IgG4相关性肺病
IgG4-Related Lung Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.1291217, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 251  浏览: 449 
作者: 梁 楠, 戚 萌, 李钰婵:西安医学院,陕西 西安;兀 威:西安医学院第二附属医院呼吸内科,陕西 西安;杨淑梅*:陕西省人民医院呼吸与危重症一科,陕西 西安
关键词: IgG4相关性疾病IgG4相关性肺病临床表现病理影像学诊断治疗IgG4-RD IgG4-RLD Clinical Manifestations Pathology Imaging Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-related disease, IgG4-RD)是一种原因不明的多系统累及的慢性纤维炎症性疾病。IgG4相关性肺病(IgG4-related lung disease, IgG4-RLD)是IgG4-RD累及肺部,具有一系列的临床特点、组织病理学、血清学、影像学特征。在临床工作中,由于IgG4-RLD的临床表现及诊断缺乏特异性,影像学不典型,人们对该疾病的认识不足,存在误诊、漏诊等现象。为进一步提高IgG4-RLD的诊断水平,本文将对IgG4-RLD的临床研究进展加以综述。
Abstract: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic fibroinflammatory disease with multiple system in-volvement of unknown cause. IgG4-related lung disease (IgG4-RLD) is a pulmonary disease involv-ing IgG4-RD and has a series of clinical, histopathological, serological and radiological features. In clinical work, due to the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and atypical imaging of IgG4-RLD, people have insufficient understanding of this disease, and misdiagnosis, missed diag-nosis and delayed diagnosis exist. In order to further improve the diagnostic level of IgG4-RLD, this review will review the clinical research progress of IgG4-RLD.
文章引用:梁楠, 戚萌, 李钰婵, 兀威, 杨淑梅. IgG4相关性肺病[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(9): 8438-8444. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1291217

1. IgG4相关性疾病

2001年,第一例IgG4浓度相关的自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis, AIP)被报道以来 [1],IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-related disease, IgG4-RD)的概念已被广泛认可。IgG4-RD是一种原因不明的多系统累及的慢性纤维炎症性疾病 [2],通常表现为脏器肿胀,炎性假瘤形成,血清IgG4水平升高,典型的组织病理学特征为密集淋巴浆细胞浸润、席纹状纤维化和闭塞性静脉炎 [3]。其临床表现缺乏特异性,受累部位广泛,全身近乎所有部位均可累及:甲状腺、胰腺、唾液腺和泪腺、眶后组织、淋巴结、腹膜后、纵隔、肺、肾、主动脉、浆膜表面和脑膜 [4]。

2. IgG4相关性肺病

IgG4相关性肺病(IgG4-related lung disease, IgG4-RLD)是指IgG4-RD累及肺部。2004年,Duvic [5] 报道了第1例IgG4-RLD患者,肺间质中发现了IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润。现有研究显示,IgG4-RLD发生的频率为14% [6]。我国缺乏相应的流行病学资料,但是近年来临床实践中发现的IgG4-RLD病例呈明显增多的趋势。2021年,中山大学附属孙逸仙纪念医院的一项单中心研究显示 [7],对65例疑似IgG4-RLD患者的肺组织标本进行免疫组织化学染色,评估IgG4和IgG水平,共有10名患者最终病理诊断为IgG4-RLD。因为非特异性的症状和各种影像学异常,临床容易误诊。

2.1. 临床表现

IgG4-RLD患者可表现为咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、咯血、呼吸窘迫等。多器官受累的患者全身症状较为突出,如发热、体重减轻等 [8]。40%至50%的IgG4-RLD患者有变应性鼻炎和/或支气管哮喘病史 [9],一些患者在发病时有哮喘症状 [10]。少数患者可出现胸腔积液 [11] 和肺血管受累 [12] 等表现。据相关研究显示,高达75%的患者没有任何症状,为体检或胸片偶然发现 [13]。

2.2. 组织病理学

典型的IgG4-RLD病理学改变包括密集的淋巴浆细胞浸润(见图1)、席纹状纤维化和闭塞性静脉炎(见图2) [14],也可见闭塞性动脉炎 [15],为肺部特有表现。免疫组化为分泌IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润(见图3)是重要的诊断依据。

2.3. 实验室检查

1) 血清IgG4水平:血清IgG4水平对IgG4-RLD具有较高的诊断价值,多数IgG4-RLD患者血清IgG4水平显著升高,但正常水平不能除外IgG4-RLD。Wang [16] 等研究报道,84%的IgG4-RLD患者血清IgG4浓度升高。当血清IgG4浓度 > 1350 mg/L时,诊断IgG4-RD的敏感性和特异性分别为97.0%、79.6% [17]。Culver, E. L. [18] 等研究发现,血清IgG4的水平与IgG4-RD的多器官累及和复发风险呈正相关,因此血清水平可能有助于指导治疗和预测复发。

2) 浆细胞水平:浆细胞是来自B系的细胞,在活检确诊的IgG4-RLD患者中,浆细胞明显增加。因此,当血清IgG4水平在正常值范围时,测定浆细胞水平是有用的。研究显示,浆细胞的升高也与疾病的急性炎症活动有关 [19]。

3) 多克隆高γ球蛋白血症:研究显示,83.3%的IgG4-RLD患者的γ球蛋白水平异常高 [8]。

4) 部分患者可出现外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多症、血清IgE水平升高、C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率升高以及低补体血症 [20]。

Figure 1. The inflammatory infiltrate is composed of many plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils

图1. 大量浆细胞、淋巴细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞组成的炎性浸润

Figure 2. Elastic staining can highlight the involvement of the vessel wall and show occlusive phlebitis

图2. 弹性染色可突出血管壁的残余,显示闭塞性静脉炎

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining showed IgG4 positive plasma cells

图3. 免疫组化,深染的是IgG4阳性浆细胞

2.4. 影像学表现

主要为肺CT的影像学表现,可大致分为4类 [21]:1) 实性结节型:孤立性肺肿块或直径 > 1 cm结节(见图4);2) 圆形磨玻璃影型:以多发圆形磨玻璃影为特征(见图5);3) 肺泡间质型:在各叶内均由改变,包括弥漫性磨玻璃影或条索状阴影,牵拉性支气管扩张(见图6);4) 支气管血管束型:支气管血管束及小叶间隔增厚,可伴有小囊腔形成(见图7)。

Figure 4. Isolated pinpointed pulmonary nodules, biopsy confirmed IgG4-RLD

图4. 孤立的针尖状肺结节,活检证实为IgG4-RLD

Figure 5. Multiple ground-glass consolidation shadows in both lungs

图5. 双肺多发磨玻璃样实变影

Figure 6. Diffuse ground glass opacity and consolidation in both lungs, accompanied by a small number of fibrous strip shadow, local bronchiectasis

图6. 双肺弥漫磨玻璃影及实变影,伴有少量纤维条索影,局部有支气管扩张

Figure 7. Multiple small nodular shadows in the lung field and the lumen

图7. 肺野内多发小结节影及囊腔影

2.5. 诊断

关于IgG4-RD的诊断标准仍未建立,目前普遍采用日本学者2011年提出的诊断标准 [22]:1) 临床表现:单个或多个脏器的局限性/弥漫性肿大、肿块、结节或增厚性病变;2) 血清学:IgG4水平 > 1350 mg/L;3) 病理学:① 淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润,无中性粒细胞浸润;② 大量IgG4+ 浆细胞浸润(>10/HPF)和(或) IgG4/IgG浆细胞率 > 40%;③ 席纹状纤维化形成;④ 闭塞性静脉炎。

同时符合以上3条标准的患者为明确诊断;符合1 + 3为拟诊;符合1 + 2为疑诊。

2017年,Umehara et al. [13] 等发表了IgG4-RLD的诊断标准,强调了胸部影像学、血清学和组织学以及其他器官受累。在CT图像中,可以发现肺门或纵隔淋巴结病变、支气管血管束增厚、结节和胸膜疾病。血清学和组织学结果与一般IgG4-RD诊断相似,但有一定的肺方向。动脉炎常见于肺部,同时伴有静脉炎。

2.6. 鉴别诊断

在某些疾病的患者血清中,IgG4和IgG4/IgG比率也会增加,如风湿性关节炎、恶性贫血、髋关节血管炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、高IL-6综合征等 [23]。需要强调的是,临床上对于性质不明的肺结节患者,应注意鉴别IgG4-RLD,很多患者在经过手术切除标本后活检证实IgG4-RLD,早期诊断可以避免患者遭受外科手术的风险与痛苦。

2.7. 治疗原则

IgG4-RLD的治疗目的是减轻呼吸道症状,维持肺功能,防止肺纤维化进展 [24]。目前国际上并没有治疗指南,对于IgG4-RLD的规范化治疗仍缺乏循证医学证据。依据 2015年《IgG4相关性疾病管理和治疗的国际共识指南》(International Consensus Guidance Statement on the Management and Treatment of IgG4-Related Disease) [25],糖皮质激素治疗目前仍为首选。

1) 糖皮质激素是所有未经治疗的急性IgG4-RLD患者缓解诱导的一线药物,除非患者存在激素治疗的禁忌。激素在IgG4-RLD治疗中的作用来自于对AIP患者进行的观察性研究,在这些研究中,类固醇单药治疗可产生极好的疗效 [26]。此外,日本AIP共识指南建议对复发风险较高的患者采用低剂量糖皮质激素(2.5~5 mg/d泼尼松)长期维持治疗。

日本治疗建议

2) 对于治疗效果欠佳(病情危重或低剂量期间维持复发)的患者,可加用硫唑嘌呤、环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、霉酚酸酯等免疫抑制剂。当有复发因素,如累及多器官、血清IgG4和IgG、IgE水平升高、外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞增多等,糖皮质激素可与免疫抑制药物联合作为一线治疗 [7]。研究显示,使用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗,比单独使用糖皮质激素的复发率低 [4]。

3) 生物制剂如抗CD20单抗(利妥昔单抗)被证实可用在许多使用免疫抑制剂治疗不成功的难治性患者,也可以减少糖皮质激素用量,维持疾病稳定性。2020年,解放军总医院王伟兰等 [27] 回顾性研究了该院使用利妥昔单抗治疗的264例自身免疫性疾病患者,其中IgG4-RD的治疗有效率最高,有效率为100%,且利妥昔单抗单药就可取得较好的疗效。此外,Campochiaro C [28] 研究证明,定期给予利妥昔单抗(即每6个月一次)可以有效预防IgG4-RD复发,具有良好的安全性。

3. 总结

IgG4-RLD是一个发病机制不明、临床表现多样、CT表现多变、血清IgG4升高或正常、激素治疗有效的多浆细胞浸润的纤维性炎症。充分认识IgG4-RLD的临床表现、实验室及病理特点,有助于更准确地认识本病,提高本病的诊断水平,降低误诊风险。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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