感恩及其对“老漂族”积极老龄化的启示
Gratitude and Its Implications for Positive Aging of “Old Drifters”
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2023.133149, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 185  浏览: 290  科研立项经费支持
作者: 申鲁军*:新乡医学院心理学院,河南 新乡;河北大学教育学院,河北 保定;杨 磊#:新乡医学院心理学院,河南 新乡;天津师范大学心理学部,天津
关键词: 感恩积极作用“老漂族”积极老龄化Gratitude Positive Effects “Elderly Drifters” Positive Aging
摘要: “老漂族”特指为照顾子女或孙辈而远离家乡、来到子女工作的城市的老人,文化冲突在这一群体中体现的尤为突出,导致他们在异乡社会适应困难。感恩是人类最重要的美德和优势品格之一,对心理健康、生理健康和社会功能起到积极作用,使个体具有更健康的心理状态,能提升睡眠质量,改善炎症和心血管疾病,让个体具有更强的社会适应能力等。因此,可以采用感恩干预提升“老漂族”的感恩水平,以便让他们更积极地融入异乡生活,真正实现积极老龄化。
Abstract: The “old drifters” refer to the elderly people who come to the cities where their children work in order to take care of their children or grandchildren, and cultural conflicts are especially prominent in this group, which makes it difficult for them to adapt to the society in a foreign city. Gratitude is one of the most important virtues and strengths of human beings, and has a positive effect on mental health, physical health and social functioning, resulting in a healthier psychological state, improved sleep quality, and improved inflammation and cardiovascular disease, better social adjustment. Therefore, gratitude interventions can be used to enhance the level of gratitude of “elderly drifters”, so that they can integrate more actively into the life of foreigners and truly achieve positive aging.
文章引用:申鲁军, 杨磊 (2023). 感恩及其对“老漂族”积极老龄化的启示. 心理学进展, 13(3), 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2023.133149

1. 引言

当前,我国已经进入老龄化阶段,在人口流向和人口结构变化的大背景下,“老漂族”应运而生。“老漂族”是指远离家乡、在外居住的老年流动人口,特指为照顾子女或孙辈而远离家乡、来到子女工作的城市的老人(刘亚娜,2016)。随着城市化进程的加速和“三胎政策”的全面放开,“老漂族”群体的规模还在不断扩大。“老漂族”的“漂”是被动的人口流动,被动的社会适应,处于人户分离状态,面临着多重角色困境。近年来,国家大力倡导积极老龄化,并出台了一系列相关政策,那么,应该如何让“老漂族”这一特殊群体实现积极老化呢?感恩作为一种美德,自古以来就受到东西方文化的重视和传颂。一些耳熟能详的有关感恩的佳句“受人滴水之恩,当涌泉相报”、“投桃报李”、“感恩的心”等影响着几代中国人。虽然我国很久以前就有浓厚的感恩思想,然而感恩的科学研究很长时间以来并未引起心理学家的关注。直至积极心理学的兴起,感恩才逐渐进入心理学家的视野并成为研究热点。那么什么是感恩?感恩具有什么功能?感恩对积极老龄化又有何启示?本文拟对以上问题进行深入探讨,这对于更好地传承中华民族的优秀美德、尊老爱老、构建和谐社会具有重要意义。

2. 何为感恩

目前学界对感恩的定义尚不统一。感恩被描述为一种积极情感,一种态度,一种道德美德,心理状态,人格特质,性格力量或应对反应等(Elosúa, 2015; Emmons & McCullough, 2003; McCullough et al., 2001)。作为一种心理状态,感恩是个体在接受到他人对自己进行的主动善意行为之后产生的一种短暂的积极情绪(McCullough et al., 2002),这种善意行为被个体知觉为有价值和利他的(Wood et al., 2008),因此在人际交往中,个体会以积极情绪来识别和回应别人给自己带来的帮助和好处(McCullough et al., 2002)。但是,广义的感恩不仅仅是人际互动的结果,越来越多的研究者不再仅仅将感恩狭义地定义为在获得他人帮助后出现的感恩,而是更倾向于将其广义地定义为“一种对生命的感谢和欣赏的主观感觉”(Lin & Yeh, 2014)。最近从更广泛的角度看待感恩的研究已经提供了一些令人欣慰的结果,如关注个体所拥有的东西并对其进行估价,利用其失去该物品的体验来培养生活中的欣赏或对当下的正念的意识,这对于充分揭示和理解感恩的概念具有重要意义(Lin, 2014)。

3. 感恩的作用:积极还是消极?

通过表达感恩,个体可以通过将对他人的消极情绪转变为更积极和治愈的情感来增强自己的宽恕意愿(Neto, 2007)。实际上,感恩和宽恕似乎具有共通的基本要素,即在受到他人伤害后能够摆脱愤怒的情绪(Breen et al., 2010; McCullough et al., 2002)。然而,感恩对宽恕过程的影响尚未得到充分考察。那么感恩究竟会产生什么作用?一定是积极作用吗?是否可能也会产生消极作用?

3.1. 感恩对心理健康的积极作用

研究表明感恩的人较少体验孤独、焦虑、嫉妒、抑郁(Breen et al., 2010; Brown, 2003)或被别人伤害时的愤怒(McCullough et al., 2002)。越来越多的证据表明,感恩在提高对生活的积极评价(Elosúa, 2015; Emmons & Crumpler, 2000),亲社会行为(Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006),社会支持(Lin, 2015),心理健康(Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Lin & Ye, 2014),幸福感(Emmons et al., 2019)等方面发挥着重要作用。感恩既可以直接影响幸福感,又可以间接影响幸福感(Guse et al., 2019),如感恩可以通过减少大学生手机冷落行为提升幸福感水平(何安明,张钰睿,惠秋平,2023)。感恩通过与绝望、抑郁、社会支持和滥用物质等联系,可以预测较低的自杀风险。Emmons (2002)的研究表明经常感恩的个体,其大脑的表现更活跃、更善于共情宽恕、更多地做出利他行为,同时也会体验到更多的积极情感。

3.2. 感恩对生理健康的积极作用

已有研究表明,感恩可以带来更高的生活质量、更具适应性的健康行为(Eaton et al., 2014; Fritz et al., 2019; Sirois & Wood, 2017),让身体更健康(Jans-Bekenet et al., 2020)。如,在心脏病患者中,更多的感恩能带来更好的睡眠、更少的疲劳、更少的抑郁情绪、更好的心脏特异性自我效能和更低水平的炎症(Mills et al., 2015),对药物、锻炼、饮食、减压建议的更好的坚持性(Millstein et al., 2016)以及更低的心脏再入院率(Huffman et al., 2016)。在健康的成年人中,感恩与更好的身体健康、更多地参与健康活动以及为健康问题寻求帮助的意愿有关(Hill et al., 2013)。因此,关于感恩的观察性研究始终能将其与更好的健康结果联系在一起。Celano等(2020)的研究发现,促进积极结构的干预措施有可能改善心力衰竭患者的幸福感和健康行为依从性。Boggiss等(2020)的元分析结果显示,感恩最有效的干预效果体现在主观睡眠质量上,这表明感恩可能对经历睡眠困难的被试有效。而有关感恩能改善炎症和心血管参数效果的研究结果并不一致,意味着感恩在减轻身体症状方面的效果并不明显。此外,仅有一项研究的结果显示感恩能改善功能失调的饮食行为、控制哮喘和血糖。

3.3. 感恩对社会功能的积极作用

人际感恩是社会交往中重要的积极情绪(梁宏宇等,2015)。对夫妻间的研究发现,感恩倾向不仅能预测个体自身的感恩情绪,而且还能预测配偶的感恩情绪和婚姻满意度(Leong et al., 2020)。在临床上,Adair 等(2020)的研究发现,医护人员通过感恩信的写作,改善了情绪衰竭、幸福感,平衡了工作–生活。新冠肺炎期间,感恩促进了临床医生的幸福感,有助于帮助临床医生更好的抵抗工作压力(Bansal et al., 2020)。Celano (2020)证明了感恩和情商(EI)这两种个人资源对年轻人的健康和社会功能、个人心理功能具有有益的影响,感恩还有助于个体在社交网络中直接和同时建立多种关系(Algoe et al., 2020)。此外,感恩还与青少年公正世界信念互相影响,互为因果(何安明,翟培培,石伟,曲姿谕,惠秋平,2023)。

3.4. 感恩的消极作用

以往研究为感恩的积极作用提供了大量证据。然而,感恩可能也存在一些消极作用,尤其是在人际关系促进的需要与道德规范服从的需要发生冲突时。如出于对对方的感恩,为了避免对方受伤害,个体会出现道德违规行为(撒谎或降低应有的惩罚) (Zhu et al., 2020)。另外,高感恩者容易将自己和对方进行捆绑,导致他们更难以离开施虐方,存在再次受害的风险(Costanza & Cinquegrana, 2020)。人际感恩也可能使个体采用非适应性策略违背自身意愿和社会规范以保持与他人的联系(李松等,2022)。此外,在群体背景下,低权力群体成员对高权力群体成员的感恩回应可能会巩固权力等级,感谢表达的他者导向性质会掩盖权力差异,并阻止低权力群体成员支持群体利益(Ksenofontov & Becker, 2020)。

4. 感恩对“老漂族”积极老龄化的启示

由于老年人传统文化根深蒂固,接受新文化又慢,文化冲突在“老漂族”群体中体现的尤为突出。其中,“老漂族”在城市新环境中面临的最重要的冲突是乡文化与城市化的冲突。首先,从“老漂族”个人角度来说,他们来到陌生的城市,因习惯说方言,所以语言不通;另外,他们的生活习惯也有很大的改变,他们习惯早睡早起,城市里的年轻人习惯晚睡晚起,他们习惯自己做饭,年轻人喜欢下馆子、点外卖等;此外,他们和子女的消费、育儿理念也有很大分歧,他们习惯节俭储蓄,经验育儿,年轻人喜欢月光、透支,讲究科学育儿;他们的家庭地位由原来的主导变成了现在的从属,原有社会关系也因交往少了变淡了。其次,从社会角度来说,虽然现在社会一直在提倡积极老龄化,大力提升老年服务质量,但这一特殊的老年群体尚未引起社会的关注,社会并没有给予这一特殊的外来群体额外的关照,如他们无法享受异地医保、无法享受当地老人的福利待遇,不会使用数字化时代城市的一些智能化设备等等让他们感觉缺乏城市归属感,“漂”的感受非常强烈。由此可见,无论是从“老漂族”个人角度还是从社会角度来看,这些现实问题都让他们在异乡感受到很深的冲突和困惑,不适应现在的城市生活,也会让他们出现孤独、烦躁、焦虑等伴随心理问题,导致其社会适应困难。

作为一个重要的积极心理品质,感恩对个体的身心健康以及社会功能都有促进作用,由于感恩干预方案简单易行,在类似社区中具有较强的可推广性,再加上已有研究也证明了感恩干预对老年人有许多积极影响,如Lyubomirsky和Della Porta (2010)的研究表明每周一至两次可能比每日日记效果更好。Lévesque等(2020)为了帮助老年法裔加拿大人适应生活,进行了提升被试感恩水平的干预,研究结果发现该干预对老年人的生活平衡、参与有意义的活动、自我同情均有积极影响。Treichler等(2020)对美国五个老年社区中的老年人进行了感恩团体辅导,结果发现被试的满意度均较高。因此,新时代,在积极老龄化背景下,国家和社会可以多关注这一城市特殊群体,可以采用一些诸如传统的写作感恩日记、感谢信、感恩清单,通过感恩实践来提升幸福感的APP程序,感恩的思考和冥想技术等感恩干预训练形式来提升“老漂族”的感恩这一积极心理品质,藉此让他们多一些诸如主观幸福感、满意度、掌控感等的积极心理体验,以缓冲这种新旧文化冲突带给他们的消极影响,提升其身心健康水平,提升睡眠质量,改善炎症和心血管疾病等,使个体具有更健康的心理状态,更强的社会适应能力。以便让他们更积极、更主动地融入异乡生活,主动健康、老有所为、老有所乐,切实提升老年人生活品质,真正实现积极老龄化。

基金项目

1) “河南省高等学校青年骨干教师培养计划”资助2019GGJS149;

2) “2021 年河南省哲学社会科学规划年度项目”资助2021BSH015。

参考文献

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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