论国际法对美国次级制裁的效果约束及中国阻断法的实施

The Restraint Effect of International Law on the US Secondary Sanctions and the Implementation of China Blocking Statute

摘要: 自美国对伊朗实施制裁后，次级制裁逐渐成为制裁古巴、朝鲜、俄罗斯和委内瑞拉的主要施压工具。以美国在伊核协定前后对伊朗实施的次级制裁效果为例，在国际法正当性缺失基础上，将引发其他国家采取阻断措施和“寒蝉效应”的负面作用，从而削弱美国次级制裁的实际效果。其不仅会增加美国施加次级制裁的成本，也会增加国际局势的不稳定性和谈判难度。在厘清国际法正当性对一国次级制裁的效果约束原理上，中国应有的放矢的实施《阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法》和《反外国制裁法》。在国家政策层面，应通过国际法正当性证成的话语体系明确阻断措施的适用条件，通过阻断法机制表明对美国次级制裁不当域外适用的反对立场。在争取国际社会共识的同时，通过国际合作与人民币国际化进程削弱美国次级制裁的实际效果。在国内实施阻断法过程中，也应平衡实施阻断法的公共政策目标及其对国内企业造成的经济损失和合规成本。在司法实践中，应适用“比例原则”判断阻断法对国际商事合同中“制裁条款”的效力影响及救济措施。

Abstract: Since the United States imposed sanctions on Iran, secondary sanctions have gradually become the main pressure tool against Cuba, North Korea, Russia and Venezuela. Taking the effect of secondary sanc-tions imposed by the US on Iran before and after the Iran nuclear Agreement as an example, based on the lack of legitimacy in international law, other countries will take blocking measures and “chilling effect”, thus weakening the practical effect of the US secondary sanctions. It will not only increase the cost of secondary sanctions imposed by the United States, but also increase the insta-bility of the international situation and the difficulty of negotiations. In order to clarify the principle of the effect constraint of the legitimacy of international law on a country’s secondary sanctions, China should implement the Measures for Blocking the Improper Extraterritorial Application of Foreign Laws and Measures and the Law on Anti-Foreign Sanctions with a clear aim. At the level of national policy, the application conditions of blocking measures should be clarified through the discourse system based on the justification of international law, and the opposition to the improper extraterritorial application of secondary sanctions by the United States should be demonstrated through the mechanism of blocking statute. While striving for the consensus of the international community, the practical effect of the secondary sanctions of the United States should be weakened through international cooperation and RMB internationalization process. In the process of imple-menting the blocking statute in China, the public policy objectives of the blocking statute and the economic losses and compliance costs caused to domestic enterprises should also be balanced. In judicial practice, the “principle of proportionality” should be applied to judge the effect of PRC blocking statute on the sanction clauses in international commercial contracts and the relief measures.