胆道狭窄的定性诊断
Qualitative Diagnosis of Biliary Stricture
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1391972, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 156  浏览: 207  科研立项经费支持
作者: 孔正军:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;张翰曦:青海大学附属医院普通外科二,青海 西宁;任 利*:青海大学附属医院普通外科一,青海 西宁
关键词: 胆道狭窄诊断ERCPBiliary Stricture Diagnosis ERCP
摘要: 不明原因的胆管狭窄的鉴别诊断较为困难。进一步的治疗措施通常需要组织学诊断,但组织的采集目前仍具有挑战性。随着内窥镜技术的新发展,如单人操作胆道镜,近年来诊断的准确性不断提高。本文通过对近年来国内外相关研究的回顾,就不明原因的胆道狭窄的定性诊断策略作一综述。
Abstract: The differential diagnosis of unexplained biliary strictures can be challenging. Further therapeutic measures typically require histopathological diagnosis, but tissue sampling remains challenging at present. With the new developments in endoscopic techniques, such as single-operator cholangios-copy, the accuracy of diagnosis has been improved in recent years. This article provides a compre-hensive review of the qualitative diagnosis strategies for unexplained biliary strictures based on a retrospective analysis of relevant research both domestically and internationally.
文章引用:孔正军, 张翰曦, 任利. 胆道狭窄的定性诊断[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(9): 14098-14102. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1391972

1. 背景

胆道狭窄是指肝内或肝外胆管系统因各种因素导致节段性狭窄,可引起胆汁淤积、胆管炎等严重的症状和并发症 [1] 。胆道狭窄分为良性和恶性胆管狭窄,其中良性胆道狭窄仅占胆管狭窄的30%左右 [2] 。恶性胆道狭窄通常由局部恶性肿瘤引起,最常见的是胆管细胞癌、胰腺癌、肝转移癌、肝细胞癌、壶腹癌或胆囊癌,其他原因包括淋巴瘤和区域淋巴结转移 [3] 。由于胆管狭窄病因复杂,如何鉴别性质不明胆道狭窄(indeterminate biliary stricture, IBS)的良恶性是临床上的一个难题 [4] [5] 。临床常用诊断手段如B超、CT及MRI等,对其诊断的敏感性为90%~98%,但特异性仅为30%~70%,一些病例常规手段难以明确诊断,导致处理方式难以抉择 [6] [7] 。为提高确诊率,衍生出经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP),超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)、经口胆道镜等新方式。本文通过对近年来国内外相关研究的回顾,就不明原因的胆道狭窄的定性诊断策略作一综述。

2. ERCP

ERCP已经是一种成熟的技术,它可以同时在治疗过程中做高分辨率透视图像,提供有关狭窄部位、长度以及是否存在黏膜不规则等信息。透视图像鉴别良恶性肿瘤的准确度最高可达80%,且同时还可以进行胆管刷检或腔内活检等组织采样 [8] 。然而,标准ERCP和胆道对恶性肿瘤的敏感性仅为26%~73% (最近的一项meta分析汇总敏感性为45%) [9] ,透视下活检的敏感度仅为33%~65%,因此有学者提出了一些提高其敏感度的方法。一项涉及443名患者的RCT实验显示,刷30次的敏感性为57%,显著高于10次的38%,且不会增加术后并发症的概率。由于该研究最多只刷检30次,所以不清楚刷检更多次数是否可以进一步增加敏感性,但由于刷检次数过多可能导致术后并发症或刷子损坏的概率增加,因此仍建议刷30次 [10] 。其他一些包括狭窄扩张后行刷检或活检,多种诊断方法联合应用等同样可以一定程度上提高诊断的准确率 [11] [12] [13] 。此外,一些其他目前已应用于临床的较新技术如荧光原位杂交(FISH)、流式细胞技术、DNA倍体分析、免疫细胞化学法、胆汁蛋白质组学分析等,尚还需要更多的研究来验证这些方法。

3. EUS

EUS-FNA可实现胰腺和胆道的可视化和组织采样。EUS-FNA是评估实质性胰腺肿块的标准方法,目前越来越多地用于评估胆道狭窄 [14] [15] 。一项涉及957名患者的荟萃分析报告了EUS-FNA诊断胆管细胞癌的敏感性和特异性的分别为80%和97% [16] 。EUS-FNA的缺点是有小概率风险会发生肿瘤种植。在一项回顾性研究中显示,虽然接受EUS-FNA治疗的患者数量很少(n = 16),其结果显示在肝移植之前接受EUS-FNA的患者在行分期剖腹手术时,腹腔内转移的发生率更高(83% vs. 8%) [17] 。近期的一项多中心研究显示,在接受经胃穿刺组织采样的患者中有0.857%观察到经针道的转移,但在接受经十二指肠穿刺治疗的患者中没有观察到针道转移 [18] 。总之,多项证据显示EUS-FNA与针道播散具有较强相关性,因此对于胆总管的近端/中段狭窄,只有在ERCP采样未能产生明确的细胞学诊断后才应考虑。

4. 经口胆管镜

直接经口胆管镜最初于1970年代引入,但由于子母内镜的使用存在困难,需要两名操作者、尖端操作困难、操作耗时和内镜易碎等,因此未得到广泛使用。2006年开发了单人胆道镜(SOC),由于刷检细胞学的敏感性低,而胆道镜可以提供视觉引导下的活检,胆道镜再次引起了医生的兴趣 [19] [20] 。在一项纳入61例性质不明胆道狭窄患者的多中心研究中,尽管总体诊断敏感性适中(52%~63.6%),但在57例最初怀疑为恶性病变的患者中,有33例通过镜下检查避免了不必要的手术切除 [21] ,因此,对于诊断不明确的患者,胆道镜检查具有巨大的临床使用价值。在一项包含105名患者的多中心前瞻性研究中,胆管镜检查中恶性肿瘤视觉印象的敏感性和特异性分别为90%和96%。胆管镜引导下活检诊断恶性肿瘤的敏感性和特异性分别为85%和100% [22] 。另外,取多少次活检才能获得足够的组织进行组织病理学评估是一个具有争论的点。根据目前已有的研究,活检次数尚不确定,但需要两次以上的活检才能达到>70% [23] [24] 。关于现场评估是否可提高准确率目前仍存在争议,有数据表明,通过使用接触印迹细胞学快速现场评估(ROSE-TIC),可以显著改善原因不明的胆道狭窄中胆道镜引导的活检的诊断结果 [25] 。尽管胆道镜检查具有很高的诊断准确性,但胆道镜检查是一种昂贵且难以掌握的技术,需要在ERCP方面拥有丰富的经验,并在数字图像的解读和操作技术方面进行较长的培训,且胆道镜检查期间可能发生多种并发症,因此胆道镜检查目前尚未广泛使用。

5. 胆管腔内超声检查

胆管腔内超声检查(intraductal ultrasonography, IDUS)是在导丝引导下将高频超声探头插入胆管。它提供胆管壁和胆管周围组织的高分辨率图像 [26] [27] 。多项研究显示,在评估无占位性病变的胆道狭窄时,IDUS的敏感性和诊断准确性可分别约为80%和90% [28] [29] 。基于这些优势,与ERCP引导相比,活检钳活检期间使用IDUS引导有望通过对肿块、壁层和活检钳的使用进行超声可视化来提供更准确的活检结果。一项涉及29名患者的前瞻性研究显示,与怀疑胆道恶性狭窄患者行常规腔内活检相比,IDUS引导的活检可以显著提高的肿瘤的检出率(89.6% vs. 65.5%, P = 0.028),预计用于IDUS引导的腔内活检的新型IDUS探头或附件将能够在活检期间更准确地定位病灶,并将进一步提高癌症检出率 [30] 。

6. 共聚焦激光显微镜

共聚焦激光显微镜检查使用静脉注射造影剂,可以使用可以通过内窥镜工作通道的导管探头(pCLE)或通过FNA针(nCLE)推进的细探针实时提供微观水平的组织细节。pCLE探头可以通过各种ERCP导管或胆管镜的工作通道。检测胆道恶性肿瘤的敏感性为73%~83%,但特异性较低,为33%~50%。有研究显示,pCLE后ERCP期间临床印模的敏感性显著优于组织取样的敏感性(P < 0.01),且ERCP、pCLE和组织取样临床印模的准确性高于ERCP后无pCLE组织取样的准确性(P = 0.06) [31] 。随着临床医生越来越熟悉这个新工具,pCLE有可能成为一个更丰富的研究领域并改变临床操作范式 [32] 。

7. 总结

经口胆管镜检查与其他几种新型诊断技术的重新出现提高了内镜下评估不确定胆道狭窄的诊断准确性。很明显,标准ERCP和常规采样需要与先进的分子检测和成像方式相结合,目前正在研究其诊断准确性。还需要进一步评估以确定它们在胆道狭窄患者的诊断和管理流程中的地位。

基金项目

恶性胆道狭窄球囊扩张前后胆道刷检与活检的诊断价值。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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