HBVRNA在慢乙肝中临床应用的研究进展
Research Progress in the Clinical Application of HBV RNA in Chronic Hepatitis B
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131130, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 287  浏览: 397 
作者: 颜 涛*, 易建华#:华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院,湖北 武汉
关键词: HBVRNA慢乙肝血清标志物HBVRNA Chronic Hepatitis B Serum Marker
摘要: 血清中的HBVRNA是肝细胞内共价环状闭合DNA (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA)的直接转录体,其实质是核衣壳内未经转录的前基因组RNA (pregenomic RNA, pgRNA),转而以病毒颗粒样的方式释放进入血液循环,形成“HBV RNA颗粒”。近年来许多研究表明HBV RNA在监测抗病毒治疗效果、指导停药及预测复发、预测HBeAg血清学转换等方面有重要作用,是慢性乙型病毒性肝炎的一种潜在的新兴病毒学标志物。
Abstract: HBV RNA in serum is a direct transcript of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in liver cells. Its essence is untranslated pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) in the nucleocapsid, which is released into the blood circulation in a virus particle like manner, forming “HBV RNA particles”. In recent years, many studies have shown that HBV RNA plays an important role in monitoring the effect of antiviral therapy, guiding drug withdrawal, predicting relapse, and predicting HBeAg seroconversion. It is a potential emerging viral marker of chronic hepatitis B.
文章引用:颜涛, 易建华. HBVRNA在慢乙肝中临床应用的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 899-903. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131130

1. 背景

慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(Chronic Hepatitis B, CHB)是导致肝功能衰竭、肝硬化和肝细胞癌的主要病因之一。在全球范围内,约2.5亿人患有慢性HBV感染,每年有近100万人死于慢性乙型肝炎所导致的相关并发症。 [1] [2] 目前抗乙型病毒性肝炎的治疗主要是通过(聚乙二醇)干扰素和核苷(酸)类似物(NA)两类药物来实现,但由于肝细胞核内持续存在的cccDNA,这两种抗病毒治疗都不能使慢乙肝达到完全治愈, [3] [4] 而只能追求临床治愈,即停止治疗后仍保持HBsAg阴性(伴或不伴抗-HBs出现)、HBV DNA检测不到、肝脏生物化学指标正常、肝脏组织病变改善。想要准确测出感染肝细胞内的cccDNA水平必须进行肝活检,由于这是一个侵袭性操作,且HBV cccDNA在肝内呈不均匀分布,无法在临床上常规开展。近年来的研究表明,血清中的HBV RNA直接来源于cccDNA,可以较好地反应cccDNA水平,这使得它成为了判断乙型肝炎病毒感染、治疗和预后新兴的病毒学标志物。

2. HBV RNA的来源

HBV属嗜肝病毒科(Hepatophilidae),是一种小的DNA包膜病毒,其生命周期始于病毒粒子与肝细胞受体牛磺胆酸钠共转运多肽(Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide Stcp)结合,然后含有病毒松弛环状DNA (Relaxed circular DNA, RcDNA)的核衣壳释放到肝细胞,接着RcDNA被转运到细胞核,在那里它通过一系列尚未完全了解的机制被转化为cccDNA。 [5] CccDNA作为转录模板,转录成4种不同功能的RNA,其中就包括能翻译HBcAg和HBV聚合酶的pgRNA [6]。pgRNA在细胞质中和HBV聚合酶一起与核心蛋白结合形成核衣壳,并在核衣壳内进行逆转录产生rcDNA,含有rcDNA的成熟核衣壳与细胞多泡体处的病毒包膜结合,分泌后代病毒颗粒,或是被运回细胞核形成cccDNA。 [7]

3. 血清HBV RNA的检测技术

由于cccDNA的检测需要进行肝活检,无法在临床上常规展开,自从研究表明HBVRNA与cccDNA相关性好,可直接反映cccDNA的活性后,如何快速准确地检测HBVRNA一直是世界范围内研究人员关注的重点问题。目前HBV RNA检测方法主要是cDNA末端扩增(Rapid Amplification of eDNA Ends, RACE)、荧光核酸恒温扩增试验(Simultaneous Amplification Testing, SAT)、定量反转录-聚合酶链反应(Quantitative reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction, Qrt-PCR)、逆转录液滴数字聚合酶链反应(Reverse Transcriptase droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, RT-ddPCR)等技术。其中RACE技术是基于PCR技术基础上由已知的一段cDNA片段,利用锚式PCR,快速扩增cDNA末端从而获得已知mRNA内一段小序列与3'或5'的cDNA序列技术,其出现时间早,但只能检测带poly A尾的RNA。SAT则是将新一代的核酸恒温扩增技术和实时荧光检测技术相结合的一种新型核酸检测技术,具有扩增效率高、反应时间短、反应条件简单、操作简便、高灵敏度、高特异性、低污染、反应稳定等优点。qRT-PCR是利用针对HBVpgRNA序列设计的一对接头引物和一条特异性荧光探针(TaqMan探针),实现对HBVpgRNA的定量检测,被许多的临床检验分子诊断公司所采用。RT-ddPCR是统聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法的改进,由于RT-ddPCR的绝对定量不需要校准曲线,在低病毒载量的HBeAg阴性感染者中,RT⁃ddPCR技术可以提高血清HBV RNA检测的灵敏度和特异性 [8] [9]。需要指出的是目前尚无标准化的血清HBVRNA检测方法,需要进一步的基础研究和检测,如Northern印迹和单分子RNA直接测序等,以加深对血清HBVRNA分子生物学的认识,从而有助于建立准确可靠的血清HBVRNA检测方法。

4. HBV RNA的临床应用价值

4.1. HBV RNA反映抗病毒疗效

许多研究已经表明,血清HBVRNA可以作为监测抗病毒治疗(如NAS和干扰素-α)疗效的有用标记物 [10] [11] [12] [13]。一项对52例接受NAS治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者的研究表明,治疗12周时血清HBVRNA水平低可以预测初始病毒学应答。 [13] 大部分CHB患者在接受长期抗病毒治疗后,HBVDNA就会阴转或是处于低病毒血症状态,而HBVRNA可以作为一个有效的指标代替HBVDNA来反映cccDNA的转录活性。 [14] [15] [16]

4.2. HBV RNA可以指导NAS停药及评估停药后复发风险

核苷(酸)类似物(NAS)是目前主流的两种抗病毒治疗的药物之一,主要通过直接抑制乙型肝炎病毒复制,快速降低HBVDNA载量来达到抗病毒效果,但其诱导的免疫应答持续时间不长且停药后容易复发,如何安全停用NAs仍是尚待研究和解决的问题。不少研究都表明HBV RNA病毒颗粒可能是监测NA治疗安全中断的潜在生物标志物。 [17] [18] 最近四川大学华西医院的一项研究表明HBV pgRNA ≤ 50拷贝/ml组比HBV pgRNA阴性组停药后复发的风险高2.316倍(HR = 2.316, 95% CI: 1.047~5.126, P = 0.038)。HBV-pgRNA > 50拷贝/ml组停药后复发的风险是HBV-pgRNA阴性组的3.45倍(HR = 3.450, 95% CI: 1.338~8.892, P = 0.010),即停药前血清HBV pgRNA阴性的患者停药后复发风险相对较低,HBV pgRNA > 50拷贝/ml的患者不推荐停药。 [19] 从理论上讲,血清HBVRNA最有希望的临床应用领域是对复发和持续应答的预测,特别是停药后HBsAg的丢失。然而,需要更大样本量的额外研究来进一步评估HBV RNA在预测HBV复发和停用NAS治疗后的持续应答中的作用。

4.3. HBV RNA可以预测HBeAg血清学转换

HBeAg血清学转换是指既往HBeAg阳性的患者HBeAg消失,抗-HBe出现,是抗病毒治疗的重要中间结果。有研究表明在NAS治疗48周后仍保持HBV pgRNA阳性的患者未达到HBeAg清除的风险增加,需要更多时间来实现HBeAg清除和不可检测的HBV DNA负荷。 [20] [21] 一项接受96个月核苷酸类似物治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者研究提示基线血清pgRNA可作为NAs治疗期间HBeAg血清转换的新预测因子。 [22] 而另一项针对慢乙肝儿童治疗的研究提示第12周和第24周的HBV RNA水平显示出良好的预测HBeAg血清转换的能力(ROC评分下面积 > 0.85,P < 0.001)。 [23] 也有研究表明在用聚乙二醇干扰素治疗慢乙肝时治疗第12周和第24周的HBV RNA水平显示出良好的预测HBeAg血清转换的能力(ROC评分下面积 > 0.75,P < 0.001)。HBV RNA截止值 > 5.5 log10拷贝/mL在第12周时鉴定出30%的无应答者(阴性预测值 > 90%)。 [12] 但目前研究样本较小,有待于今后大样本HBeAg血清转换患者的研究进一步验证。

5. 总结

综上所述,血清HBVRNA有可能成为慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的新标志物。越来越多的证据支持其在反映抗病毒疗效、评估NAS停药后复方风险等方面有重要作用,并可能成为接受NAS治疗的病毒抑制患者中cccDNA活性更好的替代标志物。虽然不同研究的血清HBVRNA检测方法不同,但已显示出初步的临床意义。因此,需要进行更广泛的研究,以进一步确定血清HBVRNA的分子生物学特征,并评估其临床潜力。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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