经内镜逆行胰胆管造影取石后复发危险因素的临床进展
Clinical Progress of Recurrence Risk Factors after Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography via Endoscopy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12111571, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 186  浏览: 318 
作者: 张哲珩, 樊海宁*:青海大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,青海 西宁
关键词: 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术胆总管结石复发综述ERCP Choledocholithiasis Recurrence Review
摘要: 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography, ERCP)是目前治疗胆总管结石的主要治疗手段之一,胆总管结石复发为ERCP术后较为常见的并发症。关于ERCP取石术后胆总管结石复发的危险因素,目前已有多项研究分析,然而,不同研究得出的结论不尽相同。本文简要对ERCP术后胆总管结石复发的危险因素作出总结,为防止ERCP术后胆总管结石复发提供初步的理论依据。
Abstract: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) is one of the main methods to treat common bile duct stones at present. The common complication after ERCP is recurrence of common bile duct stones. There have been many studies on the risk factors of choledocholithiasis recurrence after ERCP. However, the conclusions of different studies are different. In this paper, the risk factors of choledocholithiasis recurrence after ERCP were summarized to provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the prevention of choledocholithiasis recurrence after ERCP.
文章引用:张哲珩, 樊海宁. 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影取石后复发危险因素的临床进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(11): 10914-10919. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12111571

1. 引言

胆总管结石是一种最常见的消化系统疾病之一,是一种慢性复发性肝胆疾病,其病理基础是胆固醇、胆红素和胆汁酸代谢受损。胆石症的发生率为5%~15%,其中胆总管结石的发生率约为5%~30% [1] [2]。年龄、性别、遗传因素、代谢综合征相关因素、饮食因素、药物因素均是胆总管结石的危险因素 [2]。目前,内镜下胰胆管造影(Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography, ERCP) + 内镜下括约肌切开术(Endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)是最常见的治疗方法。ERCP插管成功率高达98%,清除率高达95%。然而,大量的随访观察显示,内镜治疗后胆总管结石的复发率为4%~25% [3] [4]。其高复发率已成为外科医生面临的挑战和待解决的问题。因此,胆总管结石的复发已成为国内外的外科医生关注的焦点问题。胆总管结石可引起急性化脓性胆管炎、胰腺炎、胆道穿孔等。胆总管结石的复发性因素很复杂,不能用单一因素来解释。本文旨在对ERCP术后复发危险因素做一简单概述。

2. 胆总管结石的复发相关因素

2.1. 结石的大小及数量

Feng Deng [1] 等人发现胆总管结石直径 ≥ 10 mm是ERCP后胆总管结石复发的独立危险因素。结石直径和胆管扩张程度呈正相关。当正常的胆管运动功能受到影响时,很容易引起胆汁淤积和胆管细菌感染,这有利于胆汁色素结石的形成。同时,当结石太大而无法取出时,大部分需要体外超声碎石术,这也是大结石复发的原因之一。Eun、Soo、Yoo [5] 认为多发性胆总管结石(≥2 cm)是其复发的相关因素。然而,Cheon说结石的数量和大小是EST后残留胆管结石的风险,而不是胆管结石复发的风险 [6]。因此,不同的结果可能与定义的结石数量、直径大小和采取的治疗方案有关。

2.2. 结石的性质

在人体正常的生理状态下,胆汁的化学成分是均衡的,不易形成结石。Sugiyama [7] 对EST后的病人进行了长达10年的随访,发现复发性结石均为棕色色素结石。细菌、胆汁淤积和乳头状狭窄可能起着重要作用。泥砂性结石更有可能继续留在胆总管内。其中胆管造影中遗漏的小结石碎片也可能是结石聚集和复发的原因 [1]。然而,YOO [8] 发现泥质结石与胆总管结石之间无显著相关性。关于石头一致性的数据还有需要更多的样本量去验证。

2.3. 石头的位置

胆总管分为四部分:上壁、后壁、胰腺部分和十二指肠内壁。位置较低的结石会导致更多的胆汁滞留,从而导致更大的胆管壁压力和更大程度的损伤。同时,结石离Oddi括约肌越近,其功能受到的损害就越大。这些可能会加重胆总管结石的复发。但是目前没有这方面的研究去证实它。

2.4. 性别

有研究表明女性更容易患胆总管结石,这与较高的雌激素水平和较少的运动有关。此外胆囊的收缩力下降导致胆汁淤积延迟和胆固醇晶体沉淀。但多数研究认为性别与胆总管结石复发率无显着相关性 [9] [10]。

2.5. 年龄

65岁以上患者胆总管结石的复发率高达30% [11]。Parra-Membrives Pablo发现年龄是唯一的独立危险因素,86.4%发生在65岁以上 [12]。

2.6. 代谢能力

像代谢综合征相关因素,如脂质代谢异常、高钙血症、高尿酸血症、肥胖、缺乏锻炼活动、胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝等是都胆总管结石发生的危险因素。那么这些因素也可能是复发的因素。

2.7. 胆总管直径

胆总管长期扩张导致平滑肌纤维收缩减少,功能受损,胆汁排泄困难,容易导致胆汁淤积和细菌感染,促进结石的形成。胆总管直径大于15 mm的患者症状更易复发,结石复发的风险几乎是直径大于10 mm的患者的4倍 [13]。虽然已证实胆总管直径是复发的危险因素,但其具体直径尚未确定 [14]。Deng [1] 和Park认为是10 mm,但Song和Yoo [5] 认为胆总管直径≥为15 mm是内镜下取石后的一个潜在的预测因素。值得一提的是,Jeon Jin [15] 等人发现,2周内CBD直径的恢复与CBD结石的复发呈反比关系。

2.8. 壶腹周围十二指肠憩室(PAD)

大多数PAD位于十二指肠乳头2~3 cm内。PAD可分为三种类型:I型:乳头位于乳头内憩室;II型:乳头位于憩室内缘;III型:乳头位于憩室外。超过75.5%的PAD病例发生在50岁以上的患者中PAD与结石的形成密切相关,但PAD导致复发的机制仍不清楚 [16] [17] [18]。可能的机制如下:逆细菌的垂直过度生长及其扩散到胆道系统;同时,食物沉积在憩室中,为细菌提供了良好的培养基。另外壶腹周围憩室可能影响乳头的正常解剖结构,造成远端导管受压,导管扩张。胆道压力升高或胆道痉挛的患者可能导致胆汁流出障碍。PADI型胆总管结石的复发率分别高于PADII型和III型。PAD的大小和类型与CBD的直径和胆总管结石的复发有关。 [19]

2.9. 基因影响

一项对43,141名患有胆结石疾病的瑞典双胞胎的研究发现,大约25%的胆结石疾病的风险是由基因决定的。某些基因的突变可能是导致胆结石形成的原因 [20]。ABCB4 (编码肝胆翻转酶)基因突变已被证实是胆结石复发的主要遗传危险因素。ABCB4基因参与编码肝胆碱转运体的多药耐药蛋白3 (MDR3),MDR3损伤导致磷脂酰胆碱水平降低,促进石质胆汁的形成。ABCG5/8 (编码肝胆胆固醇转运体5/8)等位基因与胆总管结石的复发相关,其变异基因ABCGD19H目前被认为是胆结石形成的遗传危险因素,可有效预测胆总管结石的复发 [21]。

2.10. 生活因素

一些研究表明,典型的高热量、胆固醇、脂肪酸或碳水化合物的饮食会增加患胆结石的风险。体力活动通过增加HDL-C(23)和影响血浆TG和胰岛素释放来降低胆道胆固醇饱和度。但系统分类饮食因素或运动对胆总管结石复发的影响尚未见研究 [22] [23]。

2.11. 既往胆道手术史

既往胆道手术(如胆管探查、T管引流等)可损伤胆管壁,形成疤痕,导致胆道狭窄,胆汁排泄不良。同时,粘附导致胆管倾斜,胆汁成角影响胆汁流量,促进结石复发。多次ERCP手术也会加重Oddi括约肌损伤,增加逆行感染的机会 [1] [24]。

2.12. 结石残留

除了胆道自身的原因,初发胆总管结石的数量与最大结石的直径似乎也与术后复发的风险息息相关。有研究表明,取石术后的胆管冲洗处 理可以显著减少胆总管结石的复发,其机制可能与冲洗帮助去除较小直径的结石有关,当胆总管结石数量多而直径小时,更容易在术中遗漏细小的胆结石,而这些细小结石会作为复发结石的内核,在短期内造成术后复发,Ahn等的一项关于ERCP术后盐水冲洗胆管的前瞻性、随机研究也证实了术后常规运用生理盐水冲洗胆道可以减少结石残留,在不增加术后并发症发生率的条件下降低胆总管结石复发率。这也为预防胆总管结石复发提供了一个新的思路 [25] [26] [27]。

2.13. 复发的时间

Park等人对46,181名韩国内镜胆总管结石患者进行了平均4.2年的随访,发现5228名患者(11.3%)首次复发为胆总管结石。复发率第一次低,第二次和第三次高,分别为23.4%和33.4%。可见,复发率与复发次数成正比。邓等人。477例复发性胆总管结石患者进行随访研究发现,二次复发的复发率高达19.5%,三次及以上复发的复发率高达44.07%。可能的原因是多次手术治疗加重Oddi括约肌损伤,引起胆管上皮细胞坏死,形成瘢痕,导致胆管狭窄。局部粘连,导致胆管成角和胆汁淤积,导致结石复发。令人惊讶的是,当Chang JH等人。随访481例,发现胆总管结石复发期加重,初发10.1 ± 5.2 mm,第一次复发13.5 ± 7.3 mm,第二次复发16.8 ± 7.8 mm。因此,对于复发者,建议定期复查,建议每1~2年复查一次 [1] [28]。

3. 小结

目前研究所取得的结果表明这些因素大多数与胆总管结石术式选择、术中操作、十二指肠乳头括约肌功能的保留、胆道微生态紊乱、尖锐的胆总管成角、远端胆总管直径、壶腹周围憩室、胆总管结石的大小和数量等因素有关。上述这些因素共同导致了肠内容物经由功能减弱的十二指肠乳头括约肌反流至胆道,从而影响胆道微生物群的构成,破坏了稳定的胆道环境,造成胆总管结石复发。遗憾的是,大多数研究仍处于回顾性研究模式,缺少相对应的预测模型去验证它,为胆总管结石的复发提供一个可靠的判断指标。具体的研究还需要进一步的临床试验进行发掘。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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