半月板根部损伤的研究进展
Research Progress on Meniscal Root Injury
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1351186, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 165  浏览: 284 
作者: 李 艺, 李 尧, 孙学斌*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 半月板半月板根部半月板损伤Meniscus Meniscus Root Meniscal Injury
摘要: 半月板根部撕裂是一种越来越被认可的损伤,会导致膝关节显著的功能限制,受影响的间室软骨可能快速退化,如果不及时治疗,后期会有全膝关节置换术的风险。解剖根部修复可恢复膝关节负荷和稳定性。对轻度骨关节炎的患者进行半月板根部修复可显著改善患者预后并延缓骨关节炎的进展。
Abstract: Meniscal root tears are an increasingly recognized injury that can lead to significant functional lim-itations of the knee joint, rapid deterioration of the affected compartment cartilage, and the risk of total knee replacement later if left untreated. Anatomical root repair restores knee load and stabil-ity. Meniscal root repair in patients with mild osteoarthritis significantly improves patient progno-sis and delays the progression of osteoarthritis.
文章引用:李艺, 李尧, 孙学斌. 半月板根部损伤的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(5): 8477-8482. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351186

1. 引言

半月板损伤是常见的膝关节损伤之一,占膝关节骨科损伤的12%~14%,年发病率为每100,000人60~70例 [1] [2] [3] 。在过去的几十年里,对半月板,特别是前根和后根的功能和生物力学作用的了解有所发展。半月板根部损伤(Meniscus Root Tears, MRT)定义为胫骨附着点1 cm以内的完全放射状损伤或骨性撕脱,越来越多的数据显示半月板根部损伤与半月板次全切除术有相似的结果 [4] [5] 。MRT在临床上诊断困难,因为许多患者在初次就诊时未被诊断出来并且在常规影像学检查中被遗漏 [6] 。因此,人们对MRT的诊断和治疗越来越重视。本文总结了有关MRT解剖、临床表现、治疗方法和预后的当代文献。

2. 解剖和生物力学

半月板是新月形的楔形纤维软骨,覆盖胫骨平台的二分之一到三分之二。这些结构的主要目的是通过胫股关节传递载荷,从而减少对周围关节软骨的影响并随着时间的推移保护关节 [7] 。内侧和外侧半月板根部负责将半月板前后锚固到胫骨平台,将轴向载荷转换为周向环向应力,在防止半月板挤压和保持膝关节运动学方面具有重要的生物力学功能 [4] [8] 。前外侧根的胫骨附着面积为140.7 mm,前交叉韧带(Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL)插入面积为218.4 mm。LaPrade等人研究表明ACL和前外侧根之间的平均重叠为88.9 mm,简而言之ACL胫骨插入部位约为63.2%的前外侧根和40.7%的ACL [9] 。这种关联在ACL重建的胫骨隧道扩孔过程中是相关的,因为对根部的医源性损伤可能是不可避免的 [4] [10] 。前内侧根呈扇形,位于内侧胫骨隆突顶点前27.5 mm处 [9] 。它是所有根附着部位中最大和最强的。在胫骨髓内钉固定过程中,该位置的解剖意识很重要 [11] 。后外侧半月板根距后交叉韧带(Posterior Cruciate Ligament, PCL)最近点12.7 mm,距胫骨外侧隆突顶点后内侧5.3 mm [9] 。特别的是,外侧半月板的后角通过半月板股骨韧带(Meniscal Femoral Ligaments, MFL)连接到股骨的髁间区域 [12] 。据报道,在孤立的后外侧根撕裂期间,这些结构至少可以部分减少接触压力并减轻挤压 [13] 。后内有亮白纤维的扩张,这是PCL重建过程中重要的可见标志 [14] 。

3. 病因学和自然史

据估计,接受半月板切除术或修复术的患者中有10%到20%为MRT,估计每年100,000名患者受到影响,但考虑到近年对MRT认识的增加,患病率可能更高 [6] [15] [16] [17] 。外侧半月板后根损伤更常见于年轻人的急性创伤,并伴有单一或多韧带损伤 [18] 。在这些患者中,二级稳定性丧失,因为后外侧根和MFL是ACL缺陷膝关节胫骨前移和内旋的已知阻力 [19] ,相比之下,大约70%的内侧根部损伤本质上是退行性的 [4] ,约出现在40至50岁,并且Outerbridge二级或以上级别的风险增加6倍 [20] 。

4. 临床表现和诊断

根部损伤很难通过简单的临床评估来诊断,因为不存在用于明确诊断的临床测试或标志。患者可能会描述在轻微扭伤或膝关节深度屈曲后疼痛突然发作,导致反复积液、关节线压痛、屈曲功能丧失或膝关节深度屈曲疼痛 [21] 。有时,患者可能会出现膝关节弹响或绞索的感觉。半月板测试,如McMurray和Apley测试可能呈阳性,但不一定有机械咔哒声 [22] 。MRT通常分为以下两类:1) 创伤性损伤,通常发生在年轻的活动患者中,通常为外侧并伴有韧带损伤;2) 退行性撕裂,通常是内侧,约占后根撕裂的70%,由慢性、低能量损耗机制造成 [4] 。退行性损伤通常是根部附近的损伤,不是半月板附着处的真正撕脱。由于大多数退行性半月板根部损伤没有外伤史,因此临床医生在评估非创伤性膝关节疼痛患者时应该有高度的临床怀疑,尤其是与内侧半月板相关的疼痛。后根损伤的危险因素有据可查,包括内翻畸形、年龄较大、体重指数(BMI)增加、女性和Kellgren-Lawrence分级增加 [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] 。

5. 成像和分类

MRI是MRT的首选诊断方式,因为在患者病史和体格检查中没有高度敏感或特异性的发现 [6] 。在行MRI时,最好使用T2加权序列评估,主要为:1) 轴位半月板根部垂直于半月板的线性高信号强度(放射状撕裂);2) 冠状位上半月板根部的垂直线性缺陷(截断征),通常合并半月板挤压;3) 矢状面上没有正常的半月板信号(鬼影征) [28] 。

6. 非手术治疗

希望避免手术干预的患者可以尝试非手术治疗。通常需要一个疗程的抗炎药物、活动调整和物理治疗或监督锻炼计划 [5] [29] [30] 。关节腔穿刺注射也可以改善退行性MRT的疼痛和功能 [31] 。尽管有一些早期症状好转,但已证明不解决半月板病理损伤会对关节寿命产生负面影响 [5] [29] [30] [32] 。Neogi等人表明临床改善通常是短暂的,在治疗后约6个月达到峰值,随后下降。此外,非手术治疗与预后不佳、关节炎恶化和相对较高的关节置换率相关 [5] [30] [32] 。此外,明显半月板挤压患者不应考虑非手术治疗,因为明显挤压与预后不良相关 [29] 。

7. 手术治疗

7.1. 根修复术及危险因素

根修复优于半月板切除术的理论在技术上可行越来越多地得到现有文献的支持。Chung等人 [33] 在至少5年的随访中比较了37例根部修复术和20例半月板部分切除术,并观察到修复组的客观膝关节功能评分更高。此外,35%的半月板部分切除术组转为全膝关节置换术,而修复组为0%。Krych [34] 也反映了这些发现,他证明因症状性内侧半月板后根损伤而接受部分半月板切除术的患者在报告的结果评分中没有显著获益,而且52%的半月板切除术患者在平均4.5年时进展为行全膝关节置换术。最近,报告了半月板根部修复的长期结果,表明96%的患者效果良好,Lysholm量表平均术后改善30.2分 [35] 。值得注意的是,所提出的研究代表回顾性系列,可能受一定程度的选择偏差影响,与接受半月板修复的同龄人相比,接受半月板切除术的患者健康状况较差,关节保护的候选者较差。

半月板根部修复的结果很值得期待,支持手术干预以维持功能和预防关节炎 [29] [31] [32] 。平均随访6年,Chung等人 [33] 证明在37名半月板根修复患者中,只有14%的患者表现出Kellgren Lawrence ≥ 2级。还有研究指出,在对91名患者进行的随访研究中,只有1名患者(1%)在平均随访7年时转为行全膝关节置换术 [35] 。尽管根修复已证明进行性骨关节炎和转为行全膝关节置换术的发生率降低,但各种潜在因素仍然存在,重要的是确定根修复手术的成功。Brophy等人 [36] 证明,至少2年的随访中,BMI大于35的患者重复手术率更高,临床骨关节炎患者比例更高。尽管BMI和骨关节炎风险可能存在于连续统一体,但诸如此类的结果突出了患者咨询的重要性以及BMI在指示患者进行根修复方面的作用。此外,之前的研究已经证实,根撕裂的完全结构愈合与半月板根部挤压的显着改善相关,那些不完全愈合和相关高度挤压的患者在随访2年时会早期出现软骨退化 [37] 。因此,术中应尽量减少挤压的半月板,以支持解剖损伤愈合和天然关节生物力学的恢复。

7.2. 关节置换术

关节置换术是MRT患者和对保守措施无效的终末期关节炎患者的可靠治疗选择 [38] 。Tagliero及其同事完成了一项匹配的病例对照研究,比较了接受关节置换术治疗继发性骨关节炎的患者与原发性骨关节炎患者的结果,并报告了两者在疼痛、活动水平、并发症和再手术率方面的相似改善 [32] 。

8. 重返运动

患者重返运动的时间点受手术方式和患者身体情况的影响。恢复4至6个月后,力量恢复正常,步态对称者,可逐渐开始参加体育活动。从孤立的根修复到完全恢复到高强度的体育活动的典型时间线是6至9个月。

9. 总结

越来越多的文献主张在没有明显关节炎的有症状患者中修复MRT。外侧半月板后根损伤的患者通常合并ACL损伤,这种损伤有时很难通过MRI成像在术前识别出来。此外,ACL重建的外科医生需要识别外侧半月板后根损伤,因为漏诊肯定会增加ACL重建移植物失败的风险 [19] 。内侧半月板根损伤影响中年人,单独发生,并且在女性患者中更常见。现在人们普遍认识到,MRT很常见,它们的解剖修复更好地恢复关节负荷和功能。强烈建议对有适当指征的患者进行半月板根部修复术,以预防或延缓骨关节炎的进展。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Masini, B.D., Dickens, J.F., Tucker, C.J., Cameron, K.L., Svoboda, S.J. and Owens, B.D. (2015) Epidemiology of Iso-lated Meniscus Tears in Young Athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 3.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115S00107
[2] Logerstedt, D.S., Snyder-Mackler, L., Ritter, R.C. and Axe, M.J. (2010) Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy A: Knee Pain and Mobility Impairments: Meniscal and Ar-ticular Cartilage Lesions. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40, A1-A35.
https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.0304
[3] Majewski, M., Susanne, H. and Klaus, S. (2006) Epidemiology of Athletic Knee Injuries: A 10-Year Study. Knee, 13, 184-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2006.01.005
[4] Pache, S., Aman, Z.S., Kennedy, M.I., Nakama, G., Moatshe, G., Ziegler, C. and LaPrade, R. (2018) Meniscal Root Tears: Current Concepts Review. The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery, 6, 250-259.
[5] Krych, A.J., Reardon, P.J., John-son, N.R., Mohan, R., Peter, L., Levy, B.A. and Stuart, M.J. (2017) Non-Operative Management of Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn Root Tears Is Associated with Worsening Arthritis and Poor Clinical Outcome at 5-Year Follow-Up. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 25, 383-389.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4359-8
[6] Bhatia, S., LaPrade, C.M., Ellman, M.B. and LaPrade, R.F. (2014) Meniscal Root Tears: Significance, Diagnosis, and Treatment. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 3016-3030.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514524162
[7] Fox, A.J., Wanivenhaus, F., Burge, A.J., Warren, R.F. and Rodeo, S.A. (2015) The Human Meniscus: A Review of Anatomy, Function, Injury, and Advances in Treatment. Clinical Anatomy, 28, 269-287.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22456
[8] Kennedy, M.I., Strauss, M. and LaPrade, R.F. (2020) Injury of the Meniscus Root. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 39, 57-68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2019.08.009
[9] LaPrade, C.M., Ellman, M.B., Rasmussen, M.T., James, E.W., Wijdicks, C.A., Engebretsen, L., et al. (2014) Anatomy of the Anterior Root At-tachments of the Medial and Lateral Menisci: A Quantitative Analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 2386-2392.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514544678
[10] Ellman, M.B., LaPrade, C.M., Smith, S.D., Rasmus-sen, M.T., Engebretsen, L., Wijdicks, C.A., et al. (2014) Structural Properties of the Meniscal Roots. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 1881-1887.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514531730
[11] LaPrade, M.D., LaPrade, C.M., Hamming, M.G., Ellman, M.B., Turnbull, T.L., Rasmussen, M.T., et al. (2015) Intramedullary Tibial Nailing Reduces the Attachment Area and Ultimate Load of the Anterior Medial Meniscal Root: A Potential Explanation for Anterior Knee Pain in Female Patients and Smaller Patients. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 1670-1675.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515580296
[12] Brody, J.M., Lin, H.M., Hulstyn, M.J. and Tung, G.A. (2006) Lateral Meniscus Root Tear and Meniscus Extrusion with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear. Radiology, 239, 805-810.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2393050559
[13] Forkel, P., Herbort, M., Sprenker, F., Metzlaff, S., Raschke, M. and Petersen, W. (2014) The Biomechanical Effect of a Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root Tear with and without Damage to the Meniscofemoral Ligament: Efficacy of Different Repair Techniques. Arthroscopy, 30, 833-840.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.02.040
[14] Chahla, J., Nitri, M., Civitarese, D., Dean, C.S., Moulton, S.G. and LaPrade, R.F. (2016) Anatomic Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy Tech-niques, 5, e149-e156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.014
[15] Bonasia, D.E., Pellegrino, P., D’Amelio, A., Cottino, U. and Rossi, R. (2015) Meniscal Root Tear Repair: Why, When and How. Orthopedic Reviews (Pavia), 7, 5792.
https://doi.org/10.4081/or.2015.5792
[16] Sihvonen, R., Paavola, M., Malmivaara, A., Itälä, A., Joukainen, A., Nurmi, H., Kalske, J., Järvinen, T.L. and Finnish Degenerative Meniscal Lesion Study (FIDELITY) Group (2013) Ar-throscopic Partial Meniscectomy versus Sham Surgery for a Degenerative Meniscal Tear. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 2515-2524.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1305189
[17] LaPrade, R.F., Ho, C.P., James, E., Crespo, B., LaPrade, C.M. and Matheny, L.M. (2015) Diagnostic Accuracy of 3.0 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Meniscus Poste-rior Root Pathology. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 23, 152-157.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-3395-5
[18] Krych, A.J., Bernard, C.D., Kennedy, N.I., Tagliero, A.J., Camp, C.L., Levy, B.A., et al. (2020) Medial versus Lateral Meniscus Root Tears: Is There a Difference in Injury Presentation, Treatment Decisions, and Surgical Repair Outcomes. Arthroscopy, 36, 1135-1141.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2019.11.098
[19] Frank, J.M., Moatshe, G., Brady, A.W., Dornan, G.J., Coggins, A., Muckenhirn, K.J., Slette, E.L., Mikula, J.D. and LaPrade, R. (2017) Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root and Menisco-femoral Ligaments as Stabilizing Structures in the ACL-Deficient Knee: A Biomechanical Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 5.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117695756
[20] Matheny, L.M., Ockuly, A.C., Steadman, J.R. and LaPrade, R.F. (2015) Posterior Meniscus Root Tears: Associated Pathologies to Assist as Diagnostic Tools. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 23, Article ID: 312731.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-3073-7
[21] Lee, D.W., Ha, J.K. and Kim, J.G. (2014) Medial Meniscus Pos-terior Root Tear: A Comprehensive Review. Knee Surgery & Related Research, 26, 125-134.
https://doi.org/10.5792/ksrr.2014.26.3.125
[22] Seil, R., Duck, K. and Pape, D. (2011) A Clinical Sign to Detect Root Avulsions of the Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 19, 2072-2075.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1550-9
[23] Hwang, B.Y., Kim, S.J., Lee, S.W., et al. (2012) Risk Factors for Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 1606-1610.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512447792
[24] Ozkoc, G., Circi, E., Gonc, U., Irgit, K., Pourbagher, A. and Tandogan, R.N. (2008) Radial Tears in the Root of the Posterior Horn of Themedial Meniscus. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 16, 849-854.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-008-0569-z
[25] Sundararajan, S.R., Ramakanth, R., Sethuraman, A.S., et al. (2021) Correlation of Factors Affecting Correction of Meniscal Extrusion and Outcome after Medial Meniscus Root Repair. Ar-chives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 142, 823-834.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-03870-8
[26] Ford, G.M., Hegmann, K.T., White, G.J., et al. (2005) Associations of Body Mass Index with Meniscal Tears. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 364-368.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.013
[27] Lee, B.S., Bin, S.I., Kim, J.M., et al. (2019) Partial Meniscectomy for Degenerative Medial Meniscal Root Tears Shows Favorable Outcomes in Well-Aligned, Nonarthritic Knees. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 606-611.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518819225
[28] Harper, K.W., Helms, C.A., Lambert, H.S. and Higgins, L.D. (2005) Radial Meniscal Tears: Significance, Incidence, and MR Appearance. American Journal of Roentgenology, 185, 1429-1434.
https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1024
[29] Kwak, Y.H., Lee, S., Lee, M.C. and Han, H.S. (2018) Large Meniscus Extrusion Ratio Is a Poor Prognostic Factor of Conservative Treatment for Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 26, 781-786.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4441-x
[30] Neogi, D.S., Kumar, A., Rijal, L., Yadav, C.S., Jaiman, A. and Nag, H.L. (2013) Role of Nonoperative Treatment in Managing Degenerative Tears of the Medial Meniscus Posterior Root. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 14, 193-199.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-013-0234-2
[31] Byrne, C., Alkhayat, A., Bowden, D., Murray, A., Kavanagh, E.C. and Eustace, S.J. (2019) Degenerative Tears of the Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus: Correlation between MRI Findings and Outcome Following Intra-Articular Steroid/Bupivacaine Injection of the Knee. Clinical Radiology, 74, 488.e1-.e8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2019.02.007
[32] Tagliero, A.J., Kurian, E.B., LaPrade, M.D., Song, B.M., Saris, D.B.F., Stuart, M.J., et al. (2021) Arthritic Progression Secondary to Meniscus Root Tear Treated with Knee Arthro-plasty Demonstrates Similar Outcomes to Primary Osteoarthritis: A Matched Case-Control Comparison. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 29, 1977-1982.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06273-1
[33] Chung, K.S., Ha, J.K., Yeom, C.H., et al. (2015) Comparison of Clinical and Radiologic Results between Partial Meniscectomy and Refixation of Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tears: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up. Arthroscopy, 31, 1941-1950.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.03.035
[34] Krych, A.J. (2018) Editorial Commentary: Knee Medial Meniscus Root Tears: “You May Not Have Seen It, but It’s Seen You”. Arthroscopy, 34, 536-537.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.09.009
[35] Chung, K.S., Noh, J.M., Ha, J.K., et al. (2018) Survivorship Analysis and Clinical Outcomes of Transtibial Pullout Repair for Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tears: A 5- to 10-Year Follow-Up Study. Arthroscopy, 34, 530-535.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.266
[36] Brophy, R.H., Wojahn, R.D., Lillegraven, O. and Lamplot, J.D. (2019) Outcomes of Arthroscopic Posterior Medial Meniscus Root Repair: Association with Body Mass Index. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 27, 104-111.
https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00065
[37] Kim, J.H., Chung, J.H., Lee, D.H., Lee, Y.S., Kim, J.R. and Ryu, K.J. (2011) Arthroscopic Suture Anchor Repair versus Pullout Suture Repair in Posterior Root Tear of the Medial Me-niscus: A Prospective Comparison Study. Arthroscopy, 27, 1644-1653.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.033
[38] Floyd, E.R., Rodriguez, A.N., Falaas, K.L., Carlson, G.B., Chahla, J., Geeslin, A.G. and LaPrade, R.F. (2021) The Natural History of Medial Meniscal Root Tears: A Biomechani-cal and Clinical Case Perspective. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, Article ID: 744065.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.744065