经远端桡动脉入径行冠脉介入诊疗的研究进展
Progress of Coronary Artery Intervention Diagnosis and Treatment via Distal Transradial Access
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12101308, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 192  浏览: 267 
作者: 房昌运:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;刘立新*:济宁医学院附属医院心内三科,山东 济宁
关键词: 远端桡动脉入径冠状动脉介入诊疗桡动脉闭塞Distal Transradial Access Coronary Artery Intervention Diagnosis and Treatment Radial Artery Occlusion
摘要: 经远端桡动脉入径(Distal transradial access, dTRA)作为一种新的冠脉介入诊疗入径,正被越来越多的术者所接受,随着相关研究的不断进展,临床上对dTRA的认识进一步深入,本文就dTRA的发展背景、解剖特点、穿刺方法、安全性、可行性、优点以及局限性作一综述,以期为临床医生及相关研究人员提供一定参考。
Abstract: As a new approach to coronary artery intervention diagnosis and treatment, distal transradial ac-cess is being accepted by more and more operators. With the continuous progress of related studies, we have further understanding of dTRA in clinical practice. This article reviews the development background, anatomical features, puncture methods, safety, feasibility, advantages and limitations of dTRA, with the aim of providing some reference for clinicians and related researchers.
文章引用:房昌运, 刘立新. 经远端桡动脉入径行冠脉介入诊疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(10): 9044-9049. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12101308

1. 引言

冠心病(Coronary heart disease, CHD)是全球范围内最常见的人类死亡原因之一,冠状动脉造影(Coronary angiography, CAG)是诊断冠心病的金标准,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(Percuaneous coronary intervention, PCI)是治疗冠心病的主要方案之一 [1]。经桡动脉入径(Transradial access, TRA)行CAG由Campeau于1989年首次实践,而经桡动脉入径行PCI由Kiemeneij于1993年首次实践 [2]。相较于股动脉入径(Transfemoral access, TFA),TRA具有许多显而易见的优势,比如显著降低出血等通路相关并发症的发生率、全因死亡率和主要心血管不良事件(Major adverse cardiovascular events, MACE),增加患者舒适度等,最新的欧洲心脏病学会指南建议将TRA作为CAG、PCI的标准进入点 [2] [3] [4]。然而,临床实践提示TRA行CAG、PCI术后桡动脉闭塞(Radial artery occlusion, RAO)仍然是最常见的并发症,多项相关研究表明RAO发生率在1%~30%,RAO禁止重复使用桡动脉进行CAG、PCI、血液透析动静脉瘘和冠状动脉搭桥手术 [3] [5] [6]。经远端桡动脉入径(Distal transradial access, dTRA)作为一种新的介入诊疗入径,能有效降低RAO的发生率 [3]。本文将对dTRA在冠心病介入诊疗中的安全性、可行性以及相关局限性作一综述。

2. dTRA概述

2.1. dTRA背景

1977年发表了关于dTRA的第一篇文章,当时Amato描述了在dTRA中使用相关仪器监测儿科患者的心肺状态,五年后,Pyles及其同事发表了该方法用于围手术期动脉压监测的相关研究 [7]。自1996年以来,dTRA已开始用于选定患者的房室瘘的治疗,以增加透析患者未来进入部位的可能性。15年后,Babunashivili描述了DTRA用于近端桡动脉闭塞的再通。2014年,Kaledin等人将dTRA作为行冠脉介入诊疗的首选入径,2016年,Roghani-Dehkordi等人在强调了dTRA的优势。Kiemeneij在2017年描述了有关左侧dTRA行CAG、PCI的首次成功经验。之后,Ziakas和Latsios等人发表了希腊第一例dTRA病例的经验 [1] [7] [8]。

2.2. dTRA解剖

肱动脉分为尺动脉和桡动脉,为手部提供双血管供应。桡动脉的第一大支是掌浅支,与尺动脉形成掌浅弓。掌浅支的远端称为dTRA。dTRA产生腕背支,与骨间总动脉形成腕背弓,在第二掌骨底部的手掌侧下降,与尺动脉形成掌深弓。当拇指完全伸展时,由外侧的拇短伸肌、拇长展肌的肌腱和内侧的拇长伸肌的肌腱包围形成一个三角形凹陷区域,称为解剖鼻烟盒区域,梯形骨和舟状骨构成了解剖鼻烟盒的底部。dTRA是位于解剖鼻烟盒处的桡动脉的远端部分 [1] [3] [8] [9] [10]。

2.3. dTRA穿刺方法

患者仰卧于手术台上,穿刺侧上肢自然伸直并手掌向外延伸,与身体形成30˚~45˚的角度。手腕稍微垫上衬垫,拇指放在其他四个手指下面以便于穿刺,从手掌到肘部的皮肤常规消毒,并放置无菌中单。使用1~2 ml 1%利多卡因进行穿刺点局部麻醉。再次确认穿刺点,并使用Seldinger方法在动脉脉搏最强的位置进入。桡动脉穿刺成功后,选择20G穿刺针和0.025英寸导丝放置桡动脉鞘管,鞘内注射硝酸甘油以减少桡动脉痉挛,并使用普通肝素预防血栓形成 [1] [3] [11]。

3. dTRA可行性、安全性

Lianna Xie等人对1358名患者(其中行CAG 832名,行PCI 526名)接受了由我们团队实施的CAG (n = 832)和PCI (n = 526)。1063名患者尝试进行桡动脉远端穿刺,295例患者未尝试进行桡动脉远端穿刺,原因是295例患者中有7例(0.5%)手部明显畸形,23例(1.7%)血流动力学不稳定,159例(11.7%)手背和(或)前臂桡动脉搏动弱甚至触及不到搏动,106例(7.8%)患者因个人原因拒绝行dTRA。1063名患者中有953名通过dTRA进行桡动脉插管成功,成功率为89.7%。共有269例(28.2%)病例通过左侧dTRA。602例(63.2%)病例使用了6 French鞘。853名(89.5%)患者在2小时内止血。手术失败110例(10.3%):动脉穿刺失败59例(5.6%),导丝插入失败49例(4.9%),鞘管插入失败2例(0.2%)。术后监测到如下并发症:桡动脉闭塞(13 例,1.4%)、前臂桡动脉闭塞(4例,0.4%)、前臂血肿(5例,0.5%)和短暂的拇指麻木(2例,0.2%),上述症状随访2周内完全恢复正常 [5]。Kim等人研究表明,经dTRA治疗STEMI成功率为92.8% (128/138),所有128例患者均成功地通过dTRA行PCI。103例(80.5%)选择左侧dTRA,125例(97.7%)采用6-F导管行直接经dTRA介入治疗。术后无大出血,但有4例(3.1%)出现入路并发症,包括3例局部血肿(≤直径5 cm)和1例局部麻木,3个月后好转 [12]。Lee等人研究表明,接受直接PCI治疗的109例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,dTRA成功率为83.3% (35/42),共有7例dTRA失败,其中5例穿刺失败,2例穿刺成功后因桡动脉严重痉挛鞘管插管失败。通过dTRA进行的35例直接PCI均成功。有2例出现了局部血肿(血肿直径均 < 5 cm),但均在1个月内完全恢复 [13]。在一系列总数为637例患者的研究中,Babunashvili和Dundauus分别使用5-F鞘和6-F鞘对92%的患者经dTRA行CAG、PCI,总成功率为98% [14]。在一系列总数为2884名患者的研究中,Kaledin等人dTRA的成功率为96%,并对93.5%的患者进行了PCI。其中99%的患者使用6-F鞘,1%的患者使用7-F鞘。Dehkordi等人对235名患者中的29%进行了PCI,dTRA的成功率为94% [14]。Soydan等人有关30名急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的研究中,dTRA的成功率为90% [15]。众多研究表明,dTRA是一种安全、可行的行CAG、PCI的动脉入径 [4] [16] [17] [18]。

4. dTRA的优点

4.1. RAO发生率降低

相关研究报道,经TRA行冠脉介入诊疗术后RAO发生率为1%~30%,随着TRA应用的迅速增加,RAO患者的数量越来越多。由于尺动脉和桡动脉之间广泛的侧支循环确保了手掌弓的血液供应,大多数RAO患者无症状。因此,RAO的实际发生率可能被低估。然而,一些RAO患者仍可能出现缺血性症状,如疼痛、麻木或手部精细运动受损等,此外,RAO限制了桡动脉的未来应用,包括重复CAG、PCI、肾衰患者建立血液透析通路以及严重冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(Coronary artery bypass graft, CABG) [2] [3] [19]。RAO是由桡动脉内膜受损和局部血流速度减慢甚至停止导致穿刺点血栓形成引起的,由于dTRA穿刺点距离手腕较远,并且使用较小的鞘(通常为6F),因此dTRA穿刺点的内膜损伤比TRA小 [11] [20]。Pacchioni等人一项总数为1163例患者的研究表明,接受TRA的患者RAO发生率为4.8% (41/837),接受dTRA的患者RAO发生率为0% (0/326),这可能是通过缩短止血时间和在止血期间维持桡动脉的血流而实现的,并且即使在解剖鼻烟盒内存在RAO的情况下,通过连接到掌浅弓的掌浅支也可以保持顺行的血流,因此,可以消除血栓形成和广泛前臂桡动脉闭塞的风险 [20] [21] [22]。Kaledin等人有关2884例经dTRA插管患者的研究表明,dTRA组插管后RAO的发生率为2.2%,前臂RAO的发生率为0.4%,与TRA组相比,总的RAO的发生率降低了50%,前臂桡动脉闭塞的发生率降低了近90%。Oliveira等人有关dTRA接受冠状动脉介入治疗的435名患者研究表明,所有患者在出院时都能触摸到远端和近端的放射状动脉 [5]。上述众多研究表明,与TRA相比,dTRA发生率明显降低。

4.2. 术后穿刺点压迫时间缩短

Feng Li等人有关1066名经dTRA行CAG、PCI患者的研究表明,术后患者穿刺点均采用纱布止血,dTRA组止血时间为4小时,dTRA组止血时间为6小时 [1]。Ji Woong Roh等人有关250名患者的研究表明,经dTRA行PCI术后穿刺点使用弹性绷带压迫3小时即可达到止血效果 [16]。Ji Woong Roh等人有关1000名经dTRA行冠脉诊疗的患者的研究表明,CAG术后穿刺点止血时间为2 h (144.6 ± 91.3 min),PCI术后穿刺点止血时间为3.5 h (217.3 ± 121.3 min)。经dTRA应用4F鞘行CAG术后穿刺点止血时间为70 [62~90]分钟,应用5F鞘行CAG术后穿刺点止血时间为120 [120~130]分钟 [23]。Yukio Mizuguchi等人在一项有关228名经dTRA行CAG、PCI患者的研究表明,dTRA术后平均止血时间为3.0 ± 2.3小时 [24]。Kuotouzis M等人报告了dTRA和TRA用于CAG的随机比较数据,研究发现,dTRA组的患者术后手动止血时间明显短于TRA组的患者(568 ± 462 s vs 841 ± 574 s, p = 0.002)。在日本的两项经dTRA行PCI的研究中,术后穿刺点平均止血时间约为3小时,并且病人甚至可以在手术当天出院 [25]。经dTRA行冠脉诊疗术后穿刺点止血压迫时间缩短,不仅能减轻患者因长时间压迫带来的不适感,也能缩短患者住院时间,减轻患者经济负担 [1] [9] [26]。

4.3. 其他优点

1) dTRA作为穿刺部位可以有效地保留近端桡动脉,以便将来用于血液透析或CABG [4] [7] [27] [28]。2) dTRA可用于腕部桡动脉闭塞情况下的逆行再通 [29]。3) 有利于患者摆放舒适的体位,尤其是经左侧dTRA时 [30]。4) 有利于术者远离放射源进行操作 [30]。

5. dTRA的局限性

1) dTRA直径和横截面积较TRA小,限制了复杂PCI术大尺寸导管的使用 [2] [10]。2) dTRA穿刺部位比TRA穿刺部位远约4~6 cm,对于身材高大或主动脉弓严重弯曲的患者,标准的桡动脉导管可能太短,无法完成手术操作 [2]。3) dTRA普遍存在弯曲,容易导致穿刺导丝和鞘管置入困难 [1],超声引导穿刺是解决此问题的有效方法 [31]。4) 对于初学者,dTRA较TRA的学习曲线更长,即熟练掌握dTRA穿刺需要更多的时间和穿刺数量 [11] [13]。超声引导下穿刺是解决上述问题的方案之一 [32] [33] [34]。

6. 小结与展望

综上所述,相较于TRA,经dTRA行冠脉介入诊疗具有RAO发生率低、术后穿刺点压迫止血时间短、保留近端桡动脉以供其他手术使用、提高患者舒适性以及室术者远离放射源等优点,这使得dTRA的应用日渐增多,然而dTRA入径学习曲线长、较小的管腔限制大尺寸导管的应用等缺点也限制了dTRA的推广及普及,使用超声引导行dTRA穿刺是解决上述问题的方案之一。相信随着时间的推移,dTRA入径会被更多的术者接受、采纳。

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