Siewert II型食管胃结合部癌微创外科治疗的研究进展
Progress in Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment of Type Siewert II Esophagogastric Junction Carcinoma
摘要: 随着微创外科的迅猛发展,以及在食管胃结合部癌根治手术中的应用,对于手术医生带来了一些挑战,同时也为患者带来了更多的获益。由于Siewert II食管胃结合部腺癌位置及生物学行为的特殊性,目前对于Siewert II食管胃结合部腺癌的外科治疗方案尚存在较大分歧。本文通过回顾Siewert II食管胃结合部腺癌诊治相关的文献,对Siewert II型食管胃结合部腺癌微创外科治疗的研究进展进行综述。以期为Siewert II型食管胃结合部腺癌的外科治疗方案提供参考。
Abstract: With the rapid development of minimally invasive surgery and its application in radical surgery of esophagogastric junction cancer, it has brought some challenges to surgeons, but also brought more benefits to patients. Due to the special location and biological behavior of Siewert II adenocarcino-ma of the esophagogastric junction, there are still great differences in the surgical treatment of Siewert II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. In this paper, the research progress of minimally invasive surgery for Siewert type II esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma is re-viewed by reviewing the relevant literature on the diagnosis and treatment of Siewert type II esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma, in order to provide reference for the surgical treatment of Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction.
文章引用:谢宏宇. Siewert II型食管胃结合部癌微创外科治疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 749-754. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131108

1. 引言

近些年来食管胃结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, AEG)发病率在呈上升趋势 [1]。目前AEG分型中被普遍接受和应用的是由Siewert于1987年提出的Siewert分型 [2],依据肿瘤与食管胃结合部(esophagogastric junction, EGJ)的位置关系分为3型,即肿瘤侵犯EGJ,且肿瘤中心在EGJ上方1 cm~5 cm之间的为Siewert I型;肿瘤中心在EGJ上1 cm和下2 cm之间的为Siewert Ⅱ型;肿瘤中心在EGJ下方2 cm~5 cm之间的为Siewert Ⅲ型。国际抗癌联盟/美国癌症联合会(UICC/AJCC) TNM肿瘤分期及美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)指南均推荐Siewert Ⅱ型AEG分期应遵循食管癌标准 [3] [4]。

2. 手术入路及方式

针对Siewert Ⅱ型AEG的传统手术入路主要有经胸入路、经胸腹联合入路和经腹入路等,不同的术式入路具有不同的优缺点。日本的一项随机临床试验(JCOG9502)的研究者认为:在食管胃结合部腺癌的治疗中食管侵犯 ≤ 3 cm的Siewert Ⅱ型、Siewert Ⅲ型的应避免做经胸腹入路的切除手术 [5]。该试验虽然因为经左胸腹联合入路切除的疗效有限而在第一次中期分析后停止,但其结论在临床实践中却具有实际的指导意义。荷兰的一项随机对照试验通过比较经右胸腹(right thoracoabdominal, RTA)入路与经腹食管裂孔(transhiatal, TH)入路AEGⅠ/Ⅱ型患者的生存,分层分析结果显示在Siewert Ⅱ型中,两种入路的5年生存率无统计学差异 [6]。而一项关于Siewert Ⅱ、Ⅲ型AEG的手术入路的回顾性研究通过倾向性评分的结果显示:TH组的3年RFS明显优于RAT组(P = 0.019),且3年的总生存率也显著差异(57% vs 83%, P = 0.014) [7]。杨世界、陈龙奇等 [8] 对Siewert Ⅱ型AEG经胸与经腹入路手术的预后比较结论显示经腹入路手术总体生存倾向为优,尤其是Ⅲ期病例。经腹入路的优势可能在于因Siewert Ⅱ型AEG腹部淋巴结转移率更高,而且术中腹部淋巴结彻底清扫获益更多有关。韩国的KLASS-03 [9] 证实了腹腔镜全胃切除术包括食管空场吻合的安全性。日本JCOG1401试验的研究结果证实了腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术(laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy, LATG)和腹腔镜辅助近端胃切除术(laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy, LAPG)在近端胃癌治疗中的安全性,研究者认为如果JCOG0912试验的III期试验结果能够验证腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除术(Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy, LADG)的有效性,则LADG疗效的证据也可以验证 LATG/LAPG的有效性;随着JCOG0912的III期试验的结果的发表也证实了LADG在I期胃癌治疗中的非劣效性,这也证实了LATG/LAPG在近端胃癌的有效性 [10] [11]。一项关于Siewert Ⅱ型AEG经腹入路的腹腔镜手术与开腹手术的回顾性分析研究显示,腹腔镜手术与开腹手术相比术中出血量较少(11 vs 408 ml, p < 0.001)、纵膈淋巴结获检数较多(2 vs 1, p = 0.002)、手术时间少长(256 vs 226 min, p = 0.001);且术后住院时间、术后吻合口瘘、术后胰瘘等方面没有明显差异 [12]。黄昌明教授团队的一项针对Siewert Ⅱ、Ⅲ型AEG腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术(laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy, LATG)较开放全胃切除术(open total gastrectomy, OTG)回顾性研究显示:倾向性评分匹配前LATG较OTG在并发症、Siewert分型、肿瘤浸润深度方面有显著差异;匹配后在两组的临床病理特征无差异,此外观察到LATG在缩短手术时间、术后恢复饮食的时间、住院时间、手术失血、淋巴结的获检数量方面有明显优势;此外在Siewert Ⅱ型患者中LATG较OTG的3年总生存率(81.3 vs 66.4%; P = 0.011)及无病生存率(77.5 vs 63.8%; P = 0.040)更高。腹腔镜辅助手术使患者获益更多。其后续开展的一项前瞻性研究结果显示对于食管侵犯小于3 cm的Siewert Ⅱ型AEG患者行经左胸辅助孔和左侧纵膈全腹腔镜根治术是安全可行的 [13] [14]。关于腹腔镜全胃切除的相关研究结果显示:全腹腔镜全胃切除(totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy, TLTG)不劣于腹腔镜辅助全胃切除(laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy, LATG),且TLTG是改善生活质量(quality of life, QoL)的唯一共同独立因素 [15] [16]。腹腔镜手术的优势也更符合加速康复外科的理念。微创有助于降低手术并发症率和术后康复 [17]。

应用机器人手术系统行外科手术是微创外科发展的重要趋势。有研究表明:机器人辅助Siewert Ⅱ型AEG根治性全胃切除术是安全可行的,同时具有操作更精细、失血少、淋巴结清扫质量高等特点,尤其是膈下及下纵隔淋巴结清扫质量高。同时该研究结果显示机器人辅助组患者的住院费用偏高 [18]。目前,机器人手术费用昂贵,也是影响其推广应用的重要因素之一。随着国产机器人手术系统的上市与临床应用,这一问题可能得到缓解 [19]。

3. 淋巴结清扫

目前对于Siewert Ⅱ型AEG术中淋巴结切除范围尚缺乏统一标准。有研究表明淋巴结转移是影响Siewert Ⅱ型AEG患者术后的独立危险因素 [20]。日本的一项多中心回顾性研究结果显示:pT2-T4 Siewert Ⅱ型AEG的纵隔淋巴结转移与原发肿瘤近端离EGJ距离有一定关系,距离越远纵隔淋巴结转移率越高,当距离 > 3 cm,则下纵隔淋巴结转移率为30.6% [21]。一项关于肿瘤淋巴结转移的前瞻性多中心研究中,其研究对象为肿瘤中心位于EGJ上下2 cm以内的病例,研究者依据淋巴结转移转移率将各组淋巴结进行了分类:1类转移率大于10%(强烈建议清扫);2类转移率为5%至10% (弱推荐清扫);3类转移率小于5% (不推荐清扫)。研究结果显示:其中腺癌下纵隔淋巴结第110组总的转移率为9%,111组为3.7%,112组为1.9%,亚组分析结果显示食管浸润长度越长纵膈淋巴结转移率越高,当食管浸润长度 ≥ 2 cm时下纵膈淋巴结只有110组的转移率为>10%;腹部淋巴结中转移率 > 10%的1类淋巴结有胃周的No.1、No.2、No.3组和胰腺上缘的No.7、No.9、No.11p组;转移率在5%至10%之间的2类淋巴结有胰腺上缘的8a组和膈下的19组;转移率 < 5%的3类淋巴结中腹主动脉旁(16a2)组的转移率为4.7%;在新辅助化疗后腺癌和鳞癌的这些结果相似。依据肿瘤尺寸的亚组分析结果显示:如果肿瘤尺寸大于6 cm,淋巴结转移率至少为1类的有胃周的No.4d、No.5、No.6和No.16a2组淋巴结 [22]。此项数据所报道的是各组淋巴结的转移率,参照转移率来决定是否清扫区域淋巴结,已被新版的日本治疗指南引用,我们更期待此项数据随访结果的公布。一项纳入288例pT2-4期R0手术切除治疗的Siewert II型AEG患者的回顾性研究结果显示:当肿瘤远端与EGJ的距离 ≤ 3 cm时,No.4sb 、No.4d、No.5、No.6组淋巴结总的转移率为2.2%,当距离 > 5 cm时,上述淋巴结转移率为20.0%。当距离在3 cm至5 cm之间时,上述淋巴结转移率为8.0%,多变量分析显示,从EGJ到肿瘤远端的距离与No.4sb、No.4d、No.5、No.6组淋巴结的受累显著相关 [23]。在淋巴结清扫方面尤其是下纵隔淋巴结的清扫腹腔镜手术及机器人手术均有明显优势 [12] [13] [18]。为探索经TH径路腹腔镜淋巴结清扫的疗效,目前CLASS-10正在进行中。

4. 消化道重建

4.1. 近端胃切除术后消化道重建方式

近端胃切除术为保功能手术之一;起初的食管残胃吻合重建方式渐变、重建后的消化道通道符合生理,但术后反流性食管炎发生率较高;随着微创手术技术的发展,在腔镜手术中也容易完成。为预防和减低反流性食管炎的发生,目前具有抗反流作用的消化道重建方式如:双肌瓣吻合重建、双通道重建、间置空肠等均得到了广泛的推广应用。

目前双肌瓣吻合的抗反流效果比较肯定,但在术后的吻合口相关并发症中,吻合口狭窄较为常见。其中一项关于双肌瓣吻合重建的多中心回顾性研究结果显示:腹腔镜下行DFT重建是吻合口相关并发症的唯一独立危险因素 [24]。机器人手术操作系统在微创手术缝合方面具有独特优势,能够提高吻合重建的效率,且学习曲线相对较短,但在术中应注意防止食管胃吻合口缝针过多引起术后吻合口狭窄 [25]。

双通道吻合较间置空肠多了一条食物下行通路,明显缓解了术后的胃储留。杜建军教授 [26] 团队的一项小样本回顾性研究结果显示:对于上三分之一胃癌患者,全腹腔镜下近端胃切除术(totally laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy, TLPG)使用圆形吻合器双通道重建(The double-tract reconstruction, DTR)技术的平均手术时间216.1 ± 18.2 min;术后没有患者出现吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄等并发症;具有安全、可行、省时等优点。机器人手术在PG术后DTR中的可行性、安全性也已证实,同时还表现出了独特的优势,但长期效果仍需要进一步证实 [27]。

4.2. 全胃切除术后消化道重建

全胃切除术后消化道重建方式以经典的Roux-en-Y为主。LEE等的研究结果显示EGJ癌患者行TG也可以维持与PG相当的术后生活质量 [28]。韩国的一项关于食管空肠吻合(esophagojejunostomy, EJ)的单臂多中心二期临床试验KLASS03研究分为体外圆形吻合(extracorporeal circular stapling, EC)、体内圆形吻合(intracorporeal circular stapling, IC)及体内线型吻合(intracorporeal linear stapling, IL)三组,最终结果显示在腹腔镜全胃切除术中,体外圆形吻合器和体内线形吻合器安全可行 [29]。腹腔镜全胃切除术后食管空场π型吻合简便、安全,通过使用直线吻合器闭合共同开口的同时离断食管和空肠,既免去缝合步骤、降低手术难度,又可节省医疗费用 [30]。与腹腔镜全胃切除术相比,机器人全胃切除术可以降低所有并发症的发生率。使用这两种方法治疗的患者的存活率相当 [31]。

5. 展望

随着对EGJ癌生物学行为研究的深入,对AEG的外科治疗手段也更加丰富并已见成效。微创手术是未来外科手术的方向,尤其在淋巴结清扫方面优势明显。但未来对SiewertⅡ型AEG的外科治疗仍需要一些高质量的循证医学证据进一步标准化。

参考文献

[1] Wild, C.P., Weiderpass, E. and Stewart, B.W. (2020) World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. IARC Publications, Lyon.
[2] Siewert, J.R., Hölscher, A.H., Becker, K. and Gössner, W. (1987) [Cardia Cancer: At-tempt at a Therapeutically Relevant Classification]. Chirurg, 58, 25-32. (In German)
[3] Sos, J.E., Quiles, L.G. and Maiocchi, K. (2019) The 8th Edition of the AJCC-TNM Classification: New Contributions to the Staging of Esoph-agogastric Junction Cancer. Cirugía Española (English Edition), 97, 432-437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cireng.2019.09.004
[4] Ajani, J.A., D’amico, T.A., Bentrem, D.J., et al. (2019) Esopha-geal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 17, 855-883.
https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.0033
[5] Kurokawa, Y., Sasako, M., Sano, T., et al. (2015) Ten-Year Fol-low-up Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Left Thoracoabdominal and Abdominal Transhiatal Ap-proaches to Total Gastrectomy for Adenocarcinoma of the Oesophagogastric Junction or Gastric Cardia. British Journal of Surgery, 102, 341-348.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9764
[6] Omloo, J.M., Lagarde, S.M., Hulscher, J.B., et al. (2007) Extended Trans-thoracic Resection Compared with Limited Transhiatal Resection for Adenocarcinoma of the Mid/Distal Esophagus: Five-Year Survival of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Annals of Surgery, 246, 992-1000.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815c4037
[7] Xing, J., Liu, M., Xu, K., et al. (2020) Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes Following Transhiatal versus Right Thoracoabdominal Resection of Siewert Type II Adenocarci-noma of the Esophagogastric Junction. Cancer Management and Research, 12, 11813-11821.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S275569
[8] 杨世界, 袁勇, 胡皓源, 等. SiewertII型食管胃结合部腺癌经胸与经腹入路手术的预后比较——胸外科与胃肠外科联合数据分析[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2019, 22(2): 132-142.
[9] Hyung, W.J., Yang, H.K., Han, S.U., et al. (2019) A Feasibility Study of Laparoscopic Total Gastrecto-my for Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Multi-Center Phase II Clinical Trial, KLASS 03. Gastric Cancer, 22, 214-222.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-018-0864-4
[10] Katai, H., Mizusawa, J., Katayama, H., et al. (2019) Single-Arm Confirmatory Trial of Laparoscopy-Assisted Total or Proximal Gastrectomy with Nodal Dissection for Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG1401. Gastric Cancer, 22, 999-1008.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-019-00929-9
[11] Katai, H., Mizusawa, J., Katayama, H., et al. (2020) Survival Outcomes after Laparoscopy-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy versus Open Distal Gastrectomy with Nodal Dissection for Clinical Stage IA or IB Gastric Cancer (JCOG0912): A Multicentre, Non-Inferiority, Phase 3 Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 5, 142-151.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30332-2
[12] Sugita, S., Kinoshita, T., Kaito, A., Watanabe, M. and Suna-gawa, H. (2018) Short-Term Outcomes after Laparoscopic versus Open Transhiatal Resection of Siewert Type II Ade-nocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction. Surgical Endoscopy, 32, 383-390.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5687-6
[13] Huang, C.M., Lv, C.B., Lin, J.X., et al. (2017) Laparoscop-ic-Assisted versus Open Total Gastrectomy for Siewert Type II and III Esophagogastric Junction Carcinoma: A Propen-sity Score-Matched Case-Control Study. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 3495-503.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5375-y
[14] Huang, Y., Liu, G., Wang, X., et al. (2021) Safety and Feasibility of Total Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Siewert Type II Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma through the Left Diaphragm and Left Thoracic Auxiliary Hole. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 19, Article No. 73.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-021-02183-9
[15] Kim, E.Y., Choi, H.J., Cho, J.B. and Lee, J. (2016) Totally Lap-aroscopic Total Gastrectomy versus Laparoscopically Assisted Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Anticancer Re-search, 36, 1999-2003.
[16] Park, S.-H., Suh, Y.-S., Kim, T.-H., et al. (2021) Postoperative Morbidity and Quality of Life between Totally Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy and Laparoscopy-Assisted Total Gastrectomy: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis. BMC Cancer, 21, Article No. 1016.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08744-1
[17] Mariette, C., Markar, S.R., Dabakuyo-Yonli, T.S., et al. (2019) Hybrid Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 152-162.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1805101
[18] 王道胜, 曹守根, 谭晓杰, 等. 机器人与腹腔镜辅助手术对SiewertII型食管胃结合部腺癌淋巴结清扫及近期结局的影响[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2019, 22(2): 156-163.
[19] 中国研究型医院学会机器人与腹腔镜外科专业委员会. 中国抗癌协会胃癌专业委员会. 机器人胃癌手术中国专家共识(2021版) [J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(1): 1-9.
[20] Feng, F., Tian, Y.Z., Xu, G.H., et al. (2016) The Length of Proximal Margin Does Not Influence the Prognosis of Siewert Type II/III Adenocarcinoma of Esophagogastric Junction after Transhiatal Curative Gastrectomy. SpringerPlus, 5, Article No. 588.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2240-3
[21] Yoshikawa, T., Takeuchi, H., Hasegawa, S., et al. (2016) Theoretical Therapeutic Impact of Lymph Node Dissection on Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction. Gastric Cancer, 19, 143-149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-014-0439-y
[22] Kurokawa, Y., Takeuchi, H., Doki, Y., et al. (2021) Mapping of Lymph Node Metastasis from Esophagogastric Junction Tumors: A Prospective Nationwide Multicenter Study. Annals of Surgery, 274, 120-127.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003499
[23] Mine, S., Kurokawa, Y., Takeuchi, H., et al. (2015) Distri-bution of Involved Abdominal Lymph Nodes Is Correlated with the Distance from the Esophagogastric Junction to the Distal End of the Tumor in Siewert Type II Tumors. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 41, 1348-1353.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2015.05.004
[24] Kuroda, S., Choda, Y., Otsuka, S., et al. (2019) Multicenter Retro-spective Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of the Double-Flap Technique as Antireflux Esophagogastrostomy af-ter Proximal Gastrectomy (rD-FLAP Study). Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery, 3, 96-103.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12216
[25] Shibasaki, S., Suda, K., Nakauchi, M., et al. (2017) Robotic Valvuloplastic Esophagogastrostomy Using Double Flap Technique Following Proximal Gastrectomy: Technical Aspects and Short-Term Outcomes. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 4283-4297.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5489-x
[26] Hu, J., Zhao, L.Z., Xue, H.Y., Zhang, Z.Q. and Du, J.J. (2020) Predominant Classic Circular-Stapled Double-Tract Recon-struction after Totally Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy: Safe, Feasible, Time-Saving Anastomoses by Technical Tie-up. Surgical Endoscopy, 34, 5181-5187.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07824-w
[27] Ojima, T., Naka-mura, M., Hayata, K. and Yamaue, H. (2021) Robotic Double Tract Reconstruction after Proximal Gastrectomy for Gas-tric Cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 28, 1445-1446.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09015-2
[28] Lee, S.-W., Kaji, M., Uenosono, Y., et al. (2022) The Evaluation of the Postoperative Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Radical Gastrectomy for Esophagogastric Junction Cancer Using the Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45: A Nationwide Multi-Institutional Study. Surgery Today, 52, 832-843.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-021-02400-8
[29] Yang, H.-K., Hyung, W.J., Han, S.-U., et al. (2021) Comparison of Surgical Outcomes among Different Methods of Esophagojejunostomy in Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Clinical Stage I Proximal Gastric Cancer: Results of a Single-Arm Multicenter Phase II Clinical Trial in Korea, KLASS 03. Sur-gical Endoscopy, 35, 1156-1163.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07480-0
[30] 刘洋, 孟化, 李梦伊, 等. 食管空肠π形Roux-en-Y吻合术在全腹腔镜全胃切除术中的应用价值[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2018, 17(6): 626-30.
[31] Hikage, M., Fujiya, K., Ka-miya, S., et al. (2022) Comparisons of Surgical Outcomes between Robotic and Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy in Pa-tients with Clinical Stage I/IIA Gastric Cancer. Surgical Endoscopy, 36, 5257-5266.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08903-2