雄激素受体在乳腺癌中的作用的研究进展
Advances in the Role of Androgen Receptors in Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131084, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 219  浏览: 436 
作者: 蒋乾坤, 罗文培, 黄煜舒, 郭 丹*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院乳腺甲状腺外科,重庆
关键词: 乳腺癌雄激素受体信号通路治疗Breast Cancer Androgen Receptor Signaling Pathway Therapy
摘要: 乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是导致女性癌症相关死亡的主要原因。针对乳腺癌的研究和治疗一直是科研人员及医务人员关注的焦点,在这个过程中,我们发现雄激素受体(AR, Androgen Receptor)在乳腺癌中高表达,因此AR作为乳腺癌治疗的新靶点受到越来越多的关注。但是在不同类型的乳腺癌中AR的表达和AR信号通路是不同的,从而导致AR的表达在不同类型的乳腺癌中具有不同的预后价值。因此,我们将对AR在不同乳腺癌亚型中的作用以及乳腺癌治疗和预后进行论述。
Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The research and treatment of breast cancer has always been the focus of re-searchers and medical personnel. In this process, we found that androgen receptor (AR) is highly expressed in breast cancer, so AR as a new target for breast cancer treatment has received more and more attention. However, the expression of AR and the AR signaling pathway are different in different types of breast cancer, which leads to the different prognostic value of AR expression in different types of breast cancer. Therefore, we will discuss the role of AR in different breast cancer subtypes as well as the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.
文章引用:蒋乾坤, 罗文培, 黄煜舒, 郭丹. 雄激素受体在乳腺癌中的作用的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 578-583. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131084

1. 引言

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是导致女性癌症相关死亡的主要原因 [1]。乳腺癌常根据雌激素受体(ER, Estrogen Receptor)、孕激素受体(PR, Progesterone Receptor)和人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2)的表达进行分类。ER+乳腺癌是最常见的亚型,占所有乳腺癌患者的70% [2] [3],而HER2+乳腺癌占20%~25% [4]。尽管这些患者可以从针对ER或HER2的治疗中获益,但ER+乳腺癌经常对内分泌治疗产生耐药性 [5],而抗HER2靶向治疗的单药有效率也只有10%~34% [6]。TNBC占所有乳腺癌患者的15%~20%,在所有乳腺癌亚型中具有最高的转移概率和最低的总生存期(OS) [7] [8]。到现在为止,TNBC还没有明确的治疗靶点 [9],因此我们需要发掘新的治疗靶点改善乳腺癌患者的预后,所以本篇文章就AR在乳腺癌中的研究进展进行论述。

2. AR简述

AR属于核受体超家族中的类固醇受体。AR一般由四个结构域组成:N端转录激活区(NTD)、DNA结合区(DBD)、铰链区和配体结合区(LBD) [10]。作为这类受体的特征,AR的非活性形式位于细胞质中,与热休克蛋白(HSPs)结合 [11],同时在细胞应激事件中防止错误折叠并维持3D蛋白结构 [12] [13]。AR可以通过雄激素分子与LBD相结合而被激活,促使AR同源二聚化和转位到细胞核上,然后AR与雄激素反应元件(ARE)结合,导致多种下游基因的激活和转录。从而导致多种信号通路的激活,包括与癌症相关的PI3K/AKT等多种信号通路 [14]。此外,AR还具有非基因组功能,可以影响细胞的生长、迁移、转移和凋亡 [15]。长期以来,随着AR激动剂或AR拮抗剂与常规放化疗的结合,AR靶向治疗一直受到持续的关注。

3. AR在各亚型乳腺癌中的作用

3.1. AR在ER+乳腺癌中的作用

ER包含ERα和ERβ,ERα可作为乳腺癌细胞增殖的促进剂,而ERβ作为可抑制细胞增殖的雌激素受体,同时ERβ也可以通过与ERα二聚来抑制ERα信号传导 [16]。在ER+乳腺癌中激活的AR可以通过与雌激素反应元件的竞争性结合来拮抗ERα的转录活性。最近发表的一篇论文阐明了详细的机制,该研究表明激活AR可以取代染色质中的ERα。AR活化后占据了所有ERα结合位点(ERBS)的40%以上,导致雌激素反应元件结合的丧失。同时,ERα通过重新定位到一些AR结合位点(ARBS)以进一步调节AR靶向基因,包括肿瘤抑制剂SEC14L2、EAF2和ZBTB16以抑制细胞生长,从而获得新的结合靶点。此外,AR还与ERα竞争结合一种共同的共激活剂p300,这对ERα的活性至关重要。由于ERα需要协同调节蛋白SRC-3来募集p300,而AR可以直接与p300结合,因此AR可能在与ERα的竞争中获得优势,从而抑制ER信号传导;因此,AR的激活对ER+乳腺癌细胞具有抑制作用 [17]。此外,AR还可以通过其他的一些载体蛋白间接抑制ERα的转录活性。活化的AR可以通过结合其启动子区的ARE来上调ERβ基因的表达,从而抑制ER的活性 [18]。总之,激活的AR可以通过不同的信号通路来抑制ERα活性。而ERα又是ER+乳腺癌中促进肿瘤增殖和转移的主要途径,因此活化的AR通过抑制ERα来减少疾病的发展。在对931例患者的研究中,生存曲线表明,ER + 乳腺癌患者中AR的存在显示出更好的无病生存期(DFS)和OS结果 [19]。另外几项研究也表明,AR在ER + 乳腺癌中的高表达与较小的肿瘤体积、较少的淋巴细胞浸润、较低的组织学病理分级和较低的增殖特性有关,这可能会改善患者的生活质量及生存期 [20] [21] [22] [23]。这些研究都表明AR+对ER+乳腺癌患者可能是一个比较有利的预后因素。

3.2. AR在HER2+乳腺癌中的作用

HER2是来自表皮生长因子(EGF)家族的跨膜糖蛋白。HER2通过与其他EGF成员(如HER1和HER3)及其他细胞膜受体形成同源二聚体或异二聚体而激活,使其结构域自磷酸化 [24]。有研究表明,在WNT/β-连环蛋白信号通路中,AR转录调节WNT7B的水平,进而激活WNT途径,刺激与AR相互作用的β-连环蛋白的核转位。在细胞核中,AR/β-连环蛋白复合体与转录因子FOXA1一起识别HER3的调节区,并增加其转录,增强HER3/HER2异源二聚体的活性,从而促进肿瘤生长并诱导癌细胞增殖 [25]。在另外一项MYC对雄激素信号的调幅作用的研究中,在缺乏雄激素信号的情况下,TCF7L2在AR结合位点与FOXA1相互作用,并抑制AR靶基因MYC的基础表达。MYC直接调节AR与AR介导的HER2/HER3信号的激活。HER2/HER3信号通过MAD1的磷酸化增加MYC的转录活性,导致MYC/MAX异二聚体水平增加。MYC反过来加强雄激素应答基因的转录激活。这些结果揭示了由雄激素和AR调节的分子顶泌乳腺癌中的一个新的调节网络,其中MYC作为关键靶点和协同转录因子发挥着中心作用,以驱动致癌生长 [26]。在一项临床研究报告中,HER2+乳腺癌患者ARmRNA的高水平表达与较短的DFS和OS相关 [27]。还有研究在HER2+乳腺癌患者中发现,AR+是不良OS和无复发生存(RFS)的显著危险因素 [28]。这些研究表明AR+对HER2+乳腺癌的肿瘤的生长起到促进的作用,与患者的预后不良相关。

3.3. AR在TNBC中的作用

与其他亚型相比,TNBC的肿瘤细胞增殖、转移的能力更强,患者的预后更差,生存率更低。在TNBC细胞中,AR与SRC形成复合物招募了PI3-K的调节亚基p85α,雄激素通过复合物让迁移和入侵的基本机制被开启。SRC/PI3K信号通路及其下游基因被雄激素快速激活,从而导致TNBC细胞的迁移和侵袭 [29]。在TNBC中,AR+患者的样本细胞中经常检测到激活的PI3KCA突变,而PI3K通路已经被发现有利于乳腺癌的发展,在对AR和PI3K的联合抑制中发现其显著抑制了细胞模型中细胞的生长和发育 [30]。一项对TNBC患者的研究结果表明,没有淋巴结转移的患者中AR+患者的OS和DFS较差,死亡和复发的风险是AR-患者的三倍 [31]。另一项研究表明,AR+患者比AR-患者更有可能发生疾病复发 [32]。这些结果表明AR可能在TNBC中起致癌作用,且AR的抑制可能抑制疾病的进展并降低疾病的侵袭性。

在全部类型的乳腺癌患者的研究中,我们发现AR+与患者的预后良好相关。在一项大型临床荟萃分析里(包括来自22项研究的10,004名乳腺癌患者和5860名AR阳性患者),在多因素分析中,AR+患者与所有乳腺癌患者的无病生存期(DFS)改善相关和更好的OS [33]。在另一项大型临床荟萃分析中(包括19项研究中的7693名患者),AR的表达与三年和五年的OS改善有关。三年内发生OS的绝对差异为6.7%,五年内的绝对差异为13.5% [34]。

4. AR激动剂及AR拮抗剂对乳腺癌的影响

4.1. AR激动剂抑制AR+/ER+乳腺癌肿瘤的生长

在上述的一项研究中,评估了两种不同的AR激动剂(DHT, Enobosarm)和一种AR拮抗剂(恩扎鲁胺)对AR+/ER+乳腺癌肿瘤的效果。两种AR激动剂在整个90天的病程中持续抑制肿瘤生长,治疗5天后增殖指数显著降低。相反,虽然AR拮抗剂在最开始抑制了肿瘤的生长,但效果并不是持续的;在治疗5天至后,AR拮抗剂治疗的肿瘤的增殖指数与对照组相比并没有明显的变化。两种AR激动剂可有效地拮抗ER调节基因的表达并诱导AR靶基因的表达,但AR拮抗剂不能。同时,当AR激动剂与CDK4/6抑制剂(帕博西利)同时给药时,会进一步抑制肿瘤生长,在治疗5天后收集的肿瘤的增殖指数中,联合治疗明显优于单用CDK4/6抑制剂治疗。因此AR激动剂与CDK4/6抑制剂的联合治疗是可行的,即使在对CDK4/6抑制剂产生获得性耐药的情况下也是如此 [17]。

4.2. AR拮抗剂抑制AR+/HER2+乳腺癌及AR+TNBC肿瘤的生长

在一项恩扎鲁胺对AR+/HER2+乳腺癌治疗效果的研究中显示,抑制AR会导致HER2磷酸化降低,激活下游信号通路ERK和AKT,从而起到抑制肿瘤生长的作用。在使用异种移植模型测试AR拮抗剂(恩扎鲁胺)的体内疗效时发现恩扎鲁胺对肿瘤生长的具有抑制作用。这些结果说明AR在肿瘤细胞的生长中起着关键作用,恩扎鲁胺对AR+/HER2+乳腺癌有明显的抑制作用。同时作为单一药物的恩扎鲁胺与曲妥珠单抗拥有一样的效果在对抑制AR+/HER2+乳腺癌肿瘤的生长方面。因此,使用恩扎鲁胺靶向AR可能是对曲妥珠单抗无效或产生曲妥珠单抗耐药的AR+/HER2+乳腺癌的一个有用的二线治疗 [35]。在另外一项研究中,研究者使用AR拮抗剂(比卡鲁胺)治疗AR+/HER2+乳腺癌,比卡鲁胺抑制AR从而阻断了雄激素刺激的致癌HER2/HER3信号通路,抑制了AR+/HER2+乳腺癌肿瘤的生长。由此可见,AR拮抗剂在AR+/HER2+乳腺癌中起着抑制肿瘤生长的作用 [36]。

对AR+、ER-和PR-的转移性乳腺癌患者进行每日口服比卡鲁胺的治疗,6个月后经评估,临床获益率为19%,这一结果表明比卡鲁胺可能具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,提示抗雄激素治疗可以作为AR+、ER−和PR−的转移性乳腺癌患者一种有效的治疗选择 [37]。在另一项临床试验中,评估恩扎鲁胺的治疗效果时,也得到相似的结果,即恩扎鲁胺的确有益于AR+TNBC患者的治疗 [38]。这些结果都表明AR拮抗剂可以抑制AR+TNBC肿瘤的生长。

5. 小结

本文就AR在乳腺癌不同亚型中的作用进行综述,对AR在乳腺癌中的预后价值作有了更深的了解,AR可能成为乳腺癌治疗的一个新靶点。在未来,我们预计AR检查将成为乳腺癌诊断和治疗的一种方法,类似于ER。

NOTES

*通讯作者Email: 300356@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn

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