我国年轻乳腺癌现状分析
Analysis of the Current Situation of Young Breast Cancer in China
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1361465, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 201  浏览: 340 
作者: 韦应媛*, 王淼舟#:青海大学附属医院乳腺疾病诊疗中心,青海 西宁
关键词: 年轻乳腺癌病理特征雌激素受体孕激素受体生育Young Breast Cancer Pathological Features Estrogen Receptor Progesterone Receptor Fertility
摘要: 随着体检的普及和诊疗技术的提高,越来越多的早期乳腺癌能被确诊,当代年轻人随着精神压力、工作生活以及遗传等因素,乳腺癌逐渐年轻化,这就给未婚未孕或有生育需求女性带来了一系列问题。例如标准化抗肿瘤治疗会对生育造成不可逆性损伤、治疗时间过长错过生育最佳年龄,以及乳腺手术给女性身体及心理造成的不良影响。本文主要针对年轻乳腺癌目前的诊断、防治、生育等方面进行综述。
Abstract: With the popularization of medical checkups and the improvement of treatment technology, more and more breast cancers can be diagnosed early. With the mental stress, work life and genetic fac-tors, breast cancer is gradually becoming younger among young people today, which brings a series of problems to unmarried women who are not pregnant or have fertility needs. For example, stand-ardized anti-tumor treatment can cause irreversible damage to fertility, prolonged treatment time misses the optimal age for childbirth, and the adverse physical and psychological effects of breast surgery on women. This article focuses on a review of the current aspects of diagnosis, prevention and treatment, and fertility in young breast cancer.
文章引用:韦应媛, 王淼舟. 我国年轻乳腺癌现状分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(6): 10468-10475. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361465

1. 引言

女性乳腺癌近十年来的发病率和死亡率在全球都是呈上升的趋势 [1] ,2020年世界卫生组织国际癌症研究中心机构(IARC)发布的全球最新癌症负担数据显示,乳腺癌发病人数稳居第一位 [2] 。根据2022年最新的中国年轻乳腺癌诊疗专家共识发布,正式将年轻乳腺癌的年龄界定≤40岁的女性。有研究表示,中国年轻乳腺癌占全部乳腺癌的10%以上 [3] ,其中<40岁的占14.6%,<35岁占6.5%,年龄是影响乳腺癌预后的重要的独立的因素之一 [4] ,年龄与乳腺癌特异性死亡率之间存在明显的相关性 [5] ,与中年女性相比,年轻和老年女性的生存率较差 [6] 。年轻女性(≤40岁)在诊断时更常出现侵袭性临床亚型(三阴性(TNBC)、HER2阳性)和晚期疾病,复发转移和死亡风险更高、临床预后更差,主要是因为年轻乳腺癌特有的生物学行为引起的,例如:肿块大小、组织学分级、临床病理分期、淋巴结转移等 [7] 。根据以下四个方面简单阐述我国年轻乳腺癌的诊断、防治、与生育等相关问题。

2. 诊断

我国一项由妇女乳腺自检的调查显示,乳腺癌的发病率并没因为自检而呈下降的趋势,当患者触及肿块且首诊时,肿块已经相对较大了,并且年轻女性的肿块普遍比老年女性的大 [8] ,由于年轻女性乳腺组织较密集,钼靶的灵敏度仅有33.3% [9] ,对比钼靶检查,乳腺彩超的灵敏度则更高超 [10] ,对于高危患者乳房彩超提示钙化病变,又不能明确诊断时,超声联合钼靶可以最大限度的提高诊断效率 [11] 。一组研究 [12] 表示,推荐常规检查为阴性的高危乳腺癌患者行乳腺核磁,乳腺核磁的灵敏度对比钼靶和超声则更高达到79.5%,尽管诸多辅助检测都能协助诊断,但最终确诊的手段还得需要对可疑病灶行穿刺活检术。

2.1. 病理类型、组织学、淋巴结情况

根据王鑫等 [13] [14] 研究显示年轻乳腺癌和老年乳腺癌对比,最常见的病理类型均是浸润性导管癌,其次为导管内癌、浸润性小叶癌;年轻乳腺癌较老年乳腺癌具有更高的侵袭性 [15] [16] ;组织学分级更高,Ki67高表达比例更高,脉管浸润的比例更高;TNM分期中,年轻乳腺癌初诊III较高于老年组,肿瘤进展快,且腋窝淋巴结转移的阳性率更高 [17] 。

2.2. 分子分型

年轻乳腺癌患者因乳腺组织密集和它独有的生物学特征,增加了早期诊断的难度,乳腺癌患者尽管是组织学、病理类型、分期相同,但是不同的分子分型导致乳腺癌患者的临床表现、治疗以及预后都有很大的差异,通过雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor, PR)、人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HER-2)的基因表达谱情况,Perou [18] 等就先提出了乳腺癌的固有分子分型。后来新的分子分型标志物如细胞增殖基因Ki-67等的引入并不断完善,形成了现代的以免疫组织化学诊断为基础的简化分子分型。2013年St.Gallen会议专家共识亮点 [19] 及2015年发布的St. Gallen会议专家共识 [20] 将乳腺癌分成4个亚型:导管A型(LuminalA型):ER+和(或) PR+、Ki67 < 14% (低表达);人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HER-2)过表达型:ER-、PR-、HER2+;三阴性型:ER-、PR-、HER-2-,Ki67任何;导管B型(Luminal B型):ER+和(或) PR+、HER2-、Ki67 ≥ 14%或ER+和(或) PR+、HER2+、Ki67 ≥ 14% (高表达)。通过冷茹冰等 [21] 研究结果表示:乳腺癌的分子分型也是预后的独立危险因素,同时还有肿瘤的分期。与LuminalA型和HER-2阳性患者的预后相比较,三阴型与Luminal B型预后更差 [22] 。有研究显示我国年轻乳腺癌患者约70%为激素受体(hormonr receptor, HR)阳性,由于年轻患者的卵巢功能比较活跃,刺激HR阳性的乳腺癌细胞增长 [23] [24] 。与欧美地区国家相比,美国乳腺癌的中位发病年龄为62~64岁,<40岁的乳腺癌仅占所有乳腺癌的4.9%,根据德国的一组研究数据 [25] 表示:浸润性导管癌占79%,小叶癌7.8%,其余为其他类型。导管癌中,9.1%为I级,54.1%为II级,34.6%为III.级。生物亚型方面,激素受体阳性占多数。从这个数据来分析,国内外发病年龄上有差别,在病理类型和分子分型上未见明区别。

3. 防治

乳腺癌的预防分三级,一级预防即病因干预,多项研究数据 [26] 表示生活方式和环境因素对乳腺癌的发展有影响,例如:高脂肪饮食、饮酒及缺乏体育锻炼等,消除这些病因可能有助于降低乳腺癌发病率和死亡率。二级预防,包括诊断测试(例如乳房X光检查,超声检查,磁共振成像,乳房自我检查以及现代化更精确的成像方法)有助于早期发现肿瘤或易患肿瘤的病变 [27] 。三级预防,早诊断早治疗,即患者进行临床诊疗延长生命,改善预后,提高生活质量等。有研究表示,营养基因组学和营养蛋白质为饮食在致癌中的作用提供了见解,适当的营养在预防疾病方面发挥着重要作用,为患乳腺癌风险的女性开发个性化饮食提供了前所未有的机会 [28] 。

任何年龄的分娩都会在产后头十年内暂时增加患乳腺癌的风险,并且这种不利影响的窗口在首次分娩年龄晚(>35岁)的女性中延续了二十多年。怀孕保护作用的交叉取决于第一次怀孕的年龄,年轻母亲受益最大。此外,产后5~10年的乳腺癌诊断与后续转移性疾病的高风险相关。哺乳已被证明可以总体上对乳腺癌发病率具有保护作用,并因种族、多胎和哺乳期的终生时间而不同程度的保护作用 [29] 。产后乳房复旧已被确定为在完成妊娠后5~10年内诊断出的女性转移风险增加的关键因素 [30] 。

3.1. 外科治疗

乳腺癌的综合治疗中,外科手术治疗是不可或缺的一个部分;特别是对年轻乳腺癌患者,在行外科手术治疗之前需要多学科考虑,做好疗效、美观以及远期并发病、预后等问题 [31] 。在遵循了外科治疗指南,年轻且可手术患者更倾向于保乳治疗。Komoike等 [32] 研究显示,年轻患者在接受保乳术后会增加局部复发风险。Charlotte E Coles [30] 在一项保乳手术患者的回顾性研究显示,小于35岁的年轻患者乳腺癌局部复发率为2.5%,高于整体人群的1.1%。另一项随访达20年的随机对照研究中心表示,I~II期小于50岁的乳腺癌患者在接受保乳治疗和接受乳房切术对比,两者在总生存和远处转移的时间上并无差异 [33] 。这一研究结果提示:当达到保乳适应征且有保乳愿望的患者可以考虑保乳治疗。一项荟萃回顾性分析:按乳腺癌不同分子分型进行局部复发率统计,结果表明,HER-2过表达型和三阴性乳腺癌局部复发率都高于Luminal型乳腺癌患者;三阴型乳腺癌无论是在保乳术后还是乳房切除术后,局部复发率较高 [34] 。目前对于不同分子分型的年轻乳腺癌在接受保乳术后的远期转移的相关性统计数据尚欠缺。

前哨淋巴结活检:目前对于腋窝淋巴结阴性及非炎性乳腺癌患者推荐行前哨淋巴结结活检术进行临床分期,腋窝分期对乳腺癌标准化治疗提共了重要参考 [35] 。NBSABP32研究 [36] 表示:腋窝淋巴结阴性在行前哨淋巴结活检后的患者,与直接行腋窝淋巴结清扫的患者相比,两者8年的生存期、无病生存、局部复发率无明显差异 [36] 。结合目前的临床研究实践和结果表示,建议达到前哨淋巴结活检适应证的年轻乳腺癌患者优先采用前哨淋巴结活检术来进行腋窝分期。

乳房整形及重建 [37] [38] :保乳治疗后为保证切缘阴性和术后恢复乳房外形,通过采用肿瘤整形技术来对乳房缺损的地方进行修复。预防性切除:BRCA1/2基因胚系突变是否会影响同侧或对侧乳房的乳腺癌发病率,是早期乳腺癌患者选择保乳或全切手术的一个重要因素,北京一项回顾性研究 [39] 显示:对于携带BRCA1/2基因突变的乳腺癌患者,在80个月的随访对比发现,BRCA1/2基因胚系突变组同侧乳腺癌复发率为3.9%,非突变组为2.0%,突变组的复发率未明显高于非突变组;另一项芸萃分析 [40] 结果显示:同侧乳腺癌复发率在术后7年内BRCA1/2基因突变组为显著高于非突变组,但在术后7年后同侧乳腺癌复发率开始显著升高。此外,多项研究数据 [41] [42] 显示:BRCA1/2基因胚系突变的乳腺癌患者行保乳与切乳,乳腺癌的特异性生存率和总生存期未见明显统计学差异。不过对侧乳腺癌十年累积风险在BRCA1/2基因胚系突变患者为15%~26%,显著高于非突变患者的3% [43] 。对于有对侧乳腺复发高风险的患者,需要定期通过影像学检查,或者运用化学药物预防性治疗、对侧乳房预防性切除、预防性切除卵巢等方法,其中对侧乳腺切除可以降低95%的对侧乳腺癌转移风险 [40] [44] 。

3.2. 化疗及内分泌治疗

根据第5版《年轻女性乳腺癌国际共识指南》 [45] 指导用药,化疗方案的选择需要考虑患者年龄、肿瘤病理分期、分子分型等多种因素。除年龄这个独立因素外,对于早期激素受体阳性的低危乳腺癌患者,可以仅行内分泌治疗;对于中高危,例如肿块较大、有腋窝或其他远处淋巴结转移、脉管侵犯及HER-2阳性、织学分级为3级或多基因检测提示高复发风险的患者,应依据患者具体临床分期及病理分型,参根据我国乳腺癌治疗指南进行化疗、靶向治疗和内分泌治疗等 [46] [47] 。

由于乳腺癌化疗药物对卵巢的毒性大,特别是以磷酰胺为代表的烷化剂毒性最大,会导致卵巢功能不可逆性损伤,有研究 [48] 表示,在绝经前乳腺癌患者的化疗中给予促性腺激素释放激素类似物(gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist, GnRHa) GnRHa类药物GnRHa可降低卵巢早衰的风险,从而促进卵巢功能的恢复,所以建议激素受体阳性的乳腺癌患者及有强烈生育要求的年轻乳腺癌患者,在行化疗前2周即开始使用直至化疗结束 [49] ,使用GnRHa后化疗完12个月内卵巢早衰发生率降低,对比未使用GnRHa药物的患者则更早出现卵巢早衰,但两者的总生存期和无肿瘤生存期未见明显差异。TEXT研究和SOFT研究 [50] [51] 发表的数据显示:选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERM)他莫昔芬是低复发风险乳腺癌患者的标准化治疗方案;对于中危复发风险患者,卵巢抑制(OFS)联合芳香化酶抑制剂(AI)可以降低5%的复发风险;高复发风险的绝经前激素受体阳性及HER-2阴性的乳腺癌患者,运用OFS联合AI类药物依西美坦,与OFS联合他莫昔芬或他莫昔芬单药治疗对比,前者8年无远处复发率绝对获益为10%~15%。

3.3. 生育影响

我国乳腺癌逐渐面临年轻化,给一部分未婚未孕或者已婚未孕有着生育需求的女性带来严重的问题。对生育的影响主要有三个方面:抗肿瘤药物对生殖系统直接或者间接损害,再者是因为治疗而错过最佳生育年龄。国际指南建议,将抗癌治疗对卵巢功能和生育能力的影响也放到多学科管理中,临床医生在制定治疗前尽早评估预后和生育问题 [52] 。

降低生育风险和保护生育功能,是目前年轻乳腺患者面临的最大问题,生育管理专家共识提出,建议多学科管理,为有需求的年轻乳腺癌患者提供心理咨询和制定个性化治疗,根据患者不同情况个性化采取不同的生育保护 [53] [54] ,例如涉及药物(促性腺激素释放激素类似物(gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist, GnRHa) GnRHa类药物)、手术(移植)或冷冻技术(目前有卵母细胞冷冻、胚胎冷冻、卵巢组织冷冻保存与未成熟卵母细胞体外成熟保存)等不同的助孕方法,给患者增加了生育机会 [55] [56] ,在推荐的同时还需要充分与患者沟通不同技术有可能会面临的风险。

3.4. 保乳治疗后哺乳

大多数年轻乳腺癌患者在选择治疗上普遍偏向保乳治疗,特别是育龄期女性在接受保乳治疗和后续放疗后,达到妊娠条件,患侧乳房依旧可以分泌乳汁来哺乳,但是在接受保乳手术和放射治疗后的乳房,乳头的延展性可能会下降,就增加了哺乳的难度 [57] 。

4. 展望

年轻乳腺癌对于中老年乳腺癌是一个特殊的存在,它特有的生物学特征在诊治上带来了诸多挑战,治疗时不仅要考虑延长患者的生命,还需要考虑患者的生活质量以及对生育的需求,因此作为临床医生在治疗前需告知患者治疗后可能会出现的一系列问题,以及通过多学科共同参与,给患者制定个性化治疗,最大限度地减少患者因为在治疗阶段造成的一些心理问题和社会影响,改善患者预后。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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