无痛消化内镜诊疗中低氧血症管理进展
Advances in the Management of Hypoxemia in Drug-Induced Sleep for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1361414, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 283  浏览: 404 
作者: 胡文静, 户嘉祺:西安医学院,陕西 西安;韩 彬*:西安医学院第一附属医院麻醉科,陕西 西安
关键词: 低氧血症消化内镜检查镇静Hypoxemia Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Sedation
摘要: 低氧血症是消化内镜诊疗中常见的镇静不良反应,由于镇静多在无人工气道建立下实施,且与内镜医生共用口咽部常使气道管理陷入被动。发生低氧血症时如未及时有效干预将会增加心脑血管事件的发生风险,导致非计划住院继而严重影响病人预后。本文从高危因素的评估,镇静深度的选择,呼吸监测和声门上通气设备的使用以及镇静药物等方面阐述了目前低氧血症防治的新进展。
Abstract: Hypoxemia is a common adverse effect of sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy, as sedation is of-ten performed without an artificial airway and the sharing of the oropharynx with the endoscopist often leads to passive airway management. Failure to intervene effectively in hypoxemia increases the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, leading to unplanned hospitalisation and a serious impact on patient prognosis. This article describes current developments in the manage-ment of hypoxemia in terms of assessment of risk factors, selection of sedation depth, use of respir-atory monitoring and supraglottic ventilation devices, and sedation drugs.
文章引用:胡文静, 户嘉祺, 韩彬. 无痛消化内镜诊疗中低氧血症管理进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(6): 10110-10116. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361414

1. 引言

近年来,随着早癌筛查意识的提高和消化内镜技术的不断发展,接受消化内镜诊疗镇静/麻醉的患者日益增加,预计到2030年我国消化内镜检查数量可能会达到5100万例 [1] 。适度的镇静不仅可以为患者提供更加舒适的诊疗体验,对具有不同经验的内镜操作医生而言,镇静剂的使用提高了腺瘤检出率和盲肠插管率 [2] [3] [4] 。然而,随着内镜操作技术日渐提高,对镇静深度的要求也随之增加,使得包括低氧血症、低血压、心律失常、反流误吸在内的镇静相关不良事件发生率也逐渐升高。据报道,上消化道检查中低氧血症的发生率为12.8% [5] 到85% [6] 不等,通常发生在给药或内镜插入后的5分钟之内,大约38%的呼吸暂停或异常通气事件可导致低氧血症。虽然短暂的低氧血症及时纠正后并不会给机体造成损伤,但若未及时处理发展为严重低氧血症将会导致心律失常、心肌梗死、不可逆脑损伤、甚至心跳骤停。此外长时间低氧血症还与住院时间延长、重症监护病房入住率和费用增加有关。因此,如何有效减少镇静期间低氧血的发生避免非计划住院,就成为了消化内镜诊疗期间呼吸管理的重点,本文就此展开综述。

2. 术前评估

现许多医院都设立有麻醉门诊,对于需要实施镇静的患者都应去麻醉门诊进行术前评估。问诊时重点询问患者是否合并心肺疾病、心肺功能代偿如何,体格检查时应重点对患者的气道情况进行评估,此外麻醉医生还应识别患者是否合并有低氧血症高危因素。

2.1. 肥胖

既往研究显示肥胖是镇静期间发生低氧血症的独立危险因素,肥胖患者功能残气量下降,肺部顺应性减低,对缺氧耐受能力较差,一旦发生呼吸抑制,可迅速进展为低氧血症 [7] 。除了BMI指数,STOP-BANG评分和颈围也是肥胖患者发生低氧血症的有效预测因子。STOP-BANG评分大于3分,患者术中发生低氧血症的风险更高 [8] 。男性颈围 > 40 cm和女性颈围 > 35 cm均提示镇静期间有低氧血症风险 [9] 。

2.2. 高龄和ASA分级 ≥ III级

高龄、ASA分级 ≥ III级是镇静期间发生低氧血症和循环抑制的独立危险因素 [7] [10] 。高龄患者各器官功能减退,心肺储备降低对低氧耐受差,机体对低氧和高碳酸血症的代偿反应迟钝,更容易发生损伤,这些病理生理改变决定了老年人更易发生低氧血症。ASA分级 ≥ III级是预测镇静相关不良事件发生最有效的预测因子,有研究表明即使在轻度镇静时,镇静不良事件的发生率从ASA III级开始逐渐升高,ASA分级每增加一级,呼吸循环不良事件的发生率将多翻一倍 [11] 。

2.3. 其他

患者合并呼吸系统疾病、脉搏氧饱和度较低、有明确困难气道或有反流误吸诱因等均是术中发生低氧血症的高危因素。对于合并高危因素的患者,应在在术前评估时考虑采用特殊监测或者呼吸支持设备来维持氧和。与患者提前做好沟通,制定个体化的镇静方案,可以在更大程度上做到防患于未然。

3. 镇静深度的选择

目前,对于消化内镜诊疗过程中镇静深度的选择,2018年美国麻醉医师协会推荐根据计划手术类型、患者病史、体格检查和机构医疗条件综合考虑制定镇静方案。在考虑患者意愿和医疗中心条件的情况下,以轻、中度镇静来进行内镜检查 [12] 。轻中度镇静时,患者保留自主呼吸、通气量接近正常水平、气道不需要人为干预,可有效降低术中低氧血症的发生 [13] 。2019年中国消化内镜镇静/麻醉指南中提出,可根据不同诊疗操作,对患者进行中度和深度镇静 [14] 。在消化内镜诊疗操作中,患者希望无痛舒适,内镜医师希望患者安静无体动,而麻醉医师为了抑制内镜置入时的应激反应,常常使得患者在内镜操作开始时已达到深度镇静水平。镇静深度的增加并不能提高患者满意度和内镜操作的成功率,反而增加了镇静相关不良事件的发生。对于合并高危因素的患者,与深度镇静相比,清醒镇静减少低氧血症的发生,而不会影响内镜操作和患者满意度 [15] 。

不可否认的是轻、中度镇静确实能减少术中低氧血症的发生,而对于中国这样一个消化内镜检查镇静率只48%的国家 [1] ,患者对于轻、中度镇静的接受程度,是我们在推广舒适化诊疗过程中不得不考虑的一个问题。

4. 呼气末二氧化碳分压监测

呼气末二氧化碳监测是一种无创技术,通过测量二氧化碳分压数值和分析呼吸周期中二氧化碳波形来评估抑制性呼吸运动。呼气末二氧化碳数值和波形的异常比脉搏血氧饱和度在检测通气不足方面更加敏感,能更早提示呼吸异常 [16] [17] 。虽然在镇静下监测呼气末二氧化碳看似对患者有利,但在临床实际工作中麻醉医生不得不考虑患者受益与医疗成本的平衡问题,对于是否需要监测呼气末二氧化碳,麻醉医生应慎重考虑。

4.1. 镇静深度

美国麻醉医师协会2018年发布的镇静实践指南中强调,对于中度镇静病人应连续监测呼气末二氧化碳。而美国消化内镜学会(the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, ASGE) [13] 和中国麻醉医师协会发布的指南均推荐在深度镇静时使用呼气末二氧化碳监测。Mehta等人研究表明在中度镇静下对ASA I-II级患者行胃肠镜检查,监测呼气末二氧化碳分压并不能降低氧血症的发生 [18] 。然而,在深度镇静的结肠镜检查中,与接受标准监测的患者相比,使用呼气末二氧化碳监测患者的低氧血症发生率显著降低 [19] [20] 。目前尚未有研究表明对于中度镇静患者,呼气末二氧化碳监测可以提高患者安全性,这可能与中度镇静患者气道并不需要过多人为干预有关。因此,在ASGE指南中提出在中度镇静下实施消化内镜检查,常规进行呼气末二氧化碳监测并未提高围术期安全,反而会增加医疗费用。

4.2. 手术类型

既往有研究指出中度镇静下实施的结肠镜检查,监测呼气末二氧化碳并没有提高安全性或患者满意度,反而增加了成本 [21] ,除了上述提到的镇静深度的原因,还可能与结肠镜检查本身低氧血症发生率较上消化道检查发生率较低有关。而在深度镇静下行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)的患者,与标准监测相比,增加呼气末二氧化碳监测,低氧血症发生率并未显著降低,这可能与ERCP体位不易实施气道干预有关 [22] 。

因此,对于是否监测呼气末二氧化碳应该综合考虑患者ASA分级、拟实施的镇静深度和手术类型,平衡患者受益与医疗成本,再决定是否应监测呼气末二氧化碳。实施监测的目的不仅仅是为了观察通气异常,在出现异常波形时及时进行干预,减少低氧血症的发生才是作为麻醉医生应该做的。

5. 呼吸支持设备

所有的内镜中心都会为患者提供鼻导管吸氧,鼻导管吸氧已被证明可以降低消化内镜诊疗期间血氧饱和度下降的幅度 [23] ,然而使用鼻导管能提供的氧气有限且快速供氧会到时鼻粘膜损伤。当患者因麻醉药物而发生呼吸抑制,需要辅助控制呼吸时,由于内镜操作的阻碍,往往不能有效实施通气。新型声门上支持设备为此提供了新的解决方案。

5.1. 魏式鼻咽通气道(Wei Nasal Jet Tube, WNJT)

魏式鼻咽通气道(WNJT)不仅可以监测呼气末二氧化碳分压,还可以经声门上直接将氧气经声门送入气管内,保证肺通气,且不会增加反流误吸的风险 [24] 。Qin等人研究表明WNJT与鼻导管相比,可以显着减少术中低氧血症的发生,使缺氧的发生率从9%降至3%,仅有少数患者会有鼻衄等不良反应 [25] 。鉴于这种临床上可接受的风险–获益比,推荐WNJT作为辅助供氧的替代工具,用于预防肥胖患者胃镜检查期间的低氧血症 [26] 。

5.2. 湿化高流量鼻导管通气(High-Flow Nasal Cannula, HFNC)

湿化高流量鼻导管通气(HFNC)是一种通过特殊鼻腔导管持续为患者提供可调控并相对恒定的吸氧浓度(21%~100%)、温度(31℃~37℃)和湿度的高流量(8~80 L/min)吸入气体的治疗方式。可以产生类似托下颌的作用打开梗阻的上呼吸道解除梗阻,同时潮汐式的喷射通气产生近似机械通气的作用,缓解呼吸抑制。研究表明HFNC支持性氧疗减少了镇静期间缺氧和严重缺氧的发生。唯一与HFNC相关的不良事件就是鼻出血 [27] 。潜在的安全问题与HFNO相关的较高的气道正压通气有关,这可能导致胃胀气、反流或误吸的风险增加。虽然最近的一项前瞻性研究表明,健康患者在流量设为70 L/min时自主呼吸30分钟并未导致胃胀气或胃内容物体积增加 [28] 。但目前尚不清楚一发现是否可推广用于镇静患者或食管括约肌功能不全的患者。此外,虽然使用HFNC可以保持气道通常改善通气,但亦可掩盖严重的呼吸抑制,镇静过程中可能发生高碳酸血症 [29] 。对接受HFNC的患者可考虑的实施经皮二氧化碳监测。

5.3. 其他

上述提及的通气支持设备相较于鼻导管吸氧价格昂贵,对于每年进行数万次内镜检查的医疗机构常规使用时不可行的。Chen等人使用婴儿面罩扣于成年人鼻部形成的鼻罩,将面罩接口与螺纹管接口对接后辅助病人通气,缓解低氧血症,与鼻导管吸氧相比,不仅减少术中低氧血症的发生,还降低了医疗成本 [30] 。

6. 合理用药

呼吸不良事件的发生与镇静药物的不良反应息息相关,故选择合适的镇静药物一直是减少低氧血症发生的研究重点。丙泊酚作为消化内镜诊疗的经典用药,为了减少其剂量相关性呼吸抑制,临床上常与其他镇静镇痛药物联合应用,以减少呼吸不良事件的发生。瑞马唑仑、艾司氯胺酮、环泊酚等新型麻醉药物目前已逐步用于消化内镜诊疗中,并具有其独特优势。

6.1. 瑞马唑仑

瑞马唑仑作为新一代短效苯二氮卓类药物,起效速度快,可通过血清脂酶快速代谢,在体内无蓄积,且特异拮抗剂氟马西尼能迅速拮抗,使患者快速苏醒 [31] 。Hu等人将瑞马唑仑用于高龄患者胃镜检查,呼吸抑制和低血压的发生率明显低于丙泊酚,虽诱导时间略长于丙泊酚,但二者苏醒时间无差异 [32] 。瑞马唑仑联合芬太尼用于接受结肠镜检查的ASA分级III~IV级患者,镇静不良事件的发生率与ASA分级I~III级患者相比并没有增加 [33] 。对于操作刺激大、气道管理困难的内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术,瑞马唑仑联合阿芬太尼在深度镇静下表现出更少的呼吸抑制时间,血流动力学稳定也优于丙泊酚,且患者满意度更高 [34] 。以上研究表明瑞马唑仑在合并低氧高危因素的患者中相较于丙泊酚在减少呼吸抑制维持血流动力稳定等方面更具有优势。

6.2. 艾司氯胺酮

艾司氯胺酮作为唯一具有镇痛作用的静脉麻醉药,成为丙泊酚辅助用药的新选择。与氯胺酮相比其代谢速度快,恢复时间短,精神不良反应少,更适用于消化内镜检查 [35] 。艾司氯胺酮可以通过提高呼吸中枢对二氧化碳的敏感性,通过提高呼吸频率增加肺通气 [36] ,与瑞马唑仑联合用可以降低肥胖患者胃肠检查期间严重低氧血症的发生率 [37] 。艾司氯胺酮的精神不良反应呈剂量相关性,随着剂量的增加虽能减少丙泊酚的用量使血流动力学更加平稳,但精神不良反应和视力障碍也随之增多,恢复时间也因此延长 [38] ,故艾司氯胺酮作为丙泊酚辅助用药的最佳剂量还有待研究。

6.3. 环泊酚

环泊酚作为丙泊酚家族新一代的药物,体外研究显示环泊酚与GABAA受体结合能力约为丙泊酚的5倍,时–量半衰期与丙泊酚表现相当,注射痛发生率极低。对心血管系统的抑制作用与丙泊酚相似,但呼吸系统并发症(包括呼吸抑制、呼吸暂停和低氧血症)较丙泊酚少 [39] 。环泊酚0.4~0.5 mg/kg在结肠镜检查期间具有与丙泊酚2.0 mg/kg相似的安全性,未发生严重的镇静不良事件,诱导和恢复时间比丙泊酚稍显延长 [40] 。对于是否能取代丙泊酚还有待更多的临床研究。

7. 展望

随着内镜技术的发展和患者对舒适化要求的提高,对围术期安全提出了新的挑战。为了减少术中低氧血症的发生,保障患者安全,麻醉医生要重视患者的术前评估工作,对于合并有高危因素的患者做到镇静深度个体化。呼气末二氧化碳的监测有助于更早发现呼吸抑制及时干预,新型声门上通气设备的不断发展保证了术中通气,瑞马唑仑和艾司氯胺酮为镇静药物提供新选择。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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