高阶非厄米系统的灵敏度研究
Study of the Sensitivity of High-Order Non-Hermitian System
DOI: 10.12677/APP.2023.135023, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 248  浏览: 624 
作者: 范孟军*, 付林雪, 丁亚琼, 付新铭:上海理工大学理学院,上海
关键词: 非厄米系统PT对称系统奇异点灵敏度Non-Hermitian System PT Symmetry Exceptional Point Enhanced Sensitivity
摘要: 我们提出了一个由三个无源谐振器组成的高阶系统的结构,近年来,相干完美吸收在各个方面受到越来越多的关注。相干完美吸收可以用于传感器的研究,我们将基于三态PT对称系统,通过分别对任何一个暗谐振器施加非本征扰动,我们可以清楚地观察到与微扰的立方根相关的频率响应。
Abstract: We present the structure of a higher-order system consisting of three passive resonators, which have attracted increasing attention in recent years for coherent perfect absorption. Coherent perfect absorption can be used for the study of sensors, and we go over it based on a three-state PT symmetric system. The frequency response associated with the cubic root of the perturbation is clearly observed by applying a non-eigenetic perturbation to any of the dark resonators separately.
文章引用:范孟军, 付林雪, 丁亚琼, 付新铭. 高阶非厄米系统的灵敏度研究[J]. 应用物理, 2023, 13(5): 195-201. https://doi.org/10.12677/APP.2023.135023

1. 介绍

从量子力学的角度来看,如果一个量子系统与外部环境相连并引入了损耗,那么该系统就变成了一个开放的非厄米系统。同时,非厄米系统的概念可以应用于光学腔,这是近年来光学领域的一个热点。最近的研究表明,非厄米系统中的奇异点具有增强灵敏度 ‎[1] ‎[2] ‎[3] ‎[4] ‎[5] 的巨大潜力。与厄米系统相比,非厄米系统可以完全改变系统的性质。体现这两个系统的差异的最好例子是奇异点的出现。所谓的奇异点是指两个或多个特征值及其特征态同时合并的点 ‎[6] 。一些在光学系统中与奇异点有关的现象已经被证明,如拓扑手性 ‎[7] ‎[8] ‎[9] ‎[10] 、损失诱导透明 ‎[11] ‎[12] ‎[13] ‎[14] ‎[15] 、单向不可见 ‎[16] ‎[17] 、功率振荡 ‎[18] ‎[19] ‎[20] ‎[21] 和激光 ‎[22] ‎[23] ‎[24] ‎[25] 。

相干完美吸收(CPA)是激光的时间反转过程,最初由YD Chong等人在2010年 ‎[26] 提出。Sun等人于2014年 ‎[27] 首次在实验上观察到PT相变的相干完美吸收。相干完美吸收在许多领域都至关重要,如太阳能电池、隐身、检测和成像 ‎[28] ‎[29] ‎[30] ‎[31] 、超材料系统 ‎[32] ‎[33] ‎[34] 、等离子体系统 ‎[35] ‎[36] ‎[37] 和石墨烯系统 ‎[38] ‎[39] ‎[40] ‎[41] ,以及光子晶体 ‎[42] ‎[43] ‎[44] ‎[45] ‎[46] 。

我们为了研究系统奇异点附近的灵敏度,通过改变此高阶系统的任意一个暗谐振器上加载的电容值来向系统施加非本征值扰动,通过观察在施加相同的扰动时EP点附近各自的频移去探究灵敏度。灵敏度的研究可以应用很多光学系统,如压力传感器或压力检测。

2. 理论与仿真

我们利用图1的结构研究了高阶非厄米系统的灵敏度,为了研究两个谐振器中的微小共振位移如何被影响,我们在两个谐振器上分别施加一个微扰ε。通过调节谐振环a和谐振环c的电容值来添加微扰ε。通过CST仿真软件进行模拟,然后确定合适的样品参数,整个样品的基板是介电常数为2.2,厚度为0.787 mm的RT5880的双面覆铜介质板。微带线的宽度是2.4 mm,两个SRR的总尺度分别为8 mm × 8 mm,缝宽为1 mm,线宽为0.2 mm;从SRR到微带线的距离10 mm。为了使结构更加紧凑,梳状线折叠成U形,梳状线的总长度为62 mm,其中h1 = 25 mm;h2 = 15 mm;h3 = 22 mm;梳状线与谐振器b的耦合距离为s1,两个暗谐振器的耦合距离为s2,在仿真软件中调节耦合距离,使 τ = η = κ ;则s1 = s2 = 0.2 mm。扰动加在谐振器b上和谐振器c上时的三态非厄米系统的耦合模方程如下:

d a ˜ d t = ( i w 0 γ a Γ a ) a ˜ i τ b ˜ + i 2 γ a S ˜ i n d b ˜ d t = [ i ( w 0 + ε ) Γ a ] b ˜ i τ a ˜ i η c ˜ d c ˜ d t = ( i w 0 Γ a ) c ˜ i η b ˜ (1)

d a ˜ d t = ( i w 0 γ a Γ a ) a ˜ i τ b ˜ + i 2 γ a S ˜ i n d b ˜ d t = [ i w 0 Γ b ] b ˜ i τ a ˜ i η c ˜ d c ˜ d t = ( i ( w 0 + ε ) Γ c ) c ˜ i η b ˜ (2)

由(1)和(2)三态非厄米系统的哈密顿量可以分别写成:

H = ( w 0 + i ( γ a Γ a ) τ 0 τ w 0 + ε i Γ b η 0 η w 0 i Γ c ) (3)

H = ( w 0 + i ( γ a Γ a ) τ 0 τ w 0 i Γ b η 0 η w 0 + ε i Γ c ) (4)

Figure 1. Structural model and theoretical model of the system

图1. 系统的结构模型和理论模型

通过CST仿真软件对系统进行参数的拟合,得到系统的参数如下:亮态原子的散射损耗γa = 0.13 GHz;亮态原子的耗散损耗 Γ a = 0.006 R 1 ;亮态原子的耗散损耗 Γ c = 0.009 R 3 ;三个谐振器均在w0 = 0.91 GHz附近共振激发,两个暗谐振器B和C上的电容C2 = C3 = 2.74 pf。利用 ‎[4] 中的方法,对于谐振器b上的扰动,系统本征频率的实部位移近似为 Re ( w 1 ) = w 0 + 2 1 / 3 κ 2 / 3 ε 1 / 3 ,虚部总是零。对于谐振器C上的扰动,实部位移约为 Re ( w 1 ) = w 0 κ 2 / 3 ε 1 / 3 ,对应的虚部为 Im ( w 1 ) = 2 / 3 κ 1 / 3 ε 2 / 3 图2展示了当微扰ε作用于谐振器b时,红色和黑色圆点分别是通过耦合模公式计算出的不同微扰作用在谐振器b上的CPA频移和谐振器c上的CPA频移,红色和黑色实线分别是通过近似实部和虚部公式计算时微扰作用在谐振器b上和谐振器c上的CPA频移。结果显示dip频移 | Δ w | ( Δ w = w dip w 0 ) Re ( w 1 ) 完全一致。但对于谐振器c上的扰动,ε > 0.08时,位移 | Δ w | ( Δ w = w dip w 0 ) 明显偏离 Re ( w 1 ) 。如图3我们使用线性斜率(蓝色和紫色实线)更清楚的表明对数标度上的立方根行为。

Figure 2. The difference between the calculated frequency shift of CPA and w0 changes with the increase of ε

图2. 计算的CPA的频移与w0的差值随着ε的增加的变化

Figure 3. The result of (a) in logarithmic coordinates

图3. 对数坐标上(a)的结果

3. 总结

我们通过耦合模方程得出系统的哈密顿量,进而推导出系统在加入微扰时相对于本征频率w0的频移,再通过实虚部近似公式推导出系统在不同微扰下相对于本征频率w0的频移,通过对比可以看出当扰动施加在中间的谐振器b上时,通过耦合模方程计算的频移与通过实虚部近似公式推导出的结果一致,但是当扰动施加在谐振器c上时,大于0.08时,通过耦合模方程计算的频移与通过实虚部近似公式推导出的结果明显发生偏移,并且通过观察在施加相同的扰动时各自的频移可以发现,在谐振器c施加扰动的灵敏度低于在在谐振器b施加扰动的灵敏度。我们的研究结果可能有助于实现受益于三阶例外点物理的无源无线传感系统的超灵敏度。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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