细胞和细胞毒性T细胞水平升高,控制肿瘤进展 [28]。由非特异性中性粒细胞介导的持续炎症环境与相对淋巴细胞减少相结合,可阻止宿主免疫介导的抗肿瘤反应,可能促进HCC肿瘤进展 [29]。这说明,系统炎症反应(SIR)在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起着不可或缺的作用。

3.1. 红细胞分布宽度(Red Cell Distribution Width, RDW)

红细胞分布宽度是衡量外周血中红细胞大小变异性和异质性 [30] 的指标,是一种简单、廉价且常规测量的血液检测参数。有研究表明,RDW与CRP、红细胞沉降率(ESR)呈正相关关系 [31]。慢性炎症反应可以抑制人体内红细胞的生成,缩短红细胞的存活时间。而其也是HCC的固有特征,于是RDW被人们假设可以用来监测及评估HCC,Smirne等人 [32] 在2015年首次进行了RDW在HCC中的预后作用的评估,作者对208例HCC患者的回顾性分析中提出,当RDW ≥ 14.6%时,患者中位生存时间显著降低,患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为48%、29%和18%。当RDW < 14.6%时,患者的第1年、第3年的生存率由79%降至42%。之后Wei等 [33] 研究者对110例初治PHC患者的病历进行回顾性分析。证明了RDW在PHC患者中的表达明显升高,但与肿瘤分期并无相关性。Lan等人 [34] 的研究进一步证实了RDW可作为预测低AFP浓度HCC患者的炎症标志物。Jing等研究者 [35] 在422例HCC患者的回顾性研究中提到,RDW水平会随儿童-Pugh分级和BCLC分期的加重而显著升高。当RDW水平升高时,天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆汁酸(TBA)水平也同样升高,肿瘤进行性增大;血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)、红细胞计数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)、淋巴细胞计数(LY)水平则降低。RDW水平为14.15%是判断HCC患者生存率的最佳预后临界点。当RDW水平低于14.15%,连同较好的Child-Pugh分级、较好的BCLC分期和较小的肿瘤大小是HCC患者的预后指标。综上所述,RDW水平可能是监测HCC患者预后指标。

3.2. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, NLR)

炎症细胞作为肿瘤促进因子,在肿瘤的发展过程中起着重要作用,炎症细胞在肿瘤的生长过程中为其创造出一个细胞微环境,促进了肿瘤发展、基因组的变异和血管的生成。我们在肿瘤中发现各种类型的炎症细胞浸润 [19] [20] [21]。尽管已发现肿瘤中性粒细胞浸润可促进炎症并促进肿瘤进展,但浸润性淋巴细胞已被证明在宿主抗肿瘤免疫应答中发挥中心作用 [36] [37]。中性粒细胞数量的变化可以反映机体的氧化应激状态,淋巴细胞数量的变化可以反映机体的免疫调节能力及营养状况,这二者的比值能够综合评价人体抗肿瘤免疫应答的平衡状态。近年来,全身炎症状态被认为是不同类型实体肿瘤的肿瘤生物学替代物。一些研究 [38] [39] [40] 表明,高NLR预测HCC复发,并与较差的生存相关。Qi X等人的系统综述和荟萃分析表明,NLR是HCC患者的一个主要预后因素 [41]。Sellers CM等人 [42] 在对131例ICC患者的研究中发现NLR作为ICC的预后指标,比PLR和SII有更大的影响。NLR截断值在2.11时,低-NLR比高-NLR有更高的总体生存率。Hong YM [43] 等人在82例晚期HCC患者的总体生存率的多变量分析中,发现NLR下降组中总体生存率为3.2个月,是良好总体生存率的独立因素。证明了NLR的变化对HCC的预后有关。Wang等人 [44] 在肝癌肝切除术患者预处理NLR的综合性分析中提出NLR ≥ 3与侵袭性肿瘤行为相关,如肿瘤体积大、肿瘤破裂和大血管浸润。Wong L [45] 等人的研究也发现了NLR ≥ 3是ANHC复发和早期复发的预测因素。此外,NLR ≥ 3与总生存率下降相关,也证明了这一点。然而,NLR的截断值在各个研究中是不同的;不同研究中NLR的截断值与预后的表现各不相同,目前尚未明确NLR的最佳截断值。综上所述,NLR可以作为早期预测小肝癌患者复发及预后的评价指标。

3.3. 血小板/淋巴细胞比值(Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio, PLR)

当肝脏受到各种感染性和非感染性因素的攻击时,会促进各种促炎分子表达上调,促进肿瘤血管新生、侵袭及转移 [46]。血小板的增多一方面可以抑制机体的抗肿瘤免疫细胞功能,另一方面可以通过分泌血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),而促进肿瘤内新血管生成 [47],导致肿瘤内形成持续的慢性炎性反应,对HCC的发展起到了促进作用;在恶性肿瘤中,淋巴细胞起到了免疫和监视的作用 [48]。那么,血小板和淋巴细胞的比值(PLR)便可以反映系统炎性反应程度。在一项回顾性研究提出,炎症标志物PLR对于ANHC患者具有较好预后价值 [49]。Wu W等 [50] 研究者首次提出了ALR-GPR-PLR评分模型,指出PLR的最佳截止值为117.09,并证实了其对肝癌患者的预后是有影响的,两者的研究是一致的。在Dertli R等人 [51] 的研究中指出:PLR水平高于100.29、NLR水平高于2.47时可被认为是HCC患者生存不良的预测因素。张等研究者 [52] 在对HCC患者预后研究结果中显示,PLR值越高,HCC患者总体生存率越短,无病生存期影响显著。有研究 [53] [54] [55] 指出,PLR与肝癌临床病理有关,PLR值与淋巴结阳性率、转移率呈正相关;PLR值越高,肿瘤组织的体积越大,临床分期越晚等。综上,系统炎性反应标志物PLR是影响HCC患者预后的独立风险因素。

4. 结论和未来前景

血清学标志物具有易检测、易操作、价格低廉等优点,在癌症患者的早期筛查和后期随访中具有明显优势,同时也是目前研究的热点和重点。虽然AFP广泛应用于HCC的诊断和预后,但由于其自身的局限性,无法诊断ANHC,因此需要发现能够对HCC、ANHC均敏感和特异的生物标志物。一些新型血清生物标志物,包括GP73、CRP、RDW、NLR、PLR等,在HCC和ANHC均表现出良好的诊断价值,多种生物标记物的联合可提高HCC早期诊断效能。尽管这些新的生物标记物对HCC和ANHC的诊断有价值,但结果通常是在小样本量的临床研究中获得的;因此,需要在大样本量、多中心、更严格设计的研究中进一步评估,以验证这些生物标志物的临床诊断价值。需要进一步的前瞻性研究来验证其有效性,并且应该采取具体步骤来确定标准,以作为有效使用血清学参数作为诊断和预后评估工具的指南。因此,诊断模型的开发和验证可能是实现高效诊断HCC的一个有希望的方法。总之,使用血清生物标志物诊断HCC仍然是一个挑战,需要不断努力发现新的生物标志物,验证现有的生物标志物,并结合多种生物标志物。它的可用性和廉价性可能会在不久的将来被广泛地应用到各个领域。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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