卡瑞丽珠单抗在肺癌患者中的临床研究进展
Clinical Research Progress of Carrilizumab in Patients with Lung Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12121756, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 399  浏览: 531 
作者: 成 伟:潍坊医学院,山东 潍坊;寿光市人民医院,山东 潍坊;高福生*:潍坊医学院,山东 潍坊;潍坊医学院附属医院,山东 潍坊
关键词: 卡瑞利珠单抗免疫肺癌治疗Carrilizumab Immunity Lung Cancer Treatment
摘要: 卡瑞利珠单抗是一种人源化的IgG4单抗,为程序性死亡受体1 (PD-1)抑制剂,与PD-1受体结合,阻断PD-1/PD-L1的结合,从而有效降低T细胞耗竭,有助于发挥持续抑瘤作用。卡瑞丽珠单抗于2019年5月NMPA获批上市,是目前拥有适应症最多的国产PD-1单抗,目前研究发现对广泛期小细胞肺癌、晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌患者及晚期鳞状非小细胞肺癌均有治疗作用,结合药物预测标志物、临床有效性及经济效益指导选择最合适的人群使用卡瑞利珠单抗,从而实现精准治疗,具有重要的意义。
Abstract: Carrelizumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody, which is a programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibitor. It binds to the PD-1 receptor and blocks the binding of PD-1/PD-L1, thus effectively reducing T cell depletion and contributing to the sustainable tumor inhibition. Carrezizumab was approved for market in NMPA in May 2019, and is currently the domestic PD-1 monoclonal anti-body with the most indications. Current studies have found that it has therapeutic effects on pa-tients with extensive small cell lung cancer, advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer and advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Combining drug predictive markers, clinical effec-tiveness and economic benefits, it is of great significance to guide the selection of the most appro-priate population to use carrilizumab, so as to achieve precise treatment.
文章引用:成伟, 高福生. 卡瑞丽珠单抗在肺癌患者中的临床研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 12191-12197. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121756

1. 引言

卡瑞利珠单抗是一种人源化的IgG4单抗,为程序性死亡受体1 (PD-1)抑制剂,与PD-1受体结合,阻断PD-1/PD-L1的结合,从而有效降低T细胞耗竭,有助于发挥持续抑瘤作用 [1]。目前上市的PD-1抑制剂有6款,包括:帕博利珠单抗、纳武单抗、特瑞普利单抗、信迪利单抗、卡瑞丽珠单抗和替雷利珠单抗。卡瑞丽珠单抗于2019年5月NMPA获批上市,在2020年陆续获批肝癌、食管癌、肺癌领域相关适应症 [2],是目前拥有适应症最多的国产PD-1单抗,目前在各大医院应用逐渐推广开来。而肺癌作为目前发病率最高的肿瘤,除放化疗靶向治疗外,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂是新一类的抗癌免疫疗法 [3],为患者带来新的希望,提高了肺癌患者的总生存期。

自2015年起,卡瑞利珠单抗已在国内外开展了一系列治疗多种恶性肿瘤的I~III期临床研究,临床前的体外、体内实验均显示卡瑞利珠单抗具有独特的结合表位,亲和力与药效更强,在体内对PD-1受体的占有率高,且时间持久,卡瑞利珠单抗在体内分布适当,半衰期较短,可实现药物的快速清除,安全性和耐受性较好 [4]。目前研究发现对广泛期小细胞肺癌、晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌患者及晚期鳞状非小细胞肺癌均有治疗作用 [5] [6] [7] [8],如何结合药物预测标志物、临床有效性及经济效益选择最合适的人群使用卡瑞利珠单抗,从而实现精准治疗,具有重要的意义。下面逐一展开阐述。

2. 各类肺癌患者的临床研究

2.1. 晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌的治疗

肺癌,尤其是非鳞状非小细胞肺癌,是肿瘤相关性死亡的最主要原因 [9]。在传统手术治疗、铂类为基础的化疗以及放疗快速发展的背景下,NSCLC的治疗效果仍不能达到理想状态 [10]。Haiyu Zhou等人 [11] 进行了一项关于卡瑞利珠单抗、白蛋白–紫杉醇和卡铂新辅助治疗用于IB-IIIA期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌的前瞻性、单臂、多中心、II期的研究,这项前瞻性、单臂、多中心、II期试验共纳入了40例患者,在应用卡瑞利珠单抗、白蛋白紫杉醇和卡铂三个周期的新辅助治疗后进行手术。主要病理缓解(MPR)率是主要终点,而病理完全缓解(pCR)率、完全切除术率、客观缓解率、无病生存期(DFS)、不良事件(AEs)和生活质量(QOL)是次要终点。探索终点基于放射组学、代谢、遗传和临床病理特征,建立多组人工智能系统,用于预测新辅助治疗的效果,并探讨耐药机制。这项研究表明卡瑞利珠单抗、白蛋白紫杉醇和卡铂新辅助治疗可以协助IB-IIIA期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗。

Puyuan Xing等人 [5] 进行了卡瑞利珠单抗加阿帕替尼治疗先前接受一线免疫治疗的晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌的单组、多中心、II期临床试验,本临床研究主要对于晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌,该研究发现阿帕替尼可增加卡瑞利珠单抗的疗效。该联合方案作为非小细胞肺癌二线治疗的有效性和安全性在一线免疫治疗失败的患者之前还没有被评估过。研究人员的主要终点是无进展生存期。次要终点为总生存率、客观缓解率、疾病控制率、缓解持续时间,生命质量,安全和毒性。本试验为卡瑞丽珠单抗联合阿帕替尼治疗晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌曾接受一线免疫治疗的患者带来临床获益提供了证据。

Caicun Zhou等人研究结果 [12] 于2020年12月19日在The LANCET Respiratory Medicine在线公布。该研究入组412例EGFR或ALK突变阴性的晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌患者,1:1随机接受卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗(卡瑞利珠单抗联合培美曲塞和卡铂,试验组)或化疗(培美曲塞和卡铂,对照组)治疗4~6周期后,予以培美曲塞±卡瑞利珠单抗(试验组)或培美曲塞(对照组)维持治疗。对照组发生疾病进展的患者允许接受卡瑞利珠单抗单药交叉治疗,但卡瑞利珠单抗治疗时间不超过2年。根据盲法独立中心审查委员会(BICR)评估的结果,试验组和对照组的中位无进展生存期(mPFS)分别为11.3个月(95% CI 9.6~15.4)和8.3个月(95% CI 6.0~9.7) (HR = 0.60, p = 0.0001)。两组12个月PFS率分别为49.6% (41.7%~57.1%)和35.1% (27.0%~43.2%)。PFS亚组分析也显示,试验组的疗效在各亚组层面均优于对照组。对于PD-L1表达水平≥1%的患者,试验组和对照组的中位PFS分别为15.4个月和9.9个月(HR = 0.56, p = 0.0011)。PFS亚组分析也显示,试验组的疗效在各亚组层面均优于单纯化疗组。试验组和对照组客观缓解率(ORR)分别为60.5% (124/205)和38.6% (80/207),p < 0.0001;两组疾病控制率(DCR)分别为87.8%和74.4%,p = 0.0003。缓解持续时间(DoR)分别为17.6个月和9.9个月;至疾病缓解时间(TTR)分别为1.5个月和2.7个月。在目前所有已公布的NSCLC一线治疗重要III期研究中,Caicun Zhou等人的研究 [12] 所展现的卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗方案获得的更高ORR、更长PFS和OS,也已写入2020CSCO指南,作为IV期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌一线推荐治疗方案,为中国晚期转移性NSCLC患者带来更多治愈希望。

2.2. 晚期鳞状非小细胞肺癌的治疗

肺鳞状细胞癌(Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, SqCLC)占非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)的25%~30% [13]。由于晚期LUSC罕见的可操作基因组靶点给治疗带来了挑战 [14] [15]。迄今为止,针对免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)的免疫治疗已经在晚期肺鳞癌的治疗前景中发生了重大变革 [16] [17]。研究表明卡瑞丽珠单抗加化疗可以显著延长无进展期患者的生存率(PFS)和/或总生存率(OS) [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]。ALK重排,占非小细胞肺癌的5%~6%,常见于腺癌,但很少见在LUSC中,Wei Jiang等 [20] 研究发现布格替尼(Brigatinib)和卡瑞丽珠单抗联合治疗对克唑替尼耐药的ALK重排鳞状细胞肺癌肉瘤样转化具有临床获益。

2.3. 小细胞肺癌

小细胞肺癌(SCLC)是一种侵袭性疾病,占所有肺癌病例的15% [23],每年造成20多万人死亡 [23]。SCLC是一种高度转移性肿瘤,与吸烟密切相关,SCLC侵袭性高,倍增时间短,增殖指数高,早期易发生转移 [24],确诊时30%~40%的患者处于局限期,60%~70%的患者处于广泛期,患者5年生存率仅为2%~10% [24]。SCLC通常被分为为局限期和广泛期(LS-SCLC和ES-SCLC)。大约70%的SCLC患者患有ESSCLC诊断时 [25]。小细胞肺癌预后差。1-LS-SCLC的1年和2年总生存率(OS)为58%和21%,分别为29.4%和7%,对于ES-SCLC [26]。SCLC的发生和进展机制相对复杂,缺少相应的驱动基因,靶向治疗在SCLC中进展缓慢,急需寻找新的治疗靶点和药物预测标志物以改善SCLC治疗现状,目前已有研究表明SCLC易受免疫治疗方法的影响 [27],为SCLC患者提供了新的希望。

于2020年11月,王洁教授牵头的PASSION研究 [28] 正式发表于Journal of Thoracic Oncology,为广泛期小细胞肺癌的二线治疗提供了免疫联合靶向(卡瑞利珠单抗 + 阿帕替尼)的新证据。

3. 临床预测标志物

与靶向治疗相似,在精准治疗模式下,肺癌的免疫治疗也要根据肿瘤细胞的分子生物学特征,选取优势人群。目前PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂免疫治疗的预测标志物主要有:1) PD-L1的表达,PD-L1为PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的组成部分,是最早用于抗PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗的有效筛选目标人群的预测标志物 [29]。临床研究发现肿瘤组织PD-L1表达水平高的患者抗PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗更有疗效 [30]。2) 肿瘤突变负荷(TMB) [31];3) 微卫星高度不稳定性或错配修复缺陷 [32];4) 基因突变状态 [33];5) 肠道微生物以及细胞增殖等 [34] [35]。目前对于卡瑞丽珠单抗的临床预测标志物研究主要集中在以下几项研究:

Tao Jiang等 [36] 在一项晚期肺鳞状细胞癌III期临床试验的生物标志物分析研究中发现,治疗中血液TMB作为卡瑞丽珠单抗加化疗治疗晚期肺鳞状细胞癌的预测因子。结果发现在卡瑞丽珠单抗或安慰剂加化疗组中,预处理bTMB与客观疗效、PFS和OS无关。治疗时在卡瑞利珠单抗加化疗组有较低的bTMB,低bTMB与客观疗效(73.8%和27.8%,p < 0.001)、无进展生存期PFS中位,9.1和4.1个月,p < 0.001)和OS (中位,未达和达到8个月,p < 0.001)相关,而单独化疗组低bTMB与客观疗效和PFS无相关性。重要的是,治疗时bTMB水平可以区分长期受益于卡瑞丽珠单抗加化疗的稳定期患者的初始放射学,结合bTMB及其动力学,可提高卡瑞利珠单抗加化疗的疗效预测能力,指导临床更精准的选择化疗方案 [36]。

Yao Chen等人 [37] 的研究,ctDNA浓度,MIKI67突变和HPD相关基因突变作为卡瑞丽珠单抗和阿帕替尼联合多线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的预后标志物,显著提高ORR和二线或多线治疗的NSCLC患者PFS。ctDNA浓度、MIKI67突变和hpd相关基因突变是PFS的独立危险因素。血液中ctDNA的突变可以潜在地确定获益人群和预测患者的预后。此外,ctDNA在序列时间点的检测可以有效监测疾病的缓解或进展。本研究为卡瑞丽珠单抗联合治疗的二线和多线治疗策略选择提供了有价值的证据。Haiyu Zhou等人 [11] 的研究将表明新多元组学人工智能系统是一种有效的卡瑞利珠单抗、白蛋白紫杉醇和卡铂新辅助治疗效果预测策略。

4. 疗效及安全性研究

Yinhua Wang等 [38] 在研究结果提示,安罗替尼(Anlotinib)联合PD-1抑制剂卡瑞丽珠单抗三线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌可有效降低患者血清肿瘤标志物水平和癌症疲劳程度,安全性及其对血清肿瘤标志物的影响,治疗效果优于单纯的安罗替尼治疗。此外,对卡瑞丽珠单抗联合治疗的进一步研究也为晚期NSCLC患者提供更好的治疗方案。Jiting Wang等人 [2] 的研究分析比较了卡瑞利珠单抗单药和联合治疗的安全性和有效性,旨在为卡瑞利珠单抗在癌症治疗中的临床联合使用提供参考,也为卡瑞丽珠单抗后续适应症的制定提供参考。研究结果提示:卡姆瑞珠单抗联合治疗的ORR、PFS和CR值均优于单用卡瑞丽珠单抗,单用卡瑞利珠单抗优于化疗(RR = 0.45;95%置信区间,0.30~−0.67;p < 0.001;RR = 1.63;95%置信区间,1.25~−2.13;p < 0.001;RR = 0.73;95%置信区间,0.52~−1.02;p < 0.001)。>2级时,联合化疗的发生率高于单药治疗(RR = 0.66;95%置信区间,0.51~−0.86;p < 0.001)。在任何分级中,卡瑞丽珠单抗联合治疗的安全性均优于单药治疗,化疗的安全性优于卡瑞丽珠单抗联合化疗。疗效方面,卡瑞利珠单抗联合治疗优于单药治疗,单药治疗优于化疗。在安全性方面,>2级时,单次使用优于联合化疗。在任何级别的不良事件中,卡瑞利珠单抗联合使用的安全性均优于单用,化疗的安全性优于卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗。

CameL研究 [12] 入组412例EGFR或ALK突变阴性的NSCLC患者安全性方面,试验组和对照组 ≥ 3级治疗相关不良事件(TRAEs)的发生率分别为69%和47%。最常见的免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)包括反应性皮肤毛细血管增生症(RCCEP,78%),丙氨酸转氨酶升高(12%),天冬氨酸转氨酶升高(11%)和甲状腺功能减退(10%)。在发生RCCEP患者中,77%患者为1/2级,仅有2例(<1%)患者发生3级RCCEP。

5. 成本效益研究进展

Liu Qiao等 [39],在PD-1抑制剂卡瑞丽珠单抗联合化疗在中国晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌一线治疗中的成本–效果研究中,卡瑞丽珠单抗是国内首个获批联合化疗作为晚期非鳞状非小细胞(NSCLC)一线治疗使用的PD-1抑制剂。本研究的目的是确定与进口PD-1抑制剂派姆单抗相比,卡瑞利珠单抗在中国的一线应用中是否具有良好的成本效益。Chen Zhu等 [40] 在卡瑞丽珠单抗加化疗与单独化疗作为一线治疗无EGFR和ALK改变的IIIB-IV型非鳞状非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的成本–效果分析研究中发现,对于无EGFR和ALK突变的IIIB-IV型非鳞NSCLC患者,卡瑞丽珠单抗加化疗是一种成本效益明显的治疗方案。Guiyuan Xiang等 [41] 在一线卡瑞丽珠单抗治疗中国晚期非小细胞肺癌的经济评价研究中发现,卡瑞利珠单抗联合治疗在中国NSCLC患者的基线治疗并不具有成本效益,但对于PDL1表达阳性的患者卡瑞利珠单抗联合治疗更具有成本效益。研究结果发现对于中国无靶向性的晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者我们的初步分析结果支持一线卡瑞利珠单抗联合培美曲塞卡铂(CPC)是与传统培美曲塞加卡铂(PC)化疗相比具良好的成本效益。二次分析的结果建议第一线的派姆单抗联合培美曲塞和铂(PPP)方案与第一线的CPC方案相比并不是一个具有良好成本效益的选择。这一分析为促进国产卡瑞丽珠单抗广泛使用提供了强有力的证据,在一定程度上激发了国内抗癌药开发的热情。

6. 总结与展望

综上所述,肺癌的免疫治疗正在飞速发展,各种免疫治疗的临床研究也在如火如荼的进行,并取得了理想的结果。但是免疫治疗不能一概而论,要全面考虑患者的个体差异、副作用、假性进展、耐药性及经济状况等因素,更重要的是在治疗前精准的筛选可获益患者。本文就卡瑞丽珠单抗从肺癌分型、临床预测标志物、疗效及安全型以及成本效益四个方面展开阐述目前国内外临床研究进展,为肺癌患者精准选择治疗方面提供一定的临床依据。相信随着对肿瘤免疫机制的不断深入研究和大规模、设计加严谨的临床研究的开展,精准治疗在肺癌免疫治疗中将逐步实现。期待未来卡瑞利珠单抗更多数据问世,也希望卡瑞利珠单抗给临床带来更多获益,造福更多肿瘤患者。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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