合并门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌非手术治疗的研究进展
Progress in Non-Surgical Treatment of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Combined Portal Vein Carcinoma Thrombosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1371651, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 141  浏览: 7,402 
作者: 寇文豪:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;樊海宁*:青海大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,青海 西宁
关键词: 肝细胞癌门静脉癌栓非手术治疗Hepatocellular Carcinoma Portal Vein Carcinoma Embolism Non-Surgical Treatment
摘要: 门静脉癌栓是肝细胞癌中常见的、具有挑战性的并发症,也是决定肝细胞癌预后的重要因素。在许多患有晚期肝细胞癌的门静脉癌栓病例中,选择治疗方案是非常困难的。与没有门静脉癌栓的肝细胞癌患者相比,有门静脉癌栓的肝细胞癌患者表现出更差的肝功能、更低的治疗耐受性和预后,并且具有更高的相关合并症风险。东西方在肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓形成的治疗方面存在巨大差异,且目前还没有全球共识和标准指南。近年来,患有门静脉癌栓的肝细胞癌患者有了更多的治疗选择。如手术、经动脉化疗、放射治疗、放射性栓塞、索拉非尼和联合治疗都有在使用。本文就肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的几种常见非手术治疗方式及其不同联合方案进行简要阐述,以期为临床合并门静脉癌栓的肝细胞癌患者的诊疗提供帮助。
Abstract: Portal vein carcinoma embolism is a common and challenging complication in hepatocellular carci-noma and an important determinant of prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. In many cases of portal vein carcinoma embolism with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, the choice of treatment options is very difficult. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis exhibit poorer liver function, lower treatment tolerance and prognosis, and have a higher risk of associated comorbidities than patients with hepatocellular carcinoma without portal vein thrombosis. There are significant differences between the East and West in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with portal vein thrombosis, and there is no global consensus or standard guidelines. In recent years, more treatment options have become available for patients with hepatocellular carci-noma with portal vein thrombosis. For example, surgery, transarterial chemotherapy, radiation therapy, radioembolization, sorafenib, and combination therapy are in use. This article briefly de-scribes several common non-surgical treatment modalities for hepatocellular carcinoma combined with portal vein carcinoma thrombosis and their different combination regimens, with the aim of providing assistance in the clinical management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma com-bined with portal vein carcinoma thrombosis.
文章引用:寇文豪, 樊海宁. 合并门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌非手术治疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 11779-11784. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371651

1. 引言

肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是全球第六大最常见的癌症,也是全球第四大癌症致死原因。每年有超过840万肝癌新发病例和780万肝癌死亡病例 [1] 。门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus, PVTT)是肝细胞癌患者常见的并发症,常提示病情晚期、治疗困难、预后差等。HCC合并PVTT的发生率为44%~62.2%,在未加任何干预的情况下,中位生存期仅为2.7个月 [2] 东西方对于HCC合并PVTT患者的治疗策略存在很大差异。根据巴塞罗那肝癌分期系统(BCLC分期),伴有PVTT的HCC指的是BCLC C期,患者唯一抗癌治疗选择是口服索拉非尼,其结果中位生存期为6.5~10.7个月 [3] 。相反,我国和日本等地区的临床实践指南建议对部分HCC患者进行积极的抗癌治疗,如我国专家共识 [4] 建议对于肝癌合并PVTT I、II型患者进行手术切除治疗,并在术后行TACE等辅助治疗。但不幸的是只有少数患者可以获得治愈性手术,大部分患者只能选择非手术治疗,例如经动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, HAIC)、经门静脉灌注化疗、索拉非尼治疗以及放射治疗(radiotherapy, RT)等。我国是一个肝癌大国,国内对HCC合并PVTT的治疗做了更多的研究和探索。现就我国HCC合并PVTT的非手术治疗现状及治疗方式的研究进展进行综述。

2. PVTT的诊断与分型

病理检查是诊断PVTT的金标准,但临床上,在动态造影剂增强CT或MRI中,通过在动脉期使用造影剂观察到门静脉系统内显示出一个低衰减的腔内肿块,通常被认为是HCC合并PVTT。门静脉由肠系膜上静脉与脾静脉汇合而成,在肝内又分为左右支。各支进一步的细分供应肝窦。因此,门静脉癌栓可能累及门静脉远端分支,或仅累及一段或叶,也可能累及门静脉主干,进而累及整个肝脏 [5] 。门静脉癌栓常用的分型标准主要包括日本的VP分型 [6] 和我国的程氏分型 [7] 。日本的VP分型是基于临床特征、影像学和病理学表现以及手术结果,将PVTT分为五个等级:Vp0,门静脉内无癌栓;Vp1,在门静脉二级分支远端存在癌栓,但不在门静脉二级分支内;Vp2,门静脉二级分支存在癌栓;Vp3,门静脉一级分支存在癌栓;Vp4,门静脉主干或门静脉分支对侧主要受累叶(或两者均有)存在癌栓。该分类系统被日本每年的肝癌普查数据引用。例如日本第19次肝癌年度普查报告 [6] 显示:纳入的20,850名原发性肝癌患者Vp0、Vp1、Vp3、Vp4的比例分别为87.1%、3.1%、2.6%、3.9%、3.4%。2007年,程树群等 [7] 根据影像结果提出了更适合我国肝癌患者并被国内许多肝脏中心所接受的程氏分型,将PVTT定义了四种类型:I型,涉及节段及以上分支;II型,累及左右门静脉;III型,累及门静脉主干;IV型,累及肠系膜上静脉。一项回顾性研究分析了441名合并PVTT的HCC患者资料显示:不同程氏分型的PVTT发生率为I型,32.7%;II型,42.9%;III型,19.5%;IV型5.0%。

3. 非手术治疗单一疗法

3.1. TACE治疗

经动脉化疗栓塞术(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE) [8] 是合并门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌非手术治疗最常见的姑息性局部治疗方案。通过动脉注射化疗药物和栓塞剂,不仅减少了流向肿瘤的血流量,还诱导肿瘤缺血性坏死。Jun Luo等 [9] 对不可切除的HCC伴PVTT的患者进行了一项前瞻性双臂非随机研究,结果显示:TACE组和保守组的平均生存期分别为7.1和4.1个月。TACE组和保守组的3、6、12和24个月总生存率分别为85.6%、56.4%、30.9%和9.2%,以及63.6%、28%、3.8%和0%。TACE组的总生存期明显优于保守组(P < 0.001)。一项通过倾向评分匹配进行的回顾性研究分析了1040例接受TACE或BSC治疗的HCC伴PVTT患者的临床资料 [10] ,并结合PVTT分型进行亚组分析。结果提示:TACE比BSC治疗更有效的治疗程氏PVTT I-III型的HCC患者。接受TACE或BSC治疗的IV型PVTT患者的OS没有显著差异。OS发生率随PVTT分型的增加而恶化。故而TACE作为合并PVTT的HCC的非手术治疗方案是显著有效的 [11] [12] 。

3.2. HAIC治疗

肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC)是晚期HCC非手术治疗的另一种方式 [13] 。Choi等 [14] 在一项前瞻性对照研究中对肝癌合并PVTT患者中分别行HAIC和索拉菲尼治疗进行比较,共纳入58例患者,HAIC组29例,索拉非尼治疗组29例,结果发现,HAIC组的中位总生存期分别为14.9个月和7.2个月,HAIC组明显优于索拉菲尼组。Zhang等 [15] 也比较了HAIC和索拉非尼治疗的疗效,HAIC的效果明显优于索拉非尼,也说明HAIC对合并PVTT的HCC治疗有效。

3.3. 放射治疗

由于肝脏是一个对辐射非常敏感的器官,给肝脏大剂量的辐射可能会诱发肝病。HCC患者有慢性肝病的背景,背景肝硬化的存在将导致肝组织对辐射的可耐受性降低。所以,过去对于合并PVTT的HCC患者不建议常规行放射治疗,因为缺乏准确的放射治疗会导致肝损伤甚至肝衰竭。近年来,随着放疗技术的进步,三维适形放射治疗(3D-CRT)逐渐为临床所常用 [16] 。Rim等 [17] 回顾性研究探讨了三维适形放射治疗门静脉癌栓形成的HCC患者的疗效,共纳入了45例肝癌合并PVTT患者,结果显示:高剂量三维适形放疗有效率为62.3%,是一种安全有效的治疗方法,可延长肝细胞癌门静脉癌栓形成患者的生存期。Xi等 [18] 研究同样表明放射治疗是PVTT患者的一种非常安全有效的治疗选择。因而可以认为:放疗可以提高合并PVTT的HCC患者的总生存率,并且对于PVTT患者是安全可行的 [19] [20] 。

3.4. 索拉非尼治疗

索拉非尼是一种口服多激酶抑制剂,一项多中心三期双盲试验 [21] 将602名既往未接受过全身治疗的晚期肝细胞癌患者随机分为索拉非尼或安慰剂组。结果显示:索拉非尼组的中位总生存期为10.7个月,安慰剂组为7.9个月。索拉非尼组和安慰剂组的放射学进展期分别为5.5个月和2.8个月(P < 0.001)。对确定大血管侵犯的231名患者SHARP试验的亚分析 [22] 表明,索拉非尼组(n = 108)比接受安慰剂治疗的对照组(n = 123)获得了更长的中位OS (8.1个月 vs 4.9个月)。并且索拉非尼是巴塞罗那肝癌分期系统(BCLC分期),对于伴有PVTT的HCC患者唯一抗癌治疗选择 [23] 。

3.5. 钇-90放射性栓塞

放射栓塞是一种经动脉的近距离放射治疗形式,其中将载有钇-90的微球注射到动脉内,并在内部产生杀死肿瘤的辐射 [24] 。Lee等 [25] 对30例晚期不能手术的HCC患者进行回顾性分析,中位随访18.3个月后,有效率为30.0%,疾病控制率为50.0%。中位总无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)分别为3.3个月和13.2个月。Hilgard等 [24] 其它学者同样研究表明:用钇-90进行放射性栓塞治疗合并PVTT的HCC是安全有效的,可被认为是一种新的治疗选择 [26] 。

4. 非手术治疗联合疗法

综上所述,已经对合并PVTT的HCC患者的非手术治疗进行了各种尝试治疗方案,但单一疗法的效果并不令人满意。所以,人们还尝试了各种疗法的组合,目的是改善疗效。

索拉非尼联合TACE的疗效已经得到研究,因为这两种治疗方案有望起到协同作用。一项联合TACE和索拉非尼治疗HCC伴PVTT患者的回顾性研究 [27] 表明,TACE加索拉非尼间断治疗方案对合并PVTT的HCC患者具有良好的耐受性,并可能改善OS,尤其是对Childe-Pugh A级、无肝外转移或结节型的HCC患者。另外一项关于经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合索拉非尼与TACE单一治疗肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓比较的Meta分析 [28] ,研究纳入了1091名患者,其中TACE联合索拉非尼组(TACE-S) 356例,单纯TACE组735例。结果显示:TACE-S组显著增加了6个月OS (OR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.47~4.89; I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001)和1年OS (OR = 10.10; 95% CI = 2.22~4.33; I2 = 41%, P < 0.00001)。OS的危险比(HR) (HR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.51~0.75; I2 = 30%, P < 0.001)同样表明TACE-S组优于单纯TACE组。

Long等 [29] 前瞻性评估了经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)后联合微波消融(MWA)治疗肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓患者的疗效,并在另一项回顾性研究中,将结果与54例单独接受TACE治疗的患者进行了比较。结果显示TACE联合微波消融治疗可以减轻肿瘤负担,从而对PVTT I型、II型和部分III型的Child-Pugh A级或B级HCC患者,带来生存获益。

另外还有许多其它的联合化疗方案如:分子靶向治疗联合ICIs [30] 、双免疫联合治疗 [31] 、放射治疗联合局部消融 [32] 以及HAIC联合治疗方案等均在临床中为伴发PVTT的肝癌患者带来生存益处。

5. 总结与展望

对于伴有门静脉癌栓的肝细胞癌患者,TACE、HAIC、放射治疗以及多激酶抑制剂和免疫检查点抑制剂以及各种联合治疗方案等都可以延长患者的无进展生存期,并提高患者的总体生存率。尽管近些年对于PVTT患者的诊疗方案均取得了进展,但对于PVTT仍没有标准的诊疗方案,因此,笔者认为应该加大对HCC合并PVTT的临床研究,全面收集与回顾不同治疗方案为PVTT患者带来的生存获益。进而可以为个体患者提供全新的、最佳的个性化治疗方案。有望进一步规范与标准合并门静脉癌栓的肝细胞癌患者的诊疗流程与方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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