内侧半月板后根部撕裂治疗的研究进展
Research Progress in the Treatment of Medi-al Meniscus Posterior Root Tear
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13102272, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 225  浏览: 327 
作者: 李 凯:内蒙古民族大学第二临床医学院,内蒙古 牙克石
关键词: 内侧半月板后根部撕裂内侧半月板外突治疗研究进展Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear Medial Meniscus Extruded Treatment Research Progress
摘要: 内侧半月板后根部撕裂被定义为半月板根部附着1 cm内的骨性或软组织根部撕脱损伤或径向撕裂。多项研究证实内侧半月板后根部撕裂与内侧半月板外突具有相关性,内侧半月板外突又是膝关节骨性关节炎的危险因素。因此,在治疗内侧半月板后根部撕裂应考虑将内侧半月板恢复到原来的解剖位置,以延缓膝关节骨性关节炎的进展。本综述总结了内侧半月板后根部撕裂的治疗方式,以期为临床中选择治疗方式提供理论依据。
Abstract: Medial meniscus posterior root tear is defined as bony or soft tissue root avulsion injury or radial tear within 1 cm of meniscus root attachment. A number of studies have confirmed that medial me-niscus posterior root tear is associated with medial meniscus protrusion which is a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, the restoration of the medial meniscus to its original anatomical po-sition should be considered in the treatment of medial meniscus root tear to delay the progression of knee osteoarthritis. This review summarizes the treatment of medial meniscus posterior root tear in order to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
文章引用:李凯. 内侧半月板后根部撕裂治疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 16251-16255. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102272

1. 引言

膝关节半月板是人体的重要结构,具备运载负荷、减震、稳定、本体感觉和润滑关节等功能,其中最主要的功能是使纵向负荷转化为环形应力,减少膝关节的直接压力。生物力学研究表明,膝关节至少50%的应力载荷是在膝关节伸展时通过半月板传递的,大约85%的应力载荷是在膝关节屈曲90˚时通过半月板传递的,这减少了软骨表面和软骨下骨的机械应力 [1] [2] 。半月板任何微观结构的破坏或宏观解剖学位置的改变都会降低其功能,减少对膝关节的保护作用 [3] 。内侧半月板较外侧活动度小,因此,更容易受损。并且内侧半月板后角的机械负荷明显高于前角,尤其是在膝关节屈曲时,在巨大的机械应力下,内侧半月板后角损伤的概率更大 [4] 。内侧半月板后根部撕裂(medial meniscus posterior root tear, MMPRT)被定义为半月板根部附着1 cm内的骨性或软组织根部撕脱损伤或径向撕裂 [5] [6] 。本文将对MMPRT与内侧半月板外突的关系及MMPRT的治疗进行综述,以期为临床中选择治疗MMPRT的方法提供思路。

2. MMPRT与内侧半月板外突之间的关系

内侧半月板根部胶原纤维断裂导致膝关节软骨的接触面积减少,膝关节表面的接触应力过大和胫股关节生物力学异常,无法通过诱导内侧半月板径向移位将轴向应力转换为环形应力,最终使内侧半月板外突 [7] 。黄竞敏 [8] 等人研究证实了MMPRT是导致内侧半月板外突的主要因素。Kamatsuki [9] 的研究中发现:在MMPRT患者相应症状发生后的1年内,内侧半月板外突绝对值和相对值都逐渐增加。也有研究表明,MMPRT可能是内侧半月板外突所致。Krych [10] 证实了在MMPRT确诊之前,所有的患者均出现了半月板胫骨韧带断裂和半月板外突的现象。Furumatsu等人 [11] 的研究发现,随着病程的进展,MMPRT患者的内侧半月板外突绝对位移和相对位移均逐渐增加,他们认为,早期、准确地诊断MMPRT可能有助于预防内侧早期半月板外突的发展。因此,内侧半月板外突可能是MMPRT的危险因素,同时,MMPRT损伤又会加重内侧半月板外突的程度。有研究表明,半月板外突可能是膝关节退变的始动因素 [12] 。有研究表明 [13] ,内侧半月板外突是膝关节骨性关节炎的重要危险因素,可能继发膝关节自发性骨坏死、关节软骨损伤、继发性骨关节炎。近年来,越来越多的人开始关注半月板外突这一临床现象。对于存在半月板外突现象的膝关节损伤,在治疗原发疾病的同时,也应该将外突的半月板恢复到原来的解剖位置,以免加剧膝关节骨性关节炎的进程。

3. 内侧半月板后根部撕裂的治疗

MMPRT的治疗应根据半月板损伤的严重程度、损伤至手术干预的时间及关节软骨的情况来决定具体的治疗方式。

3.1. 非手术治疗

一些学者认为,软骨损伤高于Outerbridge 3级的膝关节病变是半月板后根部撕裂修补术的禁忌症。Chung等人 [14] 的研究发现,高于Outerbridge 3级的软骨病变是不良预后的因素。因此,对于软骨损伤高于Outerbridge 3级的患者可行保守治疗。使用镇痛药、改变膝关节活动方式和佩戴支具等对症治疗可缓解症状 [15] 。

3.1.1. 关节内注射皮质类固醇

皮质类固醇注射用于半月板撕裂的治疗,由于其抗炎的免疫抑制作用,可能会在短期内缓解膝关节疼痛。Vermesan [16] 等人通过对关节内类固醇注射与关节镜清创的对比,结果显示:在一年后,两组在膝关节评分方面的差异无统计学意义。对于退行性内侧半月板撕裂的膝关节骨性关节炎患者,关节内注射类固醇在短期内的治疗效果与关节镜下清创术相似。

3.1.2. 关节内注射透明质酸

关节内注射透明质酸可恢复病理改变的滑膜液的正常粘性特征,减少滑膜炎症,保护软骨侵蚀,防止软骨病变和膝关节骨性关节炎的进展。Zotzi [17] 研究了关节内注射透明质酸的疗效,研究结果:透明质酸可能对半月板撕裂的相关疼痛症状有效。

3.2. 手术治疗

3.2.1. 半月板切除术

半月板切除术改变了膝关节的生物力学,使膝关节中没有了半月板减少机械应力的这一作用,加速膝关节骨性关节炎的发生。有研究表明,半月板切除术是膝关节骨性关节炎的一个重要危险因素,并与早期全膝关节置换术相关 [18] [19] 。

3.2.2. 单纯半月板修复术

半月板修复术的最常用两种修复技术是经胫骨半月板根部修复术和缝合锚钉修复术。经胫骨半月板根部修复术的基本原理是通过在半月板根部放置缝线,并将其拉入经胫骨隧道来重新连接半月板。Sang-Woo Jeon等人 [20] 通过对40例MMPRT患者行关节镜下经胫骨拔出修复术的患者做了超过5年的随访,结果显示,内侧半月板外突的风险和关节软骨损伤的严重程度在损伤后随着时间增加,创伤后2.5~6个月可能是MMPRT患者行手术治疗的重要时间窗。Hyun-Soo Moon等人 [21] 提出,MMPRT患者行关节镜下经胫骨拔出修复术的最佳手术时机,即急性创伤后的13周内,早期手术修复MMPRT可维持或减少术后内侧半月板外突。内侧半月板后根部撕裂还可用缝合锚钉修复法,通过关节内部手术方式利用1个缝合锚钉和2根缝合线。对于MMPRT,将锚钉插入半月板根部附着处。然后,用2个垂直缝合线重新固定根部。

3.2.3. 半月板修复术联合内侧半月板中央化

半月板中央化可减少内侧半月板外突和降低内侧半月板后根部的应力,从而提高半月板后根部修复愈合利率及延缓膝关节骨性关节炎的进展 [22] 。Nakamura等人 [23] 采用带线锚定缝合 + 半月板中央化 + 开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术,研究显示这种联合技术可恢复内侧半月板的环形张力,减少内侧半月板外突的发生。Koga [24] 和Chernchujit [25] 均提出采用半月板中央化联合经胫骨半月板根部修复术治疗MMPRT患者,可明显改善临床疗效,以减少修复后内侧半月板外突的发生。Daney等人 [26] 的研究发现,与内侧半月板根部修补术相比,联合中央化可使内侧半月板恢复解剖位置,恢复了膝关节的生物力学。

4. 小结与展望

保守治疗及半月板切除会导致关节间隙变窄和内翻畸形的进展,从而导致膝关节骨性关节炎 [27] 。在Silvampatti [28] 的研究中显示,内侧半月板外突的矫正与MMPRT的预后密切相关。研究表明 [29] ,单纯的MMPRT修补术尽管术后治疗效果有显著改善,但内侧半月板外突并没有减少,并且不能完全阻止膝关节骨性关节炎的进展。MMPRT修补术联合半月板中央化也可能存在一些缺点,在膝关节的屈伸活动时,中央化技术可能会限制内侧半月板的正常活动,还可能产生蹦极现象。并且目前的一些研究还缺乏长期的随访。对于膝关节远期预后还需要进一步的研究。

近年来,越来越多的研究证实了半月板外突可加速膝关节骨性关节炎的进展。对于膝关节损伤的疾病应关注是否存在半月板外突这一现象。MMPRT常合并内侧半月板外突,因此,对于MMPRT的治疗方式和理念也发生了很多变化。并且很多学者提出半月板中央化这一技术,并且已经在大量的生物力学实验及临床实践中得以证实半月板中央化是有效的,但还缺乏中长期的预后随访。

参考文献

[1] Rennie, W.J. and Finlay, D.B. (2006) Meniscal Extrusion in Young Athletes: Associated Knee Joint Abnormalities. American Journal of Roentgenology, 186, 791-794.
https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1181
[2] Ahmed, A.M. and Burke, D.L. (1983) In-vitro Measurement of Static Pressure Distribution in Synovial Joints—Part I: Tibial Surface of the Knee. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 105, 216-225.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3138409
[3] Markes, A.R., Hodax, J.D. and Ma, C.B. (2020) Meniscus Form and Function. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 39, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2019.08.007
[4] Carreau, J.H., Sitton, S.E. and Bollier, M. (2017) Medial Meniscus Root Tear in the Middle Aged Patient: A Case Based Review. Iowa Orthopedic Journal, 37, 123-132.
[5] 尹东, 孙可, 满育平, 等. 膝半月板损伤的临床、MRI 及关节镜对比研究[J]. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2007, 15(24): 1872-1874.
[6] Floyd, E.R., Rodriguez, A.N., Falaas, K.L., et al. (2021) The Natural History of Medial Meniscal Root Tears: A Biomechanical and Clinical Case Perspective. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, Article 744065.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.744065
[7] Kim, D.H., Lee, G.C., Kim, H.H. and Cha, D.H. (2020) Correla-tion between Meniscal Extrusion and Symptom Duration, Alignment, and Arthritic Changes in Medial Meniscus Posteri-or Root Tear: Research Article. Knee Surgery & Related Research, 32, Article No. 2.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43019-019-0019-x
[8] 黄竞敏, 李昱鸿, 李冬超, 等. 内侧半月板外突与半月板损伤及膝内翻的相关性研究[J]. 中华骨科杂志, 2016, 36(3): 156-161.
[9] Kamatsuki, Y., Furumatsu, T., Fujii, M., et al. (2018) Complete Tear of the Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root Is Associated with Meniscal Extrusion in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knees. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 36, 1894-1900.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23861
[10] Krych, A.J., LaPrade, M.D., Hevesi, M., et al. (2020) Investigating the Chronology of Meniscus Root Tears: Do Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tears Cause Extrusion or the Other Way Around. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120961368
[11] Furumatsu, T., Kodama, Y., Kamatsuki, Y., et al. (2017) Meniscal Extrusion Progresses Shortly after the Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear. Knee Surgery & Related Research, 29, 295-301.
https://doi.org/10.5792/ksrr.17.027
[12] Lerer, D.B., Umans, H.R., Hu, M.X. and Jones, M.H. (2004) The Role of Meniscal Root Pathology and Radial Meniscal Tear in Medial Meniscal Extrusion. Skeletal Radiology, 33, 569-574.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-004-0761-2
[13] Papalia, R., Papalia, G., Russo, F., et al. (2017) Menis-cal Extrusion as Booster of Osteoarthritis. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 31, 33-44.
[14] Chung, K.S., Ha, J.K., Ra, H.J. and Kim, J.G. (2016) Prognostic Factors in the Midterm Results of Pullout Fixation for Posterior Root Tears of the Medial Meniscus. Arthroscopy, 32, 1319-1327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.12.046
[15] Wolff, D.G.,Christophersen, C., Brown, S.M. and Mulcahey, M.K. (2021) Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Re-view and Meta-Analysis. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 49, 381-391.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2021.1886573
[16] Vermesan, D., Prejbeanu, R., Laitin, S., Damian, G., Deleanu, B., Abbinante, A., Flace, P. and Cagiano, R. (2013) Arthroscopic Debridement Compared to Intra-Articular Steroids in Treating Degenerative Medial Meniscal Tears. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17, 3192-3196.
[17] Zorzi, C., Rigotti, S., Screpis, D., Giordan, N. and Piovan, G. (2015) A New Hydrogel for the Conservative Treatment of Meniscal Lesions: A Randomized Controlled Study. Joints, 3, 136-145.
https://doi.org/10.11138/jts/2015.3.3.136
[18] Roos, H., Lauren, M., Adalberth, T., Roos, E.M., Jonsson, K. and Lohmander, L.S. (1998) Knee Osteoarthritis after Meniscectomy: Prevalence of Radiographic Changes after Twenty-One Years, Compared with Matchedcontrols. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 41, 687-693.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<687::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-2
[19] Brophy, R.H., Gray, B.L., Nunley, R.M., Barrack, R.L. and Clohisy, J.C. (2014) Total Knee Arthroplasty after Previous Knee Surgery: Expected Interval and the Effect on Patient Age. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 96, 801-805.
https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.00105
[20] Jeon, S.W., Jung, M., Choi, C.H., Kim, S.G. and Kim, S.H. (2021) Factors Related to Meniscal Extrusion and Cartilage Lesions in Medial Meniscus Root Tears. Journal of Knee Surgery, 34, 178-186.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693708
[21] Moon, H.S., Choi, C.H., Jung, M., Lee, D.Y., Hong, S.P. and Kim, S.H. (2020) Early Surgical Repair of Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear Minimizes the Progression of Meniscal Ex-trusion: 2-Year Follow-Up of Clinical and Radiographic Parameters after Arthroscopic Transtibial Pull-Out Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 2692-2702.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520940715
[22] Wu, T.Y. (2022) Arthroscopic Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Repair with Centralization Using Knotless Suture Anchors. Ar-throscopy Techniques, 11, E661-E668.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2021.12.019
[23] Nakamura, R., Takahashi, M., Kuroda, K. and Katsuki, Y. (2018) Suture Anchor Repair for a Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear Combined with Arthroscopic Meniscal Centralization and Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy. Arthroscopy Techniques, 7, E755-E761.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2018.03.012
[24] Koga, H., Watanabe, T., Horie, M., et al. (2017) Augmentation of the Pullout Repair of a Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear by Arthroscopic Centralization. Arthroscopy Techniques, 6, E1335-E1339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2017.05.014
[25] Chernchujit, B. and Prasetia, R. (2018) Arthroscopic Direct Menis-cal Extrusion Reduction: Surgical Tips to Reduce Persistent Meniscal Extrusion Inmeniscal Root Repair. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 28, 727-734.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-018-2138-6
[26] Daney, B.T., Aman, Z.S., Krob, J.J., et al. (2019) Utilization of Transtibial Centralization Suture Best Minimizes Extrusion and Restores Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics for Anatomic Medial Meniscal Root Repairs in a Cadaveric Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 1591-1600.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519844250
[27] Kintaka, K., Furumatsu, T., Okazaki, Y., et al. (2021) Comparison of Two Simple Stitches and Modified Mason-Allen Suture for Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear Based on the Pro-gression of Meniscal Posterior Extrusion: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 29, 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1177/23094990211049569
[28] Sundararajan, S.R., Ramakanth, R., Sethuraman, A.S., Kannan, M. and Rajasekaran, S. (2022) Correlation of Factors Affecting Correction of Meniscal Extrusion and Outcome after Medial Meniscus Root Repair. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 142, 823-834.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-03870-8
[29] Chung, K.S., Ha, J.K., Ra, H.J. and Kim, J.G. (2016) A Me-ta-Analysis of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Posterior Horn Medial Meniscus Root Repairs. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 24, 1455-1468.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3832-0