减低剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植后CMV、EBV感染情况的研究现状及进展
Research Status and Progress of CMV and EBV Infection after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with Reduced Intensity Conditioning
摘要: 随着移植模式不断完善,RIC (减低剂量预处理)移植模式的出现使许多不适合接受常规MAC (清髓性预处理)模式的老年患者和体弱的非老年患者,也能够进行造血干细胞移植。但是在RIC-allo-HSCT (减低剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植术)术后CMV、EBV感染是一个很棘手的问题。
Abstract: With the continuous improvement of the transplantation model, the Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) transplantation model has enabled many elderly patients and weak non-elderly patients who are not suitable for the conventional MAC (myeloablative conditioning) model to have hematopoiet-ic stem cell transplantation. However, CMV and EBV infection after RIC-allo-HSCT (reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) is a thorny issue.
文章引用:郭贤哲, 江明. 减低剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植后CMV、EBV感染情况的研究现状及进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 11303-11310. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371579

1. 引言

随着RIC模式出现和成熟。移植仍然面临感染的问题,尤其是CMV、EBV等病毒感染。在既往的研究:在术后CMV肺炎发病率可达:10%~30%,因此导致的死亡率甚至达到90%;对于EBV来说,虽然在HSCT术后发病率仅为:0.07%~29%,但是EBV导致的PTLD (淋巴增殖性疾病)、嗜血细胞综合征却严重威胁患者的生命 [1] 。在2014年吴德沛教授团队,分别对移植术后出现CMV/EBV共同感染、EBV单独感染、CMV单独感染的三种情况进行了分组对比 [2] 。6个月非复发死亡率(NRM)分别为8.9%、8.1%和18.7%,CMV/EBV+组显著高于其他两组(P = 0.036, 0.032)。提示CMV及EBV共激活可能是术后早期死亡的高危因素。因此通过分析既往的RIC研究以及在allo-HSCT术后CMV、EBV感染情况研究,以及了解对于CMV、EBV的最新治疗进展,都是很有必要的。

2. CMV

CMV (cytomegalovirus)是一种疱疹病毒目乙型疱疹病毒亚科的双链DNA病毒,又称疱疹病毒5型。广泛存在于人体之中,会导致感染脏器的严重损伤,在移植术后免疫力低下时更加严重 [3] 。既往研究危险因素包括:1) 在移植类型差异中,亲缘全相合移植患者CMV感染的发生率为18%~55% [4] [5] [6] [7] 、非亲缘相合移植为65%~70% [5] [8] 、脐血造血干细胞移植可达70%~85% [9] [10] 、单倍型移植以ATG方案为主,CMV感染的发生率为 60%~83% [5] [6] [7] [11] [12] [13] ;2) ATG以及PTcy等免疫抑制剂的使用 [14] ;3) 除此之外还有年龄 ≥ 40岁、CMV IgG阳性、II度GVHD及以上、预处理化疗方案等 [15] [16] [17] [18] 。

2.1. 术前患者CMV病毒载量对术后CMV感染的影响

在2016年美国国立卫生中心研究了巨细胞病毒载量与造血干细胞移植后第一年的死亡率的关系 [19] ,结果:巨细胞病毒载量 > 250 IU/mL甚至更高与移植术后早期(0至 +60 d内)高死亡率相关([HR] 19.8, 95% CI 9.6~41.1)。在2020年Arcuri团队纳入98例术前CMV阳性患者,其中30人用haplo-HSCT,68人采用MUD-HSCT,78%的患者使用了(MAC)方案,其余22%的患者使用了(RIC)方案。从该研究的多因素分析结果看,CMVIgG滴度 > 100 U/mL的患者中CMV术后再激活的发生率更高([HR], 2.38; P = 0.005) [20] 。

2.2. CMV术后感染与供受者之间血清学的关系

在2021年国内黄晓军教授团队从移植前CMV血清学阴性供者对CMV血清学阳性患者在移植术后的影响的研究,从术后CMV再激活次数 ³ 4次的结果对比:D−/R+为4/16;D+/R+为4.7% (P = 0.01)。从难治性CMV血症情况对比,D−/R+为14/16;D+/R+为56.3% (P = 0.021)。从CMV病对比,D−/R+为4/16;D+/R+为4.7% (P = 0.01),无论是多因素还是单因素分析结果看CMV血清学阴性供者对CMV血清学阳性患者在移植术后出现难治性CMV血症、CMV病都是危险因素 [21] 。2022年徐州医科大学也进行了类似研究。根据D−/R+组与D+/R+在病毒反复激活率、出血性膀胱炎发生率结果(P = 0.042, 0.026)。接受CMV−供者可能对CMV+受者术后CMV反复激活感染、出血性膀胱炎发生率增加 [22] 。

2.3. CMV术后感染与CD34输注剂量关系

Arcuri [20] 的研究显示高剂量CD34输注对患者从GVHD、还是CMV阳性都有很好的治疗效果,在该研究中根据术后患者CMV感染结果对CD34细胞数量 ≤ 1.6 × 106/kg与CD34细胞数量 ³ 1.6 × 106/kg对比,两者的发生率分别为:62%、38% (P = 0.006)。但不是越高的CD34输注数量就会带来获益。Czerw的研究采用高剂量CD3和CD34 (>3.47 × 106/kg和>8.25 × 106/kg),其结果显示:高剂量的CD3和CD34是III-IV aGVHD的危险因素 [23] 。在Yokoyama的研究中:CD34输注数量在4.5至8.0 × 106/kg是比较合适的,其在ANC、PLT植入中显示出更好结果,也不增加GVHD的发生 [24] 。

2.4. CMV术后感染与HLA配型情况、移植类型的关系

2020年Arcuri研究中ATG-URD-HSCT 68名,PTCy-haplo-HSCT有30名,患者术前抗CMV的IgG都为阳性,两种模式在CMV术后激活情况对比未见明显差别 [20] 。亲缘全相合移植患者CMV感染的发生率为18%~55% [4] [5] [6] [7] 、非亲缘相合移植为65%~70% [5] [8] 、脐血造血干细胞移植可达70%~85% [9] [10] ,从既往研究数据可以看到HLA配型不相合的移植患者似乎更容易发生CMV感染。并且在单倍型移植以ATG方案为主的模式中,CMV感染的发生率为 60%~83% [5] [6] [7] [11] [12] [13] ,这可能与ATG抑制了机体防御CMV感染的细胞免疫相关。在2019年美国一研究,对在RIC-allo-HSCT的患者中,分组对比,r-ATG (4.5 mg/kg),R-ATG (6 mg/kg)。从CMV术后感染情况看r-ATG组(13例,9%),R-ATG (57例,26%) (P < 0.001),低剂量ATG组发病率要更低 [25] 。2019年南方医科大学,也对比7.5 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,1年后感染:73.4% (67.2~79.4) vs 83.4% (77.5~87.9) (P = 0.038),7.5 mg/kg ATG减少了CMV感染情况 [13] 。

2.5. CMV术后感染与GVHD的关系

2016年江苏血研所分析allo-HSCT术后的CMV感染危险因素,在aGvHD等级 ³ 2中为52.9%,在等级 < 2的aGVHD为34.1% (P = 0.001),而在用ATG和不用ATG组的对比:47.8% vs 29.1% (P = 0.001) [26] 。巴西有团队指出,第一个事件发生时的多因素分析中术后CMV感染发生率在+50 d后被诊断为II-IV级aGVHD (HR10.8; P = 0.003)的患者是很高的。在重复事件发生多因素分析中,在接受RIC的患者(HR1.69; P = 0.04)及aGVHD患者(HR1.88; P = 0.02)中,CMV感染的发生率更高 [20] 。2021年Goldsmith团队指出PTCy受者的CMV感染与较高的cGVHD相关(P = 0.006) [18] 。

2.6. CMV治疗的进展

解放军总医院用膦甲酸钠预防及抢先治疗造血干细胞移植中巨细胞病毒感染 [27] 。针对CMV的新药,例如Letermovir是一种CMV病毒末端酶抑制剂,与抑制CMV DNA合成的CMV DNA聚合酶抑制剂相比,Letermovir能防止长DNA连接体被裂解成单个病毒亚基,从而产生非感染性的长DNA颗粒 [28] 。例如马立巴韦、布罗福韦酯等药物都已经进行了II期或III期的临床试验,并取得了很好的效果 [29] [30] [31] 。2021年河南省肿瘤医院采用CMV-CTL (巨细胞病毒特异细胞毒T细胞)治疗CMV感染,总体有效率(ORR) = 78.95% [32] 。也有研究提出CMV的疫苗,用CMV的gB糖蛋白产生的抗体来做疫苗,也有用pp56蛋白编辑的CMV疫苗 [33] 。

3. EBV

EBV (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV)是疱疹病毒中嗜淋巴细胞病毒属的一种,是DNA病毒的一种。EBV也是肿瘤病毒之一,其中EBV相关PTLD则是其中EBV病中最为严重的一种 [34] 。既往研究对EBV-PTLD危险因素分为:1) 移植前:a) 使用ATG等去除T细胞 [13] [35] [36] [37] [38] ;b) 供、患者HLA配型不合 [39] [40] ;c) 供、患者EBV IgG血清学不合(尤其供+/受−) [40] [41] 等;及2) 移植后:a) III/IV度的aGVHD [40] ;b) 中度至重度cGVHD [37] 、c) CMV-DNA血症 [41] [42] 等以及d) 术后30天的CD8+ T免疫恢复情况等因素 [42] 。

3.1. EBV感染与供、患者EBV IgG状态不合(尤其供+/受−)的关系

2022年徐开林教授团队,研究了术前供者EBV血清学情况对术后EBV感染的影响,对移植后EBV中D+/R+组和D−/R+组、D+/R−组和D−/R−组患者的EBV血症的中位感染时间、EBV激活率、CMV与EBV共激活率、EBV反复激活率、cGVHD、PTLD、CMV肺炎感染率、2年OS等结果对比,差异均无统计学意义。但从单因素和多因素分析均提示无论受者移植前EBV血清学状态如何,供者EBV血清学阳性是aGVHD和NRM的独立危险因素(P < 0.05) [22] 。

3.2. EBV感染与CMV-DNA血症的关系

CMV-DNA血症是术后EBV感染以及术后PTLD发生不可忽视的危险因素之一 [34] 。2013年Zallio团队对术后CMV与EBV感染及PTLD发生情况的研究,有CMV感染组为29%;无CMV感染组为4%,(p = 0.001),多因素分析CMV感染是术后EBV感染及PTLD的独立危险因素 [43] 。2015年北大人民医院分析haplo-HSCT术后发生EBV感染及PTLD的危险因素,在多因素分析中,在多因素分析中,+30D后CD8+ T淋巴细胞绝对计数低、+30DIgM绝对计数低、haplo-HSCT后CMV-DNA血症与较高的PTLD风险显著相关(86.7% vs.72.6%, P = 0.055).。与haplo-HSCT后没有危险因素的患者相比,有两个(HR = 6.40, 95% CI 0.87~47.11, P = 0.068)或三个(HR = 11.45, 95% CI 1.43~91.85, P = 0.022)的患者发生PTLD的风险更高 [42] 。2016年吴德沛教授团队分析allo-HSCT术后EBV感染的危险因素,在多因素分析中显示:CMV感染(P = 0.017)是allo-HSCT后发生EBV感染的独立危险因素 [44] 。

3.3. EBV感染与供、患者HLA配型不合的关系

2013年瑞典的研究纳入1000名患者,其中EBV相关PTLD发病率为4%,该研究通过多因素分析导致PTLD发病比较显著的因素之一就有HLA不合的情况(P < 0.001) [40] 。在国内对HSCT中发生EBV-PTLD的危险因素的研究中,allo-HSCT总体发病率为3.2%、同胞相合供者为1.2%、haplo/亲缘不相合供者为2.8%、无关相合供者4.0%、无关不相合供者则高达了11.2%。其中在脐带血移植患者中PTLD既往文献报道中发病率为2.6%~12.9% [1] 。

3.4. EBV感染相关PTLD与GVHD的关系

有研究分析术后aGVHD对于感染EBV-PTLD的关系。2013年卡罗林斯卡学院的在其研究的单因素分析中有11个与allo-HSCT后的PTLD显著相关的因素,其中就有aGVHD,尤其是aGVHD II-IV (P = 0.02) [40] 。除此之外也有研究认为cGVHD是术后EBV感染及相关PTLD发生的危险因素 [34] 。综合分析cGVHD导致EBV感染及相关PTLD是因为cGVHD是allo-HSCT术后晚期发生的累及多个系统的自身免疫和异基因免疫异常的疾病。

3.5. EBV治疗的进展

近年许多新的治疗手段也在完善。药物例如:硼替佐米、来那度胺、依维莫司、利妥昔单抗和布伦妥昔单抗等都在临床用于治疗。有研究探讨EBV-CTL (特异细胞毒T细胞)的治疗方案 [41] 。安徽医科大学采用了EBV特异的LMP-1位点的细胞毒性T细胞治疗方法 [45] ,使EBV-CTL的治疗方案更加完善。国外针对EBV及EBV-PTLD研究一款现成的、异基因EBV特异性T细胞免疫治疗手段(Tab-cel) [46] 。随着各种治疗手段不断出现,在未来EBV感染及PTLD将会被更好控制。

4. 展望

RIC移植模式的出现使不能接受传统MAC移植模式的患者也能够接受allo-HSCT治疗。但是术后仍然面临感染的问题,尤其是CMV、EBV病毒感染。有文献报道移植前CMV血清阳性在术后再激活高达80%,如未进行抢先治疗20%~35% CMV阳性患者会变为CMV病,另据国内外研究数据显示,allo-HSCT后EBV-PTLD发生率为0.8%~11.9% [7] [47] [48] [49] 。CMV、EBV逐渐成为阻碍患者远期预后的并发症。许多新的治疗方案也不断出现,都使RIC-allo-HSCT术后面对CMV、EBV感染有了更多的选择。且随着免疫技术的进展,各种细胞免疫治疗方法不断出现 [50] ,未来能使移植术后的CMV、EBV感染能够得到更好的预防和治疗。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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