术前NLR在常见恶性肿瘤中的研究
Study of Preoperative NLR in Common Malignancies
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.133414, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 180  浏览: 302 
作者: 热米拉·艾海提, 张瑞丽:新疆医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤内科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: NLR肿瘤预后NLR Cancer Prognosis
摘要: 近年来NLR因其易于获取及价格低廉从而广泛引起广大临床工作者的兴趣,并取得了显著成果。近年来越来越多的研究证实,NLR的升高与恶性肿瘤患者的不良预后相关。本文就NLR在肾细胞癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、结直肠癌中的最新研究进展进行综述。
Abstract: In recent years, NLR has aroused the interest of clinicians because of its easy access and low price, and has achieved remarkable results. In recent years, more and more studies have confirmed that elevated NLR is associated with poor prognosis in patients with malignant tumors. This article re-views the latest research progress of NLR in renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
文章引用:热米拉·艾海提, 张瑞丽. 术前NLR在常见恶性肿瘤中的研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(3): 2926-2931. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133414

1. 引言

从生物学上讲,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(Netrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)是全身性炎症的标志物,并且可能反映了恶性肿瘤背景下免疫系统的平衡。已有研究表明,炎症反应与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,导致肿瘤细胞增殖、促进血管生成、抑制细胞凋亡和肿瘤转移 [1] 。中性粒细胞计数被认为反映了炎症微环境,进而具有促进肿瘤的活性,包括癌细胞存活和增殖,血管生成和转移,以及对适应性免疫反应的颠覆 [2] 。而且,中性粒细胞可能间接改变肿瘤微环境以促进癌症转移,中性粒细胞在多种癌症类型的免疫浸润中占相当大的比例,包括肺癌、乳腺癌和胃癌、黑色素瘤等 [3] 。淋巴细胞是癌症进展的有效抑制剂,它们的存在,尤其是在肿瘤微环境中,被认为反映了宿主的免疫力 [4] 。作为全身炎症反应指标之一的NLR是近年来的研究热点,随着相关研究的涌现,诸多研究者证明了NLR水平升高表明着自身炎性反应增加和机体抗肿瘤能力减弱,已被证实在一些实体瘤中,NLR升高与预后不良有关。Templeton AJ等人 [5] 进行的一项META分析共纳入100项研究,包括40,559例实体瘤患者,评估NLR对预后的影响,其结果显示:NLR的临界值为4,NLR大于临界值与OS的风险比为1.81 (95% CI = 1.67~1.97; P < 0.001),在所有疾病亚组、部位和阶段中都观察到这种效应,NLR大于CSS、PFS和DFS界值的风险比分别为1.61、1.63和2.27 (均P < 0.001)。NLR是一种易于获得且廉价的生物标志物,将其添加到已建立的预后评分中用于临床决策值得进一步研究。由于该指标易于获得且价格低廉从而广泛引起研究,并以此来预测肿瘤患者的预后,本文就全身炎症指标NLR与高发恶性肿瘤的预后研究进展作一综述。

2. NLR与肿瘤的预后

2.1. NLR与肾细胞癌的预后

肾细胞癌是常见的泌尿系统肿瘤之一,也是全球最常见的十大肿瘤之一。近年来其发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势 [6] 。若通过影像学检查早期发现肾细胞癌,长期生存率一般都很好,而当肾细胞癌出现症状时,预后较差 [7] 。然而,目前仍未发现可靠的适合临床应用的生物标志物,目前除影像学检查外,尚无有效的方法对肾细胞癌进行早期诊断及预后判断。因此,为了改善肾细胞癌患者的预后,有必要寻找有效的预处理生物标志物来监测、诊断和治疗该疾病。越来越多的证据表明,免疫反应和全身炎症是人类癌症发生发展的关键组成部分 [8] 。De Martin [9] 等人的研究表明,NLR是患者手术后无进展生存率的独立预后因子,它显着提高了判断预后因素的准确性,每增加1.0倍,复发风险增加15% (HR 1.15, P < 0.028),多因素分析显示TNM组(HR 2.84, P < 0.025)、Fuhrman分级(HR 3.40, P < 0.001)和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(HR 1.17, P < 0.022)与无病生存率独立相关。增加中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比率,使预测无病生存率的基础模型的准确性从78.8%提高到80.8%,NLR可为患者术后辅助治疗和临床试验设计提供有意义参考。W Yong等 [10] 进行的META分析显示,NLR升高预示着更差的预后。亚组分析显示,肾细胞癌NLR高的患者OS低,且肾细胞癌、膀胱癌和尿路上皮癌中RFS/CSS差。Tollefson等研究人员发现,术前NLR升高也与肿瘤复发风险(HR = 1.04)、肿瘤特异性死亡率(HR = 1.04)和全因死亡率(HR = 1.03)显著增加相关,NLR增加1个单位,则复发风险、肿瘤特异性死亡率和全因死亡率分别增加4%、4%和3%。而在RCC领域中,Ohno等人发表了第一个有关NLR可作为评估RCC预后指标的报告。迄今为止,在已发表的研究中,包括RCC [11] 或其亚型ccRCC [12] 的研究发现在多因素分析中,治疗前后NLR的变化具有统计学意义。Pichler等 [13] 证实术前NLR是非转移性ccRCC患者的独立预后因素。郭晓波 [14] 的研究结果显示,NLR是影响肾癌患者预后的独立危险因素。

2.2. NLR与膀胱癌的预后

膀胱癌是一种高度流行的疾病,在全球范围内,估计每年有超过40万例新发病例和16.5万人死亡 [15] 。在西方国家,约75%诊断为膀胱癌的患者为非肌肉侵袭性膀胱癌(Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, NMIBC) [16] ,经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(Transurethral resection of bladder tumor, TURBT)加膀胱辅助灌注治疗是非肌肉侵袭性膀胱癌的治疗标准 [17] 。为了改善个性化护理,预后模型已被开发,以帮助在日常临床决策。这些模型基于标准的临床病理特征,如T分期、分级、多灶性、性别、肿瘤直径、复发率和伴随的原位癌 [18] 。但模型的预测准确性在护理提供方面仍未达到最佳水平 [19] 。炎症在癌症中的作用被越来越多的研究,以帮助揭示癌的发生、抵抗和进展/转移的机制。在预后炎症标志物中,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)是研究最广泛的。一项荟萃分析 [20] 显示,在膀胱癌中,术前NLR被发现与无疾病复发(RFS) (风险比,HR = 1.58)和无进展生存(PFS) (HR = 1.33)相关。有研究发现术前NLR高与TURBT后疾病复发独立相关,在多变量分析中,较高的术前NLR预测更差的RFS [21] 。

2.3. NLR与前列腺癌的预后

前列腺癌是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是男性癌症死亡的原因之一 [22] 。中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)是一些实体恶性肿瘤的独立预后因素,包括前列腺癌 [23] 。之前的研究也表明,在接受醋酸阿比特龙治疗的去势抵抗性前列腺癌(CRPC)患者中,NLR较高的组与NLR较低的组相比,无复发和总生存期较差 [24] 。Kumano [25] 进行的一项MATE分析,将患者分为两组:NLR较高组(≥2.14; n = 71)和低NLR组(<2.14; n = 35),其结果显示:CRPC患者中NLR较高与死亡风险增加相关(HR: 2.27, 2.809, p: 0.015, 0.033)。有研究 [26] 显示,具有强烈或高度提示性的证据表明,NLR升高预示前列腺癌的OS、PFS和RFS更差。

2.4. NLR与非小细胞肺癌的预后

肺癌已成为癌症相关死亡的主要原因。根据全球癌症观察组织(globcan)的数据,2020年,全世界约有220万新病例和180万人死于肺癌 [27] 。最常见的肺癌类型是非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),包括腺癌、鳞状细胞癌和大细胞癌,占肺癌的85% [28] 。在所有的肺癌患者中,40%的新诊断患者处于IV期 [29] 。尽管有报道称免疫治疗比化疗更有益,但并非所有的NSCLC病例都得到了有效治疗 [30] 。因此,需要预后标志物来评估非小细胞肺癌患者的免疫治疗结果 [31] 。许多研究显示NSCLC免疫治疗后NLR与标准预后值显著相关 [32] 。NLR可作为免疫治疗NSCLC患者的潜在预后因素 [33] 。一项荟萃分析共纳入1719例患者,其结果显示NLR患者的无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)的危险比(HR)结果显示了显著的结果,支持NLR作为预后指标(NLR: HR PFS 2.21 [95% CI: 1.50~3.24; p < 0.0001)和HR OS 2.68 [95% CI: 2.24~3.6; P < 0.0001];亚组分析显示NLR的临界值为5,也显示了显著的结果。NLR水平升高与预后不良相关 [34] 。

2.5. NLR与结直肠癌的预后

结直肠癌是最常见的胃肠道恶性肿瘤之一,是全球癌症相关死亡的第四大常见原因 [35] 。然而,近年来,由于医疗治疗和外科手术技术的改进,加上在专门的专科中心引入多学科团队管理,以及通过有针对性的筛查方案及早诊断,总体死亡率已显著下降 [36] 。近几十年来,炎症和癌症发展之间的联系得到了更好的描述 [37] 。越来越多的证据表明,癌症引发的炎症在结直肠癌的发生中起着至关重要的作用。此外,一些研究表明全身炎症(生物)标记物是预测复发时间和长期生存的潜在替代标记物 [38] 。有研究表明 [39] ,NLR可用于术前和术后准确预测II/III期结直肠癌手术切除患者的长期生存;前NLR > 5与局限性结直肠癌患者和肝转移患者的长期生存率较低相关。有趣的是,有研究发现,定期服用消炎药的患者患CRC的风险显著降低。尽管心血管事件和胃肠道副作用的发生率增加,但常规使用环氧合酶-2抑制剂和其他非甾体抗炎药已被发现不仅能降低CRC的发生率,而且还能降低转移进展和总死亡率 [40] 。NLR是一个有用的生物标志物,可用于区分预后较差的患者和可能受益于辅助治疗的患者。

3. 结论

尽管NLR构成了包括膀胱癌、前列腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌 [41] 、结直肠癌 [42] 和食管癌 [43] 在内的不同癌症的预后指标,但它不仅与癌症预后相关,它也与许多其他疾病的预后有关,如心血管疾病 [44] ,败血症 [45] ,甚至在创伤学 [46] 和精神疾病 [47] 。确切的病理生理学解释至今仍不清楚,也不能很好地理解和解释。此外,与非转移性疾病相比,转移性疾病的高NLR与较差OS的相关性有一个趋势,这可能反映了更大的肿瘤负荷或更长的慢性炎症过程 [48] 。高NLR和癌症患者预后差的相关机制尚不清楚。NLR预后影响的一个潜在机制可能是高NLR与炎症的关联。近年来,人们在生物标记物的开发上投入了大量的精力和资源,这有助于为癌症患者量身定制治疗方法。针对癌症患者的相关研究表明,化疗可以在治疗开始后早期使NLR升高恢复正常,NLR恢复正常的患者可能有良好的预后 [49] 。早期停止无效的治疗,引入有效的治疗,可避免不必要的毒性,并可提高癌症患者的生活质量。血液NLR的变化可能有助于对缺乏可靠生物标志物的晚期癌症患者进行针对性治疗。尽管NLR在早期癌症中的预后作用不如晚期癌症,但它的作用仍可能与评估系统治疗的早期疗效有关。NLR是一种容易获得且廉价的生物标志物,它作为临床决策的预后评分的补充值得进一步研究。

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