结直肠腺瘤癌变的发生机制及相关危险因素研究进展
Research Status of the Mechanism and Related Risk Factors of Colorectal Adenoma Carcinogenesis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12111452, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 252  浏览: 435 
作者: 杜文涛:潍坊医学院临床医学院,山东 潍坊;许雅洁, 姜相君*:青岛市市立医院消化内科,山东 青岛
关键词: 结直肠腺瘤癌变发生机制危险因素Colorectal Adenoma Carcinogenesis Mechanism Risk Factors
摘要: 结直肠癌是消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在全球范围内发病率逐年上升,病死率高,预后较差。结直肠腺瘤作为结直肠癌重要的癌前病变,可经过多种复杂的机制发生癌变,最终演变为结直肠癌。本文总结近年来结直肠腺瘤癌变的发生机制、相关危险因素及研究进展,从多种途径出发,为结直肠癌及其癌前病变的研究提供理论依据,以更好的指导临床诊断与治疗。
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal system, and its incidence is increasing year by year worldwide, with high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Colorectal adenoma is an important precancerous lesion of colorectal cancer, which can develop into colorectal cancer in many ways, involving multiple mechanisms and complex processes. This paper summarized the mechanism of colorectal adenoma carcinogenesis, related risk factors and research progress in recent years, and provided a theoretical basis for the study of colorectal cancer and its precancerous lesions from multiple pathways, so as to better guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.
文章引用:杜文涛, 许雅洁, 姜相君. 结直肠腺瘤癌变的发生机制及相关危险因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(11): 10067-10074. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12111452

1. 引言

结直肠癌发病率正逐年升高,根据GLOBLCAN 2020年全球癌症发病率和死亡率估计,全球结直肠癌每年新发患者数高达193万人,死亡人数约94万人,是消化系统发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤 [1] 。结直肠腺瘤是结直肠癌重要的癌前疾病,可通过多种途径发展为结直肠癌,早期对结直肠癌前疾病进行内镜下手术切除,可显著降低结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率,提高患者的生存率 [2] 。因此,应了解结直肠腺瘤癌变的发生机制、临床特点及其发生的危险因素,及时对患者进行早期诊断、早期治疗。

2. 发生机制

结直肠癌从发生学角度大致分为家族遗传性和散发性,其中大多数为散发性结直肠癌,而家族遗传性结直肠癌仅占5%左右。散发性结直肠癌发生途径可分为“腺瘤–腺癌”途径、“炎–癌”途径和“de novo”途径。

2.1. “腺瘤–腺癌”途径

1974年Morson等 [3] 提出的“腺瘤–腺癌”演变序列的观点,目前已被广泛证实与应用。该研究指出,大部分的结直肠癌都起源于先前存在的良性腺瘤性息肉或绒毛状腺瘤,形态学上可表现为不典型增生、异性增生、腺瘤甚至癌变,持续时间至少为5年,平均10~15年。

结直肠腺瘤是结直肠癌重要的癌前病变,其发展过程复杂,与多种癌基因的激活、抑癌基因的失活等机制相关,其中还涉及一个关键步骤即基因组的不稳定性,包括染色体不稳定性(CIN)和微卫星不稳定性(MSI) [4] 。CIN较为常见,可发生于85%的散发性结直肠癌患者中,指全部或部分染色体的获得或缺失,通常与原癌基因或抑癌基因的突变有关,从而导致各种信号通路的失调。MSI发生于另外15%的结直肠癌患者中,与CpG岛甲基化(CpG island hypermethylation, CIMP)相关,CIMP常见于锯齿状癌变途径,通常可提示结直肠癌患者的预后良好,这种基因组的不稳定性并不影响染色体的完整性,而是由碱基的插入或缺失导致的 [5] [6] [7] 。

“腺瘤–腺癌”途径涉及了多种信号通路,主要包括Wnt/β-catenin、EGFR、PI3K/AKT等信号通路。其中Wnt信号通路较为复杂,可分为经典Wnt途径与非经典Wnt途径。经典途径主要指Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,其异常激活可以促进多种肿瘤细胞的转化及增生。结直肠黏膜细胞在癌变的过程中,β-catenin 因Wnt信号通路的激活而发生细胞质与细胞核的转运,并与T细胞因子(T cell factor, TCF)的成员如TCF4结合,形成TCF4-β-catenin复合物,后者可能通过调节淋巴增强因子-1的转录,从而导致肿瘤的发生及进展 [8] [9] [10] 。表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor, EGFR)是一种典型的跨膜受体,通过配体诱导的二聚体启动信号级联反应,从而激活下游不同信号转导通路,参与细胞生长、组织修复、肿瘤相关血管形成,与肿瘤的增殖、侵袭和转移密切相关,最终导致肿瘤的发生 [11] [12] [13] 。EGFR信号通路也包括PI3K/AKT通路,目前PI3K/AKT信号通路成为研究热点,PI3K/AKT信号通路可参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、黏附、侵袭、转移等,目前已引起研究者的广泛关注,这一新的研究热点可为恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新的方向 [14] 。

2.2. 其它途径

“炎–癌”途径主要阐述了炎症与癌症的关系,已有研究表明,慢性炎症可通过多种方式促进肿瘤的发生发展 [15] [16] [17] 。一方面,炎症可促进细胞增殖、细胞外基质的降解与重塑,另一方面,炎症引起的附加损伤可导致细胞凋亡、坏死,通过活性氧和氮(reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, RONS)引起DNA损伤及基因突变,从而导致肿瘤的形成 [18] 。“de novo”途径,可理解为从无到有,即结直肠肿瘤从正常的肠道黏膜发展而来,没有腺瘤发生的中间环节,其病变的特点是缺乏任何腺瘤的形态学特征 [19] 。这种以“从无到有”的方式形成的肿瘤目前仍占少数,在早期阶段即可被诊断,且保留组织原始的结构特征。研究表明,通过“de novo”途径癌变的肿瘤在遗传学水平上发现K-Ras基因突变比例较低,而后者在“腺瘤–腺癌”途径中发挥关键作用;在比较K-ras基因突变与结直肠肿瘤形态的研究中,70%的隆起性腺瘤中可检测到K-Ras突变基因,而在表浅腺瘤中很少检测到,K-Ras基因突变可能决定腺瘤性息肉的进展 [20] [21] [22] [23] 。上述两种途径较“腺瘤–腺癌”途径的应用较少,仍存在争议,需待进一步研究。

3. 危险因素

了解结直肠腺瘤发生发展的危险因素,通过干预危险因素降低结直肠腺瘤的发生率,从而预防结直肠癌的发生,是预防结直肠癌发生的重要手段。结直肠腺瘤发生的危险因素主要包括年龄、性别(男性)、吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯、肥胖、高脂血症、肿瘤家族史等。另外,胆囊相关疾病、幽门螺旋杆菌感染、某些药物的使用都与结直肠腺瘤的发生发展相关。

3.1. 年龄及性别

结直肠癌发病率随年龄呈递增趋势。老年患者肠道功能发生改变,易发生便秘,导致肠黏膜屏障功能减退,肠道长期受慢性炎症刺激,结直肠腺瘤甚至结直肠癌的发生率相应增加 [24] 。研究发现,结直肠腺瘤的复发率男性较女性均高,复发机制可能与女性患者的雌/孕激素浓度高于男性患者有关,雌/孕激素对细胞激素受体具有拮抗作用,且对肿瘤抑制基因有潜在的调控作用,从而抑制结肠腺瘤向结肠癌转化 [25] 。另外,男性患者普遍有吸烟、饮酒嗜好,也增加了男性患者发生结直肠腺瘤的风险。

3.2. 吸烟及饮酒

吸烟与饮酒可共同促进疾病进展,二者可通过多种方式引起DNA发生编码错误,导致结直肠腺瘤甚至结直肠癌的发生 [26] 。其中吸烟时间是关键,吸烟时间和结直肠腺瘤之间高度相关,而与每天的烟草吸入量以及是否戒烟无关。目前吸烟导致结直肠腺瘤的具体机制未知,可能与第一类致癌物质如苯、尼古丁和焦油等相关 [27] 。一项针对中年患者的研究发现,每年吸烟量达到20包的患者的腺瘤性息肉患病率比不吸烟者高1.87倍;另外一项研究发现,每周饮酒次数超出3次的患者与不饮酒者相比,患病率增加了2.01倍 [28] [29] 。吸烟与饮酒的不良习惯通过各种途径促进结直肠腺瘤的发生发展,指导患者戒烟、限酒可以有效降低结直肠腺瘤及结直肠癌的发病率,具有重要的临床意义。

3.3. 饮食习惯

研究表明 [30] ,长期食用加工过的红肉、高脂、低纤维饮食以及缺乏运动增加了人群结直肠腺瘤的发生率。而经常进行体育运动、增加叶酸、维生素D及钙剂的摄入与结直肠腺瘤的发生呈负相关,为保护性因素。其中,维生素D及叶酸可能通过影响机体K-RAS基因突变并干扰Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的异常激活,发挥保护性作用 [31] 。合理的饮食生活习惯对于健康的维持至关重要,减少红肉摄入、低脂饮食、增加膳食纤维饮食,增加维生素D及叶酸的摄入,减少肥胖、增加体育运动等可降低结直肠腺瘤及结直肠癌的发病率。

3.4. 肥胖及高脂血症

一项横断面研究发现 [32] ,中心性肥胖即腹部肥胖可导致结直肠腺瘤的形成,即使是在身体质量指数正常的情况下亦然。另外,一项荟萃分析指出 [33] ,肥胖是结直肠腺瘤发生的独立危险因素。肥胖患者多同时合并高甘油三酯血症和高胆固醇血症,增加了结直肠肿瘤的发生风险。机体内高血脂的环境可促进胆汁分泌,次级胆汁酸的含量增加,次级胆酸如去氧胆酸通过激活EGFR-MAPK信号通路,诱导正常结直肠黏膜上皮细胞异常增殖,促进结直肠腺瘤的发生,随着时间的延长,腺瘤最终进展为腺癌。此外,血脂异常也可诱导各种炎性细胞因子的产生,后者可破坏结直肠上皮细胞的DNA结构,导致基因突变,进而影响结直肠上皮细胞的生长、增殖及凋亡,最终导致结直肠肿瘤发生 [34] [35] 。因此,控制体重,减少高脂饮食的摄入,可有效降低结直肠腺瘤的发生风险。

3.5. 肿瘤家族史

一项病例对照研究发现 [36] ,有结直肠肿瘤家族史的患者检出结直肠腺瘤的风险是没有肿瘤家族史患者的1.8倍。同样,一项纳入693例患者的研究发现 [37] ,相较于没有结直肠肿瘤家族史的患者,有结直肠肿瘤家族史的患者结直肠腺瘤的检出率明显升高。有结直肠癌家族史的患者为高危人群,针对高危人群进行健康教育,对结直肠腺瘤进行早期诊断,及时治疗,从而有效降低结直肠癌的发病率。

4. 血清学指标

4.1. 炎症相关血清学指标

研究发现,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR),血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)和淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)等炎症衍生指标,可作为反映宿主免疫状态的指标,并且可能与恶性肿瘤患者的预后相关 [38] [39] [40] 。

中性粒细胞在肿瘤微环境中可以产生血管内皮生长因子,促进肿瘤的进展与血管生成,而淋巴细胞可以诱导细胞毒性死亡及细胞因子的产生,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移;有研究发现,外周血中性粒细胞可以通过抑制外周血淋巴细胞的细胞溶解作用,促进肿瘤的进展 [41] 。结合上述两个炎症指标,已有多项研究证明 [42] [43] ,NLR与结直肠癌患者的预后相关,且大多数研究结果发现NLR升高提示肿瘤患者的预后较差。

血小板可通过保护肿瘤细胞不受免疫清除,介导肿瘤细胞的增殖与血管生成,促进肿瘤细胞发生转移,导致患者病情恶化。肿瘤细胞可以诱导血小板聚集,形成血液高凝状态,易导致血栓形成,增加了肿瘤患者的死亡风险 [44] 。而抗血小板药物如阿司匹林可能会改善肿瘤患者的预后,增加临床获益。有研究表明 [45] ,50~69岁的人群预防性使用低剂量阿司匹林(定义为≤325 mg/日)可以预防肿瘤的发生,改善肿瘤患者的预后,但应警惕阿司匹林常见的副作用,相关出血事件的发生。已有研究指出 [46] [47] ,高PLR肿瘤患者多提示预后不良,而对患者生存率的影响仍待进一步研究。

单核细胞参与肿瘤细胞的转移和侵袭,循环单核细胞发育成肿瘤相关巨噬细胞,从而抑制特异性免疫,促进肿瘤血管生成和转移。此外,单核细胞还可以直接促进癌细胞的生长 [48] 。目前对于LMR的研究较少,因此LMR的预后意义仍然存在争议。

以上针对NLR、PLR、LMR的综述发现,上述三个炎症衍生指标与肿瘤的发生及预后显著相关。炎症与结直肠肿瘤的关系可用“炎–癌”途径解释,结直肠腺瘤作为其重要的癌前疾病,研究上述炎症指标与结直肠腺瘤的相关性具有重要的临床意义。血常规是临床上相对经济且易获得的血清学指标,临床数据易获得,将上述炎症指标作为结直肠腺瘤发生的危险因素,建立预测模型,综合评估预测效能,有助于临床医生个体化评估肿瘤患者预后。

4.2. 代谢综合征相关血清学指标

代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome, MS)是指人体的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等物质发生代谢紊乱的病理状态,MS的中心环节是肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。代谢综合征可涉及血糖、血脂及血尿酸水平的异常,上文已经提到,高脂血症以多种途径促进结直肠腺瘤的形成,为其重要的危险因素之一。有研究表明,糖尿病与结直肠腺瘤之间的正相关性可能与胰岛素抵抗有关,胰岛素样生长因子1 (IGF-1)的升高可能在腺瘤–腺癌发展过程中起关键作用 [49] 。目前关于血尿酸水平与结直肠腺瘤之间的相关性存在争议,高尿酸血症是否可以作为结直肠腺瘤独立的危险因素仍待进一步研究,而高尿酸血症是代谢综合征的构成成分之一,一项纳入1066名受试者的横断面研究结果显示 [50] ,高尿酸血症与代谢综合征相关的结直肠腺瘤的发病风险存在相关性,血清尿酸水平不是结直肠腺瘤的独立危险因素,但可作为代谢综合征相关结直肠腺瘤的替代风险指标,与代谢综合征的其它组成成分发挥协同作用。

目前针对结直肠腺瘤危险因素的研究较为广泛,已有多项研究通过危险因素建立预测模型以预测结直肠腺瘤的发生风险,针对发生风险进行评估,为临床医生特别是内镜医生提供内镜检查前参考,建议高风险人群行内镜检查排除腺瘤甚至腺癌的可能。预测模型的建立方法多种多样,期待研究者建立更加科学可靠的方法,以更好的完成结直肠腺瘤的预防工作。

5. 总结与展望

结直肠癌的发病率在全球范围内逐年升高,随着结肠镜检查的普及,结直肠腺瘤的检出率较前显著提高,普通人群对于结直肠腺瘤的认知水平也相应提高,早期内镜下切除腺瘤可显著降低结直肠癌的发病率。因此,早期识别与发现结直肠癌前病变具有重要意义。本文对结直肠腺瘤癌变的发生机制、危险因素的研究进展做了详细的综述,以期更好的指导临床实践。但是目前对于结直肠腺瘤癌变的相关机制研究尚不充分,更多的危险因素未被研究者所发现,仍待进一步深入研究,为临床疾病诊治提供依据。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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