纤维蛋白原/前白蛋白在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期诊疗中的研究进展
Research Progress of Fibrinogen/Prealbumin in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
摘要: 慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)简称慢阻肺,是一种以渐进性呼吸困难及肺功能下降为特征的慢性气道疾病。大多数患者每年发生至少一次急性加重,频繁发生的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AECOPD)是导致慢阻肺患者生活质量下降、住院次数增多及死亡风险升高的主要原因。肺功能测试易于实施,验证了COPD的疾病进展和严重程度,但较多患者就诊时,因处于不能耐受的缺氧状态或伴发其它疾病无法进行该项检查,因此,入院时可检测的简便易行、可重复测量的血清学指标对于评估COPD患者的诊断及预后非常重要,本文对炎症指标及纤维蛋白原/前白蛋白在AECOPD中的诊断及评估预后作一综述。
Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway disease characterized by pro-gressive dyspnea and decreased lung function. Most patients suffer from acute exacerbations at least once a year and frequent acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is the main cause of decreased quality of life, increased hospitalization times and in-creased risk of death in COPD patients. The pulmonary function test is easy to implement and veri-fies the disease progression and severity of COPD. However, many patients cannot perform this test because they are in an intolerable state of hypoxia or accompanied by other diseases. Therefore, the simple, easy and repeatable serological indexes that can be detected at admission are very im-portant for evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of COPD patients. This article reviews the diag-nosis and prognosis assessment of inflammatory indexes and fibrinogen/prealbumin in AECOPD.
文章引用:谢静静, 常小红, 汪檬. 纤维蛋白原/前白蛋白在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期诊疗中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11031-11036. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121589

1. 引言

慢性阻塞性肺疾病是常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病,对我国人民的健康构成重大威胁。从近几年我国COPD的患病率调查来看,我国COPD发病率近十余年从8.2%增至13.7%,发病率急剧上升,且年轻人群所占比例亦高,死亡人数为该病相关全球死亡率的近三分之一 [1] [2],感染为慢阻肺急性加重的主要原因,高凝状态也可能与其发生相关。此外,纤维蛋白原不仅作为凝血因子参与凝血过程,而且是急性炎症的一个指标。纤维蛋白原是很有前景的慢性阻塞性肺疾病生物标志物。在美国的一项具有全国代表性的队列研究中发现,较高的纤维蛋白原水平会增加COPD的死亡风险 [3]。前白蛋白(prealbumin, PA)是反映机体营养状况和免疫功能的灵敏指标 [4] [5] [6] [7]。

目前普遍认为慢阻肺是一种全身性炎症反应,降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)等多种炎性因子与慢阻肺患者的严重程度、病情恶化风险及气流受限有关 [8] [9] [10]。另有学者发现,机体凝血状态及营养状况会影响炎症反应的恢复 [11] [12] [13]。纤维蛋白原与前白蛋白比值(Fibrinogen-to-Prealbumin ratio, FPR)是一项综合了凝血状态和营养状况的新的炎性指标,多项研究证实FPR与急性胰腺炎、胃癌、肝癌等的疾病活动度、严重程度相关,由此推测FPR与炎症反应相关 [14]。现将炎症指标及FPR在AECOPD诊疗中的研究进展作一综述。

2. 炎症标志物

2.1. C-反应蛋白(C-Reactive Protein)

C-反应蛋白是常用的感染观察指标,作为客观的临床常用的检测项目,具有即时、简便、经济的优势。C-反应蛋白是一种急性期反应蛋白,它在组织损伤或感染后数小时内合成迅速增加,参与对炎症的全身反应,以及免疫反应的一部分,是炎症的筛查、疾病活动的早期标志物 [15]。研究显示C-反应蛋白作为COPD稳定期生物标志物,其水平的升高与COPD急性加重发生率、住院率及病情严重程度相关,可以作为急性加重的预测因子 [16]。

2.2. 降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)

20世纪80年代研究肿瘤标志物时偶然发现降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT),是一种新型炎性标志物 [17],是早期诊断细菌感染的一个敏感指标 [18]。越来越多的临床研究业已提示,PCT可用于鉴别感染为细菌性还是非细菌性,还可用于评价细菌感染的严重程度和药物治疗的效果 [19]。AECOPD等下呼吸道感染可由细菌及其他病原体引起。PCT是一种炎症介质,是体内降钙素的前体物质,可作为细菌感染的检测指标 [20]。当机体功能正常的时候,PCT水平<0.01 ng/mL,甚至根本检测不出来;当处于细菌感染状态时,因为细菌毒素与炎症细胞因子作用,导致体内PCT水平升高,可出现全身炎性反应前2~3 h,早期诊断价值非常高 [21] [22] [23]。因此,在正常人体中含量水平较低,而当存在细菌、病毒等多种感染时,其水平可迅速升高 [24] [25],因此,检测AECOPD患者体内PCT水平的检测,能及时反应有无细菌感染,为抗菌药物的合理应用提供可靠的依据。

2.3. 血沉(Ery-Throcyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR)

ESR属于急性时相蛋白,其可准确监测患者病情严重程度、进展情况,还能准确反应出炎症反应的发生、发展和转归方面的信息,其已经在呼吸系统疾病诊疗工作中得到了广泛应用,其与各类型蛋白比例、红细胞数量、细胞直径、血红蛋白量、细胞表面积等存在非常密切的关联。若患者体内炎症反应变化明显或出现脏器组织损伤、肿瘤浸润等相关情况时,红细胞互相重叠现象明显,此时其能够承受的血浆阻力开始显著减小,ESR加快明显,但其特异性比较低,检测结果假阳性的可能性较大 [26] [27] [28]。

3. 纤维蛋白原/前白蛋白(Fibrinogen-to-Prealbumin Ratio, FPR)

FPR是一项综合了凝血状态和营养状况的新的炎性指标,多项研究证实FPR与急性胰腺炎、胃癌、肝癌等的疾病活动度、严重程度相关,由此推测FPR与炎症反应相关。研究 [29] 表明纤维蛋白原(Fibrinogen, FIB)与COPD的严重程度、急性加重及预后有关。前白蛋白(Prealbumin, PA)作为一种反映机体营养状况的指标 [30],不仅与多种肿瘤的诊断及预后相关 [31] [32] [33],还可以预测AECOPD患者的生存率 [34] [35]。且有研究表明气流受限程度严重患者的FPR水平高于气流受限程度低的患者,可以将FPR用于判断无法实施肺功能的患者的气流受限程度;在患者无法完成肺功能测试时,FPR可以作为慢阻肺诊断的一项参考指标;FPR可以用于判断慢阻肺患者的稳定期和急性加重期 [14]。

4. 红细胞分布宽度(Red Cell Volume Distribution Width, RDW)

RDW为反映红细胞体积大小异质性的参数,慢性炎症的存在会增加炎症标志物表达,导致细胞膜破坏和通透性增加,最终导致红细胞变形和RDW水平升高 [36]。多项研究表明 [37] [38],稳定期COPD患者RDW水平升高预后不良。大量研究显示 [39] [40] [41],COPD与RDW呈现一定的相关性,可依据此指标评价严重程度,患者在急性加重期,RDW会升高,RDW水平越高,对患者生命安全威胁越大。其可能机制为:COPD患者由于缺氧、氧化应激及炎症等导致血管收缩、血管壁重构,进而使红细胞透过毛细血管壁时受到损伤,红细胞逐渐衰老时,细胞变形能力减退而脆性增加,在血流湍急处可因机械冲击而破损,在通过微小孔隙时也发生困难,因而特别容易停滞在脾和骨髓中被巨噬细胞所吞噬,导致红细胞寿命异常,引起红细胞异质性增加,导致RDW增加 [42] [43]。

5. 总结

综上,炎症标志物、纤维蛋白原/前白蛋白、红细胞分布宽度作为简单易得、快速高效的血清生化指标,有倾向作为AECOPD诊断及判断预后的标准,但是部分炎症标志物特异性不高,需要更进一步的探索;目前,联合测定快捷及特异性高的生化指标与AECOPD的关系仍是研究热点,希望未来可进行大样本、多中心、高质量的研究,进一步填补目前识别、诊断、治疗及预后等方面的空白,或许在不远的将来给更多患者带来福音。

NOTES

*通讯作者1339927358@qq.com

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