上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤的研究进展
Advances in the Study of Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumors
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.134928, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 195  浏览: 266 
作者: 杨 卓, 孙江川*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院妇产科,重庆
关键词: 上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤诊断治疗预后Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor ETT Treatment Prognosis
摘要: 上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤(epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, ETT)起源于绒毛膜型中间型滋养细胞,是一类罕见的滋养细胞肿瘤。ETT生长缓慢,临床表现缺乏特异性,临床诊断困难,易误诊及延迟诊断。手术是其主要的确诊及治疗方式,术后辅助化疗的指征及效果仍有争议,目前认为具有高危因素者应辅助化疗。对于晚期及难治性病例可考虑联合免疫治疗等多种治疗方式。目前对于ETT的认识有限,本文通过回顾国内外文献,对ETT的研究进展进行综述。
Abstract: Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is a rare type of malignant trophoblastic tumor that origi-nates from intermediate trophoblastic cells of the choroidal type. ETT has a slow growth rate and a lack of specificity in clinical presentation, making it difficult to diagnose. Surgery is the main diag-nostic and therapeutic modality. The indications and effects of adjuvant chemotherapy after sur-gery are still controversial, but it is currently believed that adjuvant chemotherapy should be given to those with high-risk factors. For advanced and refractory cases, a combination of immunotherapy and other treatment modalities can be considered. The current understanding of ETT is limited, and this article reviews the research progress of ETT by reviewing the domestic and international literature.
文章引用:杨卓, 孙江川. 上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(4): 6631-6636. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.134928

1. 引言

妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤(gestational trophoblastic neoplasm, GTN)是一组异质滋养细胞肿瘤,包括绒毛膜癌(choriocarcinoma, CC)、胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤(placental site trophoblastic tumor, PSTT)和上皮性滋养细胞肿瘤(ETT)。ETT是一种少见的滋养细胞肿瘤,占妊娠滋养细胞疾病(gestational trophoblastic disease, GTD)的1.39%~2% [1] 。1982年,有学者报道在化疗后的绒毛膜癌患者肺部发现了一种特殊类型的滋养细胞,其在形态特点上是介于合体滋养细胞和细胞滋养细胞之间的中间类型滋养细胞,并将其称为“不典型绒癌” [2] 。1998年,Shin和Kurma进一步阐明了ETT的病理特点,并首次将这种滋养细胞肿瘤从病理类型上独立分类 [3] 。2014年,WHO妇科肿瘤病理分类将PSTT与ETT合称中间型滋养细胞肿瘤(intermediate trophoblast tumors, ITTs) [4] 。

由于ETT发病率低,在临床上少见,在英文数据库中仅有130余例的文献报道,且多为单一病例报道或单中心系列病例报道,缺乏多中心、大样本研究,因此目前对其生物学行为的认识还不充分。曾经认为ETT是类似于PSTT的低度恶性肿瘤,但通过随后的病例报告可以发现,尽管ETT生长缓慢,但在一些病例中仍表现出较强的侵袭性,临床预后差。为了提高临床医生对这种罕见的滋养细胞肿瘤的认识及重视,本文将从ETT的临床表现、影像学及病理学特征、治疗和疾病预后方面进行文献综述。

2. 临床表现

ETT多发于子宫下段及宫颈,转移部位多见于肺部,也可见于小肠、阴道、输卵管、阔韧带和胆囊等。还有一些病例报告无宫内原发灶,仅表现为孤立的宫外病灶 [1] 。ETT常见于育龄期女性,发病年龄的中位数在33~40岁之间 [5] ,但也有一些绝经后妇女患ETT的报道 [6] 。ETT的发病机制不明,对ETT分子遗传起源的研究显示,肿瘤组织中含有可能来自父源的新等位基因和Y染色体基因位点,提示ETT来源于妊娠 [7] 。文献报道的ETT可继发于任何形式的妊娠,包括足月分娩、葡萄胎、流产、异位妊娠 [1] ,与前次妊娠平均间隔6.2年 [8] 。异常阴道流血是ETT最常见的临床表现,其次是闭经、腹痛和腹胀,也有无临床症状,仅在检查或手术中意外发现者 [9] [10] 。伴有远处转移患者的首发症状可能表现为转移部位症状,如呼吸困难、气短和咯血 [11] [12] 。ETT患者血清β-hCG水平升高,但大多低于2500 mIU/ml,远低于绒毛膜癌 [13] 。高水平的血清hCG可能提示较大的肿瘤体积和较高的肿瘤分裂能力,或合并有绒毛膜癌等其他类型GTN存在 [14] 。

3. 影像学特征

由于ETT的影像学表现缺乏特异性,因此影像学结果的术前辅助诊断价值有限。超声下ETT表现为边界清晰的单发高度异质性包块,周围伴有低血流信号,且该信号不随疾病的进展或缓解变化 [15] 。CT及MRI可发现ETT病灶,但是难以与其他子宫内肿瘤鉴别。CT和MRI在评估疾病的宫外累及和转移方面更可靠 [16] [17] [18] 。PET/CT也有助于疾病分期、评估对治疗的反应,以及检测复发 [19] 。

4. 病理特征

病理学诊断是ETT的金标准。显微镜下,ETT与上皮性恶性肿瘤,特别是鳞状细胞癌相似。表现为单核的中间型滋养细胞呈片状或条索状分布,可伴有钙化、出血、坏死等;大片坏死区及玻璃样基质围绕滋养细胞病灶,呈现典型的“地图样”外观。免疫组化染色中,ETT细胞对细胞角蛋白AEl/AE3、CK18、EMA、CAM、Cyclin E呈阳性,HCG、HPL、黑色素瘤黏附分子呈局灶阳性,Inhibin-α和P63呈弥漫阳性 [20] 。而P40、P16、TTF-1在ETT中呈阴性染色 [21] 。

5. 治疗

5.1. 手术治疗

ETT治疗上以手术切除为主,病变局限于子宫者手术方式主要为子宫切除,对于有淋巴结肿大者应同时行淋巴结清扫术,但是否需常规行淋巴结清扫术目前尚有争议。宫内病灶合并宫外转移者,需联合多种外科手术以期切除所有病灶。对于无宫内病灶,仅表现为孤立的宫外病灶者,也应行病灶切除术,复发的病灶进行手术切除仍然有效。

ETT行保留生育功能的手术目前可供参考的病例较少。Tse等报道了一例25岁女性在开腹探查术中切除病灶发现为ETT,未行子宫切除术及化疗,在随访期间未复发,并在诊断后4年和7.5年足月分娩 [22] 。Xue等报道了一名19岁中国女性行保留生育功能的病灶切除术,并进行3个周期EP-EMA方案化疗,在20个月的随访中没有任何复发迹象 [23] 。但也有报道保留生育手术后在随访期内发生复发和远处转移的病例 [24] 。因此,ETT保留生育功能手术的安全性仍未证实。对于要求保留生育功能者,需进行远期随访及妊娠结局追踪,以进一步指导未来临床实践中手术方案选择。

5.2. 化疗

ETT对化疗不敏感,术前化疗不能缩小病灶,因此不推荐术前化疗。术后辅助化疗的必要性仍有争议,迄今为止并无明确的ETT患者术后辅助化疗的指征,且文献报道中使用的化疗方案也尚未统一。有研究显示,对于病灶局限于子宫内者,如果已经进行了全子宫切除手术,术后β-hCG降至正常,则不推荐化疗。对于伴有转移或治疗后复发的患者,有不少行局部病灶切除术后未补充化疗而在随访中无病生存的病例,似乎手术合并辅助化疗与单独手术的治疗方案相比并无明显获益 [25] 。但也有研究认为化疗对于伴转移病灶者的预后有帮助 [26] 。有研究建议可参考PSTT,对有高危因素的患者采用EP/EMA或TE/TP辅助化疗。这些高危因素包括:与上次妊娠间隔时间大于4年,宫内多发性病灶,深肌层受侵,或子宫浆膜层受累 [1] [9] [17] 。对于病灶无法切除、持续存在或复发的患者,应接受对难治性PSTT提出的同样的挽救性化疗方案 [27] [28] [29] 。化疗栓塞可以用于处理并发症,如危及生命的子宫出血,或用于治疗肝转移 [16] [27] 。

5.3. 免疫治疗

ETT相关的免疫治疗报道极少,有研究发现PD-L1在ETT普遍表达 [30] [31] ,虽然其表达水平不如绒癌和PSTT,但可为免疫治疗提供理论依据。近年来,免疫治疗在针对耐药和难治型GTN中表现治疗潜力。Pisani等 [32] 报道了1例49岁无症状患者经过手术确诊ETT,通过基因遗传分析证实肿瘤起源于17年前一次正常妊娠,术后接受了帕博利珠单抗辅助治疗,随访期内无复发迹象。Bell等 [33] 报道了1例广泛转移的ETT,因无法进行手术切除,在经过EP-EMA化疗达到部分缓解后,基于PD-L1阳性率 > 5%,使用帕博利珠单抗治疗进一步减少肿瘤负荷。虽然目前ETT使用免疫治疗的病例极少,但如果肿瘤检测结果显示PD-L1阳性,免疫治疗可考虑作为个体化联合治疗方案的选择。

5.4. 国外相关临床诊治指南

2020年,欧洲滋养细胞疾病治疗组织(the European Organisation for Treatment of Trophoblastic diseases, EOTTD)建议以末次妊娠的时间间隔指导PSTT与ETT的治疗方案 [34] 。对于I期患者,与前次妊娠时间间隔 < 4年,建议行子宫切除术,术后不需补充治疗;与前次妊娠时间间隔 ≥ 4年者,建议行子宫切除后给予含铂方案辅助化疗,或使用帕姆单抗治疗。对于II期和III期患者,与前次妊娠时间间隔 < 4年,建议行子宫切除术后给予含铂的联合化疗(如EP/EMA),并建议在化疗后切除任何可见的残留病灶。与前次妊娠时间间隔 ≥ 4年或IV期患者,除以上治疗外,可考虑予以大剂量化疗或帕姆单抗治疗。

2021年,美国国立综合癌症网络(national comprehensive cancer network, NCCN)建议 [35] ,对于无转移性中间型滋养细胞肿瘤(I期),应行全子宫双侧输卵管切除术 ± 盆腔淋巴结活检。具有不良预后因素者应考虑术后联合治疗,包括:距前次妊娠的时间间隔 ≥ 2年、深部浸润、有坏死、有丝分裂指数 > 5/10 个高倍视野;无不良预后因素者不需辅助治疗。对于伴有转移的中间型滋养细胞肿瘤,推荐行全子宫双侧输卵管切除术及转移性病灶切除术,术后给予含铂类和(或)依托泊苷的方案化疗。国际妇产科联盟(the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, FIGO)建议,对于希望保留生育功能者,尤其是病灶局限者,可以考虑行保守子宫的治疗,如子宫局部病灶切除或化疗。而弥漫性病变者不适合保留生育功能。对于晚期患者,可考虑用EP-EMA或TE/TP方案化疗。距离前次妊娠超过4年和(或)分期为IV期似乎是最明显的不良预后因素,这些患者需要额外的试验性治疗。

6. 预后

ETT的生物学行为与PSTT非常相似,但关于疾病预后的数据较少。Zhang等人 [28] 对62例ETT患者的分析显示,19例(30.6%)患者出现再发,15例(24.2%)在中位随访22个月(范围:1~192个月)后死亡。ETT的预后变量可能与PSTT的预后变量相似。在Zhang等人的研究中 [25] ,FIGO分期是唯一重要预后因素。Shen等 [36] 评估的9例ETT患者中,子宫的多灶性病变、子宫肌层侵犯和子宫浆膜受累与不利的临床结局有关。在Davis等 [9] 的研究中,与前次怀孕的时间间隔大于4年是一个不良预后指标。在1998年至2014年NETDC数据库收录的7例ETT病例中,所有与前次妊娠间隔大于4年的患者尽管接受了强化化疗,但病情仍然稳定或进展。相反,Zhang等人 [25] 未能发现距前次妊娠时间的预后价值。高有丝分裂指数与临床结果的关系有争议。在Fadare等 [37] 的5个病例中,唯一死于转移性疾病的患者有丝分裂指数为48个/10HPF,优于其他所有患者。然而Sung等 [38] 报道的一名有丝分裂数为36/10HPF、MIB-1标记指数为36.1%的患者,在8年的随访中没有出现任何复发。患者年龄、肿瘤大小和血清β-hCG水平似乎与临床结果没有关系,而p53表达的预后相关性仍不确定。

综上所述,上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤发病率低,临床表现无特异性,易延迟诊断,预后差异大。临床医生应提高对该病的警惕,结合血清学、影像学检查及时做出初步诊断,并通过手术切除获得病理学及免疫组化确诊,根据患者年龄、疾病分期制定进一步规范的治疗及随访方案。未来对于ETT的研究应着眼于进行大样本、前瞻性试验,并进行长期随访,进一步明确不同手术方式及术后辅助治疗的疗效、预后,以制定标准化方案来管理这类罕见的恶性滋养细胞肿瘤。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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