II型糖尿病大血管病变防治新靶点的研究进展
Research Progress of New Targets for Prevention and Treatment of Type II Diabetic Macrovascular Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.1281082, PDF, HTML, XML,    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 王平义*, 孙若豪*, 赵万花, 李文华#:西藏民族大学医学院,陕西 咸阳;张群辉:青海大学医学院高原医学研究中心,青海 西宁
关键词: 糖尿病血管病变生物标志物新靶点Diabetes Vascular Disease Biomarker New Target
摘要: 背景:慢性病的发病率高、危险性大,是全球性公共健康首要问题。糖尿病宛如“慢性癌症”,是由饮食、环境、药物、遗传等因素导致的,体内胰岛素分泌相对或者绝对不足而出现的血糖代谢紊乱。常见以II型糖尿病为主,并发症可导致患者心肌梗塞、脑溢血、失明、肾功能衰竭和下肢截肢等严重后果,是影响人类健康和寿命的主要危险因素。目的:总结II型糖尿病大血管病变发病生物标志物的研究进展,以期为II型糖尿病大血管病变及其所引起的心脑血管疾病的防治提供新靶点。方法:以“macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus,pathogenesis”为英文检索词,以“II型糖尿病并发大血管病变,发病机制”为中文检索词,应用计算机检索PubMed、Medline、中国知网和万方数据库发表的相关文献,最终纳入文献59篇进行归纳分析。结果与结论:II型糖尿病大血管病变是由多种因素共同作用导致的复杂疾病。近年来,大量实验室和临床研究表明,其发生发展主要与非编码RNA、外泌体、炎性小体、活化T细胞核因子、骨形态发生蛋白等生物标志物有关,上述生物标志物有望成为II型糖尿病大血管病变新靶点。
Abstract: Background: Chronic diseases are a major global public health problem due to their high incidence and high risk. Diabetes, like “chronic cancer”, is caused by diet, environment, drugs, genetics and other factors, and the relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion in the body leads to the disorder of blood glucose metabolism. Type II diabetes is the most common type. Its complications can lead to myocardial infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, blindness, renal failure and lower limb amputation and other serious consequences. It is a major risk factor affecting human health and life span. Objective: In order to provide new targets for the prevention and treatment of type II diabetic macroangiopaemia and its cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, the research progress of type II diabetic macroangiopaemia biomarkers was summarized. Methods: Using the search terms of “macrovascular disease in type II diabetes mellitus, pathogenesis” in Chinese and English. Relevant literatures published by PubMed, Medline, CNKI and Wanfang database were searched by computer, and 59 literatures were finally included for induction and analysis. Results and Conclu-sion: Type II diabetic macrovascular disease is a complex disease caused by many factors. In recent years, a large number of laboratory and clinical studies have shown that its occurrence and devel-opment are mainly related to non-coding RNA, exosome, inflammasome, activated T nuclear factor, bone morphogenetic protein and other biomarkers, which are expected to become new targets of type II diabetic macrovascular disease.
文章引用:王平义, 孙若豪, 张群辉, 赵万花, 李文华. II型糖尿病大血管病变防治新靶点的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(8): 7496-7504. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1281082

1. 引言

糖尿病并发大血管病变是指主动脉、冠状动脉、脑基底动脉、肾动脉及周围动脉等动脉粥样硬化。主要累及冠状血管、脑血管和周围血管,其所引起心脑血管疾病,是糖尿病患者致死及致残的主要原因 [1]。目前,临床普遍认为II型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)合并大血管病变的病理基础为动脉硬化,且与脂代谢紊乱、增龄、氧化应激等多种因素相关 [2],但该病发病率仍持续增加,突显了探索其他介质和机制的必要性。近年来诸多研究表明 [3] [4] [5] [6],T2DM大血管病变的发生主要与非编码RNA、外泌体、炎性小体、活化T细胞核因子、骨形态发生蛋白等生物标志物有关。进一步了解潜在的分子机制有助于开发新的药物靶点和治疗方法,可以更有效地管理糖尿病并发大血管病变。回顾近年来关于T2DM大血管病变发病机制的最新研究进展,就参与T2DM大血管病变发病的标志物研究进展作一综述,以期为研究T2DM大血管病变的学者提供新靶点。

2. 资料和方法

2.1. 文献检索

要求应用计算机检索PubMed、Medline数据库、中国知网和万方数据库发表的相关文献。以“macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus,pathogenesis”为英文检索词,PubMed具体检索式为(macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus) AND (pathogenesis) OR (ncRNA) OR (exosome) OR (BMP) OR (NLRP3) OR (nuclear factor of activated t cell);以“II型糖尿病并发大血管病变,发病机制”为中文检索词。

2.2. 纳入标准

1) 研究类型为回顾性、前瞻性期刊论文、会议文献、学位论文、综述;2) 研究对象为T2DM大血管病变发病机制。

2.3. 排除标准

1) 设计不严谨或低质量的研究;2) 研究类型为讲座、评论;3) 无法获得全文;4) 重复发表的文献或阶段性报告。

2.4. 质量评估及数据的提取

经资料收集者互相评估纳入文献的有效性和适用性,通过阅读文题和摘要进行初步筛选;排除中英文文献重复性研究,以及内容不相关的文献,最后纳入61篇文献进行综述。

3. 发病机制

3.1. ncRNA

目前发现越来越多的lncRNA参与糖尿病引起的巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞以及内皮细胞的病理学改变,从而导致血管炎症以及其他心血管病变,进而影响糖尿病血管病变的发生、发展 [7],表明其有很大的潜力作为疾病潜在生物标志物和治疗靶标。肺癌转移相关转录本1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MALAT1)在大血管中有表达。Gong等 [8] 在高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein/vascular endothelium cell, HUVEC)发现MALAT1表达明显上调。同时,敲除MALAT1可以抑制HUVEC的凋亡和炎症的发生。另一项研究表明 [9],过表达的MALAT1以分子海绵形式与miR-155-5p结合,从而抑制其表达,同时上调核因子I/A的表达,进而抑制血管病变的进展。此外,许多研究支持了lncRNA调控糖尿病-动脉粥样硬化轴的观点,其中,INK4基因座中反义非编码(long non-coding antisense RNA, ANRIL)是一种与动脉粥样硬化相关的lncRNA,ANRIL在动脉粥样硬化患者的内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、炎性细胞和组织中均有表达,提示可能影响糖尿病大血管病变的发展 [10]。Liu等 [11] 研究发现ANRIL表达与白细胞介素-10和单核细胞趋化蛋白1等细胞因子相关,而这些细胞因子上调是内皮功能障碍的标志物。ANRIL通过TGF-β R1/Smad通路抑制miR-let-7b调节HUVEC功能,而内皮细胞作为糖尿病大血管病变进展过程中的基础细胞,其功能变化可影响糖尿病大血管病变的进展。lncRNA可能作为早期糖尿病大血管病变的诊断标志物,还需要进一步研究来证实。MicroRNA (miRNA)可以通过调节几个关键的生物学途径和细胞功能来影响心血管系统。研究表明高糖引起的miRNA异常表达可导致心血管疾病相关的内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、血小板及巨噬细胞功能障碍和脂质代谢异常,某些miRNA可作为糖尿病大血管病变的潜在生物标志物和治疗靶点 [12]。Li等 [13] 在研究中发现,IGF-1是miR-29的潜在靶点,在糖尿病引起的血管病变中,由于miR-29的下调,促进了促血管生成过程,如细胞增殖和迁移,表明IGF-1可能直接参与miR-29介导的糖尿病心肌病血管生成的调控过程。miR-126在内皮细胞凋亡体中丰富表达,可调控趋化因子CXCL12的产生及血管内皮生长因子的应答,对血管具有一定的保护作用 [14]。miR-126和miR-132作为内皮细胞特异性miRNA,具有促进血管再生的作用。相关研究表明 [15],T2DM小鼠心肌组织中miR-126和miR-132表达减少,可使血管内皮生长因子水平降低,促使糖尿病心脏病发生;此外,T2DM心脏病前期患者循环血液中miR-126和miR-132异常表达,有成为早期预测指标的潜能。T2DM冠状动脉性疾病患者血清miR-342及miR-450差异性表达 [16]。多种miRNA均有预测T2DM无症状患者急性心力衰竭发生的潜能,与糖尿病大血管病变的发生发展有密切的联系。研究表明,circRNA 010567可通过调控miR-141/TGF-β1通路促进糖尿病心肌纤维化 [17]。circRNA 0076631在高糖培养的心肌细胞及糖尿病患者血清中高表达,通过miR-214-3p/caspase-1通路介导糖尿病性心肌细胞的炎症性坏死,促进糖尿病心血管病变的发生 [18]。circRNA 000203在糖尿病小鼠心脏和血管紧张素II诱导的小鼠心脏成纤维细胞中高表达,由此可作为糖尿病心脏纤维化的潜在诊断指标和治疗靶点 [19]。此外,circRNA ANKRD36在糖尿病炎症性心血管病变中异常表达,可将其视作监测指标 [20]。血液中circRNA 11783-2与冠状动脉性疾病及T2DM具有一定相关性 [21]。circRNA参与糖尿病血管病变的发生发展,但其具体机制尚处于初步探究阶段。可见,ncRNA在糖尿病血管病变时差异表达,同时参与调控其多种分子机制,对ncRNA的深入研究将为探索糖尿病血管病变非侵袭性诊断标志物提供新思路。

3.2. 外泌体

外泌体可以调节细胞粘附和迁移、炎症、血管损伤、血管钙化和血栓形成等 [22]。糖尿病患者血液中的外泌体水平升高,并参与糖尿病相关的病理生理过程,包括血管并发症、炎症和凝血功能改变 [23] [24] [25]。赵敏等 [26] 指出,外泌体可以作为疾病的标志物。Wang等 [27] 确定,胰岛素抗性脂肪细胞衍生的外泌体通过诱导血管血管生成而加速动脉粥样硬化。研究发现糖尿病患者的循环中外泌体水平明显高于正常血糖控制的参与者。胰岛素抵抗驱动细胞外小泡分泌,糖尿病患者红细胞源性外泌体水平更高,高胰岛素抵抗和β-细胞功能障碍个体的外泌体中胰岛素信号蛋白水平也发生了改变。此外,糖尿病患者的外泌体优先被循环白细胞内化。细胞因子在培养基和外泌体中的水平较高的单核细胞与糖尿病外泌体孵育。这些白细胞的芯片显示了与细胞生存、氧化应激和免疫功能相关的基因表达通路的改变。这可能有助于糖尿病中血浆外泌体的定量改变,并突出了它们作为T2DM诊断工具的潜力 [28]。自噬与外泌体具有相同的分子机制 [28]。相继有研究在核内体和吞噬体中检测到ATG5-ATG12、ATG16L1复合物和LC3 [29] [30] [31]。这些自噬相关蛋白的功能是确保囊泡在溶酶体中被酸化和降解。糖尿病微环境中多个细胞的自噬途径被抑制,这可能增加糖尿病患者的外泌体 [32] [33] [34]。Zhang等人 [35] 将外泌体从糖尿病小鼠的血液中转移到非糖尿病小鼠,发现外泌体可以被运送到非糖尿病小鼠的主动脉内皮细胞,并损害内皮细胞功能。同时发现外泌体蛋白信号在这一过程中起主要作用,外泌体携带的某些调节蛋白可以通过影响其他正常细胞部分导致主动脉内皮损伤。Zhu等 [36] 研究发现,尼古丁干预巨噬细胞的外泌体miR-21-3p可能通过增加血管平滑肌细胞的迁移和增殖,从而加速动脉粥样硬化的发展。Bouchareychas等 [37] 研究发现,BMDM-IL-4-exo通过microRNA转运靶向NF-κB和TNF-α,进而缓解动脉粥样硬化和其他炎症性疾病的发生。Xu等 [38] 研究发现,褪黑素干预的血管平滑肌产生的外泌体可以通过外泌体miR-204/miR-211旁分泌方式减弱血管钙化和衰老。Komaki [39] 等证实,PlaMSC-exo增强了体外和体内的血管生成,表明外泌体在PlaMSC的促血管生成活性中发挥作用,进而治疗缺血性疾病。由此可见,外泌体将为诊断和监测糖尿病血管病变提供新思路。

3.3. 炎性小体

最近的研究表明,NLRP3炎症小体激活是糖尿病患者的病理机制之一 [40] [41]。Chen等 [42] 研究发现,NLRP3炎症小体在早期糖尿病小鼠的冠状动脉内皮细胞中被激活。Ferreira等 [43] 研究发现,NLRP3炎性小体可介导caspase-1激活和促炎细胞因子IL-1β/IL-18的分泌,进而促进内皮中进一步的炎症过程和氧化应激 [44]。内皮炎症可进一步发展为内皮功能障碍,并在随后的过程中相互促进导致血管病变。许多物质被证实可以通过激活NLRP3炎症小体来促进血管炎症,Sun等 [45] 研究证实内脂素作为一种促炎性脂肪因子,可以通过NF-κB通路促进炎症因子的产生,进而导致内皮炎症。Romacho等 [46] 研究发现,NLRP3炎症小体激活是内脂素诱导内皮炎症的潜在原因,这种炎症反应可导致内皮功能障碍,引发肥胖期间的动脉粥样硬化。NLRP3炎症小体激活在外源性物质介导的内皮炎症也发挥着巨大的作用。Xia等 [47] 研究发现,四氯苯醌(TCBQ)能促进内皮细胞NLRP3和IL-1β的分泌,进而导致内皮炎症。该研究还报道TCBQ诱导的NLRP3炎性小体激活可能与K+外流、线粒体ROS产生和线粒体DNA损伤有关。TCBQ通过破坏NLRP3炎症小体内外离子稳态,导致GSDMD和MLKL的外漏和细胞内容物释放,从而加重了NLRP3炎症小体的激活 [48]。Chen等研究证实,镉通过线粒体ROS介导的NLRP3激活诱导内皮细胞死亡和炎症反应,由此可知,NLRP3激活与糖尿病相关的血管功能障碍和促炎表型有关,这些变化最终可导致心肌梗死的发生。

3.4. 活化T细胞核因子

随着研究的深入,活化T细胞核因子(NFATc1-c4)蛋白在免疫细胞外发挥的作用也日益明晰,对心血管系统的影响不容忽视。高血糖可以诱导NFAT激活,从而会诱导动脉壁中促动脉粥样硬化细胞因子骨桥蛋白(OPN)以及炎症介质的表达进而导致血管病变。Blanco等 [49] 通过对IGF-II/LDLR/ApoB100/100小鼠的研究发现,在主动脉血管平滑肌细胞中,NFAT的抑制与抗动脉粥样硬化保护性NOX4和抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶的表达增加密切相关。Zetterqvist等 [50] 研究发现,通过NFAT 阻滞剂可以有效降低糖尿病小鼠的炎症因子在动脉壁中的表达,并降低血浆中的IL-6,从而消除高血糖诱导的主动脉粥样硬化。Liu等 [51] 发现高糖刺激下的AGEs通过激活ERS介导的PERK/CaN/NFATc4信号通路,加重心血管疾病。Liu等 [52] 研究发现,巨噬细胞NFATc3上调miR-204,降低SR-A和CD36水平,从而动脉粥样硬化,提示NFATc3/miR-204轴可能是动脉粥样硬化的潜在治疗靶点。Luo等 [53] 发现指出ETS2在钙调神经磷酸酶/NFAT通路驱动的心肌肥厚中起关键作用。Govatati等 [54] 首次揭示了凝血酶诱导的人主动脉平滑肌细胞迁移和损伤诱导的新内膜生长需要IL-33的表达,而凝血酶诱导IL-33的表达需要LMCD1增强NFATc1和E2F1的组合激活。He [55] 等发现蛋白CIP可以抑制NFAT通路,从而导致氧化应激通路关键成分Nox4的表达降低,从而减缓小鼠营养不良心肌病的发展。由此可见,高血糖诱发的NFAT激活在T2DM大血管病变的发生发展中起着重要作用。

3.5. 骨形态发生蛋白

近年来,随着研究的深入,发现骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)在T2DM动脉粥样硬化和血管钙化等血管疾病中发挥重要作用,功能远远超出了促进骨形成的范围。BMP信号分子在血管钙化中的作用具有前后相关性、组织依赖性和细胞类型特异性 [56]。BMP2、BMP4在钙化的动脉粥样硬化斑块中有差异表达,BMP2、BMP4和BMP6,通过促炎症和促动脉粥样硬化作用促进氧化应激、内皮功能障碍和成骨分化,且与斑块形成增加有关 [57]。Scimeca等 [58] 在52名患者钙化颈动脉斑块的微阵列分析中,发现斑块中BMP2和BMP4的表达与不稳定斑块的存在之间有很强的相关性。在高血糖和糖尿病的条件下,血管BMP活性可以被激活,促进血管钙化,进而导致血管病变。Zhang等 [59] 在对124名受试者的研究中发现,T2DM合并冠心病患者中BMP-2含量升高,与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的程度、复杂性及斑块钙化程度呈正相关。Sanchez等 [60] 基于在钙化血管病变中内皮初级纤毛稀少的观察,发现从纤毛缺失小鼠获得的血管内皮细胞在体外对BMP诱导的成骨分化敏感,炎性细胞因子通过需要下调BMPR2的机制增强BMP9诱导的EndMT,进而促使血管钙化 [61]。综上所述,BMP的含量升高是T2DM大血管病变导致的心肌梗死的发病因素之一。骨形态发生蛋白在血管钙化方面作用的进一步研究,将为T2DM并发大血管病变的发生机制的研究提供新思路。

4. 总结与展望

文章对参与T2DM大血管病变的生物标志物研究进展进行综述,以期为T2DM大血管病变的防治提供新思路。ncRNA在糖尿病血管病变中发挥着重要作用,其中,lncRNA可以通过提高IL-10和MCP-1来调控细胞凋亡和炎症的发生,miR-126、miR-132、miR-342等miRNA和ANKRD36、0076631等circRNA在糖尿病血管病变时差异表达,有成为早期预测指标的潜能,circRNA可通过调控miR-141/TGF-β1和miR-124-3p/caspase-1等信号通路导致糖尿病心血管疾病;外泌体递送的microRNA等生物学成分对糖尿病大血管病变的发生发展起着重要作用;NLRP3炎性小体和T细胞核因子激活导致诸如IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18和IL-33等炎性因子释放,此外,T细胞核因子还可以上调miR-204,从而使T2DM患者的血管病变恶化;高糖环境下BMP2、BMP4和BMP6差异性表达,引起血管钙化,从而导致动脉粥样硬化等血管病变。对上述生物标志物的深入研究,将为探索糖尿病血管病变诊断标志物提供新靶点,为诊断和监测糖尿病血管病变提供新思路。

作者贡献

王平义与孙若豪对本文贡献相同,为本文共同第一作者。文章设计者为王平义、孙若豪和李文华。资料收集和文章写作者为孙若豪。文献分析者为王平义。李文华对文章修改提出指导意见。张群辉、赵万花作者审校。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(81760332),项目负责人:李文华;西藏自治区科技厅自然科学基金青年项目(XZ202001ZR0053G),项目负责人:王平义;西藏科技厅厅校联合项目(XZ202101ZR0100G),项目负责人:李文华;国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202110695033),项目负责人:孙若豪。

利益冲突

文章的全部作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。

NOTES

*共同第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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