肝硬化门静脉血栓危险因素研究进展
Progress in the Risk Factors of Portal Vein Thrombosis with Liver Cirrhosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131117, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 156  浏览: 221 
作者: 张宇航*:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;青海大学附属医院,青海 西宁;樊海宁#:青海大学附属医院,青海 西宁
关键词: 门静脉血栓危险因素综述Portal Vein Thrombosis Risk Factors Review
摘要: 中国是肝炎大国,当出现临床症状时,往往已是肝硬化后期。门静脉血栓是肝硬化的并发症之一。肝硬化的病人发生门静脉血栓的风险是普通人群的7倍。据不完全统计,大约有1/10的肝硬化患者患有门静脉血栓。血栓的形成,加重了门静脉高压的程度,严重影响了肝硬化的进程,对肝硬化人群的生命健康存在极大的威胁。早期识别门静脉血栓形成的危险因素,有助于对高危人群进行监测,尽早启动预防等相关治疗措施,使患者获益最大化。笔者通过回顾国内外门静脉血栓危险因素的相关文献,对最新的研究现状进行综述。
Abstract: China is a large country with hepatitis, and when clinical symptoms appear, it is often in the late stage of cirrhosis. Portal vein thrombosis is one of the complications of cirrhosis. Patients with cir-rhosis have a 7 times higher risk of portal vein thrombosis than the general population. According to incomplete statistics, about 1/10 of patients with cirrhosis have portal vein thrombosis. The for-mation of thrombus aggravates the degree of portal hypertension, seriously affects the process of cirrhosis, and causes a great threat to the life and health of people with cirrhosis. Early identifica-tion of risk factors for portal vein thrombosis can help to monitor high-risk groups and initiate pre-ventive and other related treatment measures as early as possible to maximize the benefit of pa-tients. By reviewing the literature on risk factors for portal vein thrombosis at home and abroad, the author reviews the latest research status.
文章引用:张宇航, 樊海宁. 肝硬化门静脉血栓危险因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 806-811. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131117

1. 引言

门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)门静脉左、右分支发生血栓,伴或不伴肠系膜静脉和脾静脉血栓形成 [1]。我国专家共识建议 [1] 将肝硬化PVT分为“急性症状性”和“非急性症状性”。急性症状性通常表现为腹痛、腹胀、腹泻、发热等急腹症。非急性症状性通常表现为消化道出血、腹水、黄疸、门静脉高压和肝功能受损。严重者可出现急性肠坏死,甚至死亡。但仍有部分病人表现为无症状。其症状主要与血栓的部位、程度、范围相关 [1]。PVT的诊断依靠影像学,一般在体检和肝癌筛查中发现 [1]。同时共识中明确提出缺少可以预测肝硬化PVT风险模型,故本文对肝硬化PVT危险因素作一综述,为临床医师诊疗提供参考。

2. 人群特征

我们关注了肝硬化人群年龄、性别、以及肝硬化程度。Ageno等人一项大型队列研究显示 [2] PVT患者的平均年龄为61岁(P < 0.001,中位数为64岁),PVT的男性发病率为3.78例/10万居民,女性为1.73例/10万居民,男性比女性高出2倍。Cruz等人 [3] 的研究表明肝硬化PVT患者的平均年龄超过65岁。Alhaddad等人 [4] 关于1000例HCV感染相关肝硬化PVT研究表明,男性是女性风险的2.066倍(95% CI 1.109~3.849)。Zhang等人 [5] 的前瞻性研究表明非急性失代偿性肝硬化患者的发病率为5.24%,而急性失代偿肝硬化患者有更高的发病率,为9.36%。门静脉作为肝脏的门户,血栓可能加重了肝硬化的程度,同时失代偿期肯能更容易引起凝血功能的紊乱,增加血栓形成的风险。可见,男性和急性失代偿肝硬化患者有较高的风险。

3. 病因

众所周知,HBV、HCV感染是肝硬化的常见病因。病毒感染会通过多种机制影响机体内抗凝系统,抑制纤维蛋白溶解和组织因子(Tissue Factor, TF)介导的凝血酶生成 [6],增加了血栓形成的风险。东南亚的一项研究表明 [7] 40岁以上的患者(44/145, 30.3%) HBV感染作为PVT最重要的危险因素,HCV感染发生PVT频率相对较低。Chen等人的研究表明 [8] 病毒性肝炎是肝硬化PVT的最常见病因因素,约占90%,其中HBV占85% (34/40)、HCV占5% (2/40)。此外,PVT患者中也有巨细胞病毒 [9] 和EB病毒 [10] 相关报道。目前国内外从病毒感染所致肝硬化PVT方面的研究数量有限,未来需要进一步证实病毒感染是否是PVT的高危因素,以及哪种病毒在肝硬化合并PVT中起更多的作用。

4. 实验室相关指标

肝硬化患者较健康人群,体内的抗凝与凝血系统已发生改变,传统的凝血指标已不能准确的反应血液状态。目前肝硬化PVT的血清学预测指标主要包括D-二聚体 [8] [11]、P-选择素 [12]、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF) [13]、纤维蛋白原(FIB) [14]、血管性血友病因子裂解酶-13 (ADAMTS-13) [15]。吕等人的研究表明 [11] D-二聚体的水平越高,肝硬化PVT的发生率越高,作为PVT独立危险因素(OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.293~3.339, P = 0.003),D-二聚体是血栓形成的经典标志物之一。Wei等人的研究表明 [12] P-选择素对肝硬化PVT有较高的预测作用,P-选择素水平阳性预测值最高91.0%,诊断符合率83.3%,P-选择素是一种在血小板和内皮细胞表面表达的糖蛋白,反映血小板活化和功能状态。Wei等人的研究也表明了D-二聚体在PVT预测方面有一定价值。其研究主要针对脾切除术后的PVT。姚等人的研究 [13] 通过对比PVT组和肝硬化无血栓组血浆VEGF水平,PVT组浓度明显更高。分析结果显示VEGF为肝硬化合并PVT的独立危险因素(OR 1.004,95% CI: 1.003~1.006, P = 0.013)。解等人的研究表明 [14] PVT组与无PVT组患者血浆FIB随着肝功能恶性级别的增加均呈下降趋势,而PVT组患者血浆FIB明显低于无PVT组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。ADAMTS-13在抗血栓方面发挥着重要作用 [16]。李等人的研究,通过对血清ADAMTS-13表达水平的检测,表明 [15] 血清ADAMTS-13表达水平与肝硬化合并门静脉血栓患者的预后密切相关,表达水平越高,通常预后较好。此外,血栓弹力图(TEG)可提供比常规检查(凝血常规实验)更全面的整体凝血评估,特别是在肝硬化凝血功能障碍时 [17]。徐等人的研究 [18] 表明TEG中的最大振幅(MA)低为肝硬化伴PVT的独立危险因素,可以较好地预测PVT形成。刘等人关于血栓弹力图的 [19] 研究表明R值 > 5.58 min、K值 > 4.85 min且FDP > 2.40 mg/L、D-二聚体 > 1.45 mg/L时更应警惕肝硬化患者PVT的发生。关于实验室指标作为预测的金标准,国内外还未形成统一共识。未来需要研究更加准确预测PVT的标志物。

5. 影像学相关因素

近年来随着影像学技术的进步,PVT的检出率增高。影像学作为诊断PVT的标准,还应该通过影像学的指标来预测PVT的发生发展。肝硬化PVT的筛查首选多普勒超声 [1],Yerdel等人报道 [20],敏感度与特异度分别为73%和99%。其优点是便捷经济,简单操作,但易受腹水、肠内气体、体位等因素影响。检查方法还包括增强CT、MRI、血管造影,较多普勒超声更为准确,但同时需要更高的费用及技术支持。影像学可以观察门静脉的结构以及血流状态。血流速度减低是血栓形成重要原因之一。多项研究表明,门静脉流速小于15 cm/s是PVT的重要预测因素 [21] [22] [23]。此外,赵等人研究显示 [24] 门静脉直径增加是肝硬化患者PVT发生的危险因素。通过超声检测了66例PVT组和350例非PVT组患者的门静脉直径,两组对比(14.02 ± 3.03 VS 10.81 ± 1.12),门静脉直径 > 12.5 mm时,预测敏感性和特异性分别为78%和82%。脾脏体积增加 [21] 可能也是PVT的危险因素。目前主要关注较多的是门静脉流速的减低,未来需要从门静脉结构组分等更多角度预测PVT的形成。

6. 手术相关因素

手术是肝硬化PVT形成的重要局部因素。手术操作相关因素中最常见、PVT发生率最高的是脾切除术。肝硬化脾切除术患者并发PVT可高达40% [25]。Wu等人的meta分析 [26] 关于54项研究行探讨了肝硬化患者脾切除后PVT的发生率,涉及5097例患者,共有1188例发生了血栓,PVT的总发生率为24.6% (95% CI 20.2%~29.3%)。开放式脾切除术和腹腔镜脾切除术后分别为25.5%和30.2%。明显高于肝硬化PVT的平均患病率。行脾切除术的患者,手术对门静脉系统血管造成损伤,另一方面门静脉血流减少,血流动力学改变,以及二氧化碳气腹造成腹部血液循环重新分布,均增加PVT形成的风险。此外,肝切除术 [27]、胰腺切除术 [28]、脾动脉栓塞术 [29],以及胃肠道手术 [30] 均会增加肝硬化PVT的风险。临床医师在面对肝硬化的患者需要手术操作时,应特别注意PVT的形成,术后对于严重腹痛的病人要及时排除PVT。

7. 遗传相关因素

遗传因素也与PVT形成有关,主要包括凝血因子V Leiden突变(FVL)、凝血酶G20210A突变、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因(MTHFR 677TT) [31] [32]。一项关于易栓基因与肝硬化PVT的meta分析显示 [31],其中8项研究FVL、7项研究凝血酶G20210A突变、3项研究MTHFR 677TT,总体患病率分别为6.7%、5.4%、17.3%。发生PVT的肝硬化患者FVL患病率增加,OR为1.98 (95% CI, 1.06~3.68; P = 0.03)。凝血酶原G20210A也增加了PVT机率,OR为2.43 (95% CI, 1.07~5.53; P = 0.03)。MTHFR C677T突变是最常见的易栓症,在整个队列中患病率为17.3%,有趣的是MTHFR C677T与肝硬化中的PVT没有关(OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.66~3.55; P = 0.32)。有报道表明 [32] 凝血酶原G20210A基因和FVL欧洲人群常见,携带者的PVT风险增加4到5倍。

8. 总结

门静脉作为肝脏的重要营养通道,其重要性不言而喻。肝硬化PVT治疗的难点在于抗凝治疗的同时往往面临着消化道出血的风险,这种病理状态是矛盾的。通过患者基本临床特征、实验室检查及影像学检查等相关数据,及时地判断出肝硬化患者PVT形成风险的大小是重要的。了解和早期识别血栓形成的危险因素,有利于临床医师对高危人群的判断,可以更加准确地把控随访时间窗,在疾病诊疗和预防上,牢牢占据主动地位。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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