门脉高压性胃病治疗的研究进展
Research Progress in the Treatment of Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112441, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 131  浏览: 176 
作者: 胡银涛*, 艾林峰, 肖庆澳:三峡大学附属第一临床医学院,湖北 宜昌;张晓磷#:宜昌市中心人民医院介入放射科,湖北 宜昌
关键词: 肝硬化门静脉高压症门脉高压性胃病消化道出血Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy Gastrointestinal Bleeding
摘要: 门脉高压性胃病(portal hypertensive gastropathy, PHG)是由门静脉高压症导致的胃黏膜非炎症性疾病,最常见于肝硬化失代偿患者,以少量呕血、黑便为主要表现。在肝硬化上消化道出血病因中,仅次于食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。近年来,临床上对PHG愈加重视,本文对其治疗的现状进行综述。
Abstract: Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is a non-inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa caused by portal hypertension. It is most common in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and is characterized by a small amount of hematemesis and melena. Among the causes of upper gastroin-testinal bleeding in cirrhosis, it is second only to esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding. In recent years, more and more clinical attention has been paid to PHG. This article reviews the current status of its treatment.
文章引用:胡银涛, 艾林峰, 肖庆澳, 张晓磷. 门脉高压性胃病治疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 17428-17433. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112441

1. 引言

门静脉高压症(portal hypertension, PHT)是由于肝窦微循环受损导致肝内血管阻力增加以及门静脉系统的血流量增加所致,最常见于慢性肝病患者 [1] 。门静脉高压可引起食管胃底静脉曲张出血(esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding, EGVB)、自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, SBP)、肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy, HE)、肝肾综合征(hepatorenal syndrome, HRS)、肝肺综合征(hepatopulmonary syndrome, HPS)、门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)及门脉高压性胃病(portal hypertensive gastropathy, PHG)等多种并发症 [2] 。胃黏膜局部循环血流动力学的改变增加黏膜损伤易感性,导致门脉高压性胃病 [3] 。内镜是诊断PHG的主要方法,其特征表现为胃黏膜马赛克征或蛇皮样外观,伴或不伴红斑 [4] 。PHG在慢性肝病中常常被低估,其发生率为20.0%~98.0%,85.0%~90.0%的PHG患者是在内镜检查或治疗过程中偶然发现 [5] 。PHG导致的急性出血发病率为2%~12%,慢性出血发病率为3%~26%,且与肝硬化患者预后相关 [3] 。治疗PHG的关键在于有效降低门静脉压力,首选药物治疗,常用药物为非选择性β受体阻滞剂,生长抑素及其类似物 [6] 。药物治疗失败后可考虑内镜、介入及外科治疗等方法,尤其是反复出血,有输血依赖的患者应该积极考虑介入TIPS术 [7] [8] 。

2. 药物治疗

无症状PHG患者一般不需要特殊处理,对于合并食管胃底静脉曲张患者,若无相关禁忌可考虑使用非选择性β受体阻滞剂(NSBBs) [9] 。上消化道出血是PHG最严重的并发症,约95%急性出血病例出现在严重PHG患者中 [10] 。治疗PHG急性上消化道出血时,需行内镜检查除外胃底食管静脉曲张破裂出血,此外应积极扩容,预防性使用抗生素。血红蛋白低于7 g/dl时应予以输血,但输血量不宜过多,使血红蛋白维持在8 g/dl即可,过度输血反而会增加门静脉压力使病情恶化 [6] 。普萘洛尔是治疗PHG出血使用频率最高的一种NSBBs。在一项研究中,14例严重PHG引起的急性胃肠道出血患者使用普萘洛尔治疗,93%的患者在3天内止血 [11] 。对于症状较重且出血量较大的患者,应积极使用奥曲肽、血管加压素、垂体后叶素等药物 [9] 。一项前瞻性研究中发现,静脉注射奥曲肽可在48小时内控制100%的患者急性PHG出血,而血管加压素和奥美拉唑在同一时间段内分别控制64%和59%的患者出血,尽管血管加压素和奥美拉唑单独使用效果不佳,但当两者联用时,有效性可达88% [12] 。特利加压素也被证明有效,90%的患者在最初2天内控制出血 [13] 。因此治疗PHG急性消化道大出血时,在保证气道通畅及灌注量的同时,应尽早使用奥曲肽、生长抑素等血管收缩剂。

PHG慢性消化道出血最常表现为缺铁性贫血,此时应积极补充铁剂治疗,血红蛋白低于7g/dl时酌情予以输血。NSBBs是预防PHG复发性出血的一线治疗方法,建议在PHG引起的慢性胃肠道出血患者和稳定后使用NSBBs治疗 [7] 。一项对照试验将54例PHG出血患者分为普萘洛尔治疗组与非治疗组,相比于非治疗组,普萘洛尔治疗组患者未再出血率显著高于非治疗组(12个月时分别为65%对38%,30个月时分别为52%对7%) [14] 。因此,补充铁剂的同时应用普萘洛尔可能对PHG慢性出血患者带来更大益处。

3. 内窥镜治疗

内窥镜治疗PHG出血效果有限,因为出血通常是弥漫性的 [10] 。但对于局限性出血或有门体分流禁忌症时,可考虑应用内镜下氩离子凝固术(argon plasma coagulation, APC) [6] 。一例小样本多中心研究对11例PHG患者行APC治疗,成功率为81%,每人平均行2.2次,22个月随访期间未再出血 [15] 。另一项研究对188例PHG患者行APC治疗,治疗的同时均联合使用了质子泵抑制剂及普萘洛尔,经过1年随访,大部分患者出血症状明显改善,输血需求明显减少,说明APC治疗PHG安全有效,且联合普萘洛尔治疗效果更佳 [16] 。此外,有报道称液氮冷冻治疗及止血喷雾对治疗PHG有一定效果 [17] [18] ,但样本量较少,尚需更多研究来证明其有效性与安全性。

4. 经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt, TIPS)

4.1. TIPS术的技术原理

TIPS是一项治疗肝硬化门静脉高压的介入治疗技术,通过数字减影血管造影机(digital subtraction angiography, DSA)引导,采用Seldinger法穿刺右颈内静脉,经颈静脉在门静脉和肝静脉或下腔静脉之间的肝实质内建立分流道,置入可扩张的血管内支架,使门静脉血流分流至体循环,从而以微创的方式从结构上显著降低门静脉阻力,是降低肝硬化患者门静脉压力的关键措施之一 [19] [20] 。1989年德国医生Richter使用Palmaz支架对一位肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者进行了首例门体静脉支架分流术 [21] 。经过30年的不断探索和发现,特别是手术器材上的巨大进步,TIPS术治疗门脉高压并发症的有效性和安全性日渐提高。目前TIPS已广泛地用于治疗肝硬化门静脉高压所致食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性胸腹水、肝肾综合征、门静脉血栓、Budd-Chiari综合征及肝窦阻塞综合征等并发症 [22] 。特别是门静脉高压导致的急性食管胃底静脉曲破裂出血的患者早期TIPS治疗效果优于内镜治疗 [23] 。有研究显示,与内科治疗肝硬化急性失代偿事件相比,TIPS治疗肝硬化急性失代偿事件安全有效,显著改善患者病情进展,提高患者生存,同时不增加术后肝性脑病的发生率 [24] 。TIPS手术可有效减少食管胃底静脉曲张再出血和腹水等肝硬化并发症,改善肝硬化患者生活质量,降低死亡率 [25] [26] [27] 。

4.2. TIPS术治疗PHG的临床研究

目前PHG的发病机制尚无定论,可能与门静脉高压、胃黏膜屏障功能削弱、幽门螺杆菌(helicobactor pylori, HP)感染等因素有关,但大多学者认为门静脉高压是PHG发生的必要条件 [9] [13] 。有大量研究支持门静脉压力越高,PHG发生率越高,黏膜病变越严重 [10] [28] 。因此,通过TIPS分流有效降低门静脉压力,可改善PHG症状,提高患者生存率,减少再出血率和再住院率。

Kamath等 [29] 对40例PHG患者在TIPS术前及术后2周、3月、6月分别进行了实验室、内镜和影像学检查,结果显示TIPS术后6月75%的严重PHG患者对TIPS有反应,表现为内镜检查结果的改善和输血需求的减少;89%的轻度PHG患者在内镜下得到了缓解。Urata等人 [30] 的一项回顾性研究显示10例PHG患者,TIPS术后门静脉压由平均(25.1 ± 8.8 mmHg)降至(17.1 ± 6.2 mmHg),在胃镜检查中,有9例PHG改善(90%),且1例重度PHG出血患者在TIPS术后完全停止。Mezawa等人 [31] 对16例肝硬化和PHG患者进行了前瞻性研究,结果显示TIPS显著降低了门静脉压,平均压力由23.4 mmHg降至14 mmHg。4例重度PHG患者术后均减轻为轻度,12例轻度PHG患者中有5例在术后消失。胃黏膜灌注明显好转,平均胃黏膜血流量从49.0增加到55.6 ml/min/100 g。此外,术后2周复查血所有患者肝功能均未出现恶化。PHG改善的机制可能与肝硬化PHG患者胃血流灌注量密切相关。但该研究随访时间较短,仅能说明TIPS可能在短时间内对PHG有益。1例重度PHG伴反复消化道出血患者,TIPS术后3月内镜表现明显好转,且消化道出血停止 [32] 。一项意大利多中心研究结果显示,使用Viatorr支架行TIPS术治疗的患者在内镜下PHG病变有改善,轻度PHG患者可在术后6周观察到改变,严重PHG患者延长至术后3~6个月。除了内镜下病变改善,同时还可减少输血需求 [33] 。

5. 球囊导管闭塞下逆行性静脉栓塞术(Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration, BRTO)

上世纪九十年代,日本学者Kanagawa [34] 等人首次将BRTO应用于胃静脉曲张(gastric varices, GV)患者,具体操作为DSA引导下采用Seldinger法穿刺股静脉或颈内静脉,根据分流道直径选择合适大小的球囊导管,经左肾静脉将导管插至胃肾或胃腔分流道的流出端中,然后充盈球囊阻断血流,逆行注入弹簧圈、硬化剂等栓塞物质以消除静脉曲张 [34] [35] 。BRTO术中球囊的滞留时间一般为4~48 h不等,时间过短会影响手术效果,而滞留时间过长会引起出血和感染风险上升 [36] [37] 。根据国内外相关指南推荐,BRTO主要用于治疗GV破裂出血、有GV破裂史或胃肾分流有较高破裂风险者、胃肾分流或门腔分流所致肝性脑病者 [38] [39] [40] 。有研究报道其临床成功率为97.3%,主要并发症发生率为2.6%,最常见的是门静脉血栓和下腔静脉血栓形成 [36] 。

Kanagawa [34] 对32例胃静脉曲张患者进行BRTO治疗,随访时间为2~4个月,32例患者中有31例静脉曲张完全消失,且在随访期间,无任何患者出现复发,术后肝功能未发生恶化。有研究表明,BRTO可显著改善肝性脑病,可能是由于分流道闭塞后血液重新回到肝脏,经过解毒后再流回心脏 [41] 。BRTO对于治疗PHG可能有一定作用,但缺乏与TIPS的相关对照研究,需要更多研究来证明其有效性 [42] 。

6. 外科治疗

外科分流术可有效降低门静脉压力,改善PHG病情,降低出血风险,但因其创伤大、并发症多,目前临床上已经较少应用,TIPS术因其微创性而被优先选择 [6] 。一项回顾性研究对70例肝硬化门脉高压患者行腹腔镜下脾切除术,其中49例确诊PHG,术后1月复查发现17例重度PHG患者中16例PHG改善,32例轻度PHG患者中12例PHG改善,且术后3个月Child-Pugh评分明显改善 [43] ,说明至少短期内,腹腔镜脾切除术可能对PHG有益。还有研究表明腹腔镜脾切除 + 贲门周围血管离断术(LSPD)联合内镜治疗肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张可明显缓解PHG,效果优于单纯LSPD及胃镜治疗 [44] 。

肝移植可能是难治性PHG的最终治疗方法,需要进行综合评估,当肝功能恶化及出现严重并发症,如腹水、肝性脑病及消化道出血,MELD评分 ≥ 15分,才考虑肝移植。在一项对29例终末期肝病患者进行活体肝移植的研究中,所有19例合并PHG的患者均得到改善 [45] ,证明肝移植可能对PHG有一定疗效,还需更多研究进一步证实。

7. 结语

PHG是由于门静脉高压引起的胃黏膜非炎性疾病,最常见于肝硬化失代偿患者,主要发生在胃体、胃底部,上消化道出血是其最严重的并发症。治疗PHG的关键在于有效降低门静脉压力。无症状PHG患者一般不需特殊处理,急性出血患者应积极扩容、止血、输血治疗,但输血量不可过多,血红蛋白水平维持在8 g/dl即可,过多导致门脉压力升高加重病情。慢性出血患者应补充铁剂并使用普萘洛尔预防。药物治疗失败后,可考虑内镜、介入、外科手术等方法。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Bosch, J., Groszmann, R.J. and Shah, V.H. (2015) Evolution in the Understanding of the Pathophysiological Basis of Portal Hypertension: How Changes in Paradigm Are Leading to Successful New Treatments. Journal of Hepatology, 62, S121-S130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.003
[2] 中华医学会消化病学分会. 中国肝硬化临床诊治共识意见[J]. 中华消化杂志, 2023, 43(4): 227-247.
[3] Rockey, D.C. (2019) An Update: Portal Hypertensive Gas-tropathy and Colopathy. Clinics in Liver Disease, 23, 643-658.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2019.07.002
[4] Thuluvath, P.J. and Yoo, H.Y. (2002) Portal Hypertensive Gas-tropathy. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97, 2973-2978.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07094.x
[5] Wu, R., Liu, K., Shi, C., et al. (2022) Risk Factors for Por-tal Hypertensive Gastropathy. BMC Gastroenterology, 22, Article No. 436.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-022-02468-7
[6] 王文生, 陈东风, 文良志. 门脉高压性胃病临床研究进展[J]. 实用肝脏病杂志, 2019, 22(4): 601-604.
[7] De Franchis, R., Bosch, J., Garcia-Tsao, G., et al. (2022) Baveno VII—Renewing Consensus in Portal Hypertension. Journal of Hepatology, 76, 959-974.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022
[8] Tripathi, D., Stanley, A.J., Hayes, P.C., et al. (2020) Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent-Shunt in the Management of Portal Hypertension. Gut, 69, 1173-1192.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320221
[9] 刘小娇, 陈明锴. 门脉高压性胃病研究进展[J]. 中华消化内镜杂志, 2020, 37(10): 762-765.
[10] Cubillas, R. and Rockey, D.C. (2010) Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy: A Review. Liver International, 30, 1094-1102.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02286.x
[11] Hosking, S.W., Kennedy, H.J., Seddon, I., et al. (1987) The Role of Propranolol in Congestive Gastropathy of Portal Hypertension. Hepatology, 7, 437-441.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840070304
[12] Zhou, Y., Qiao, L., Wu, J., et al. (2002) Comparison of the Efficacy of Octreotide, Vasopressin, and Omeprazole in the Control of Acute Bleeding in Patients with Portal Hypertensive Gas-tropathy: A Controlled Study. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 17, 973-979.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02775.x
[13] Patwardhan, V.R. and Cardenas, A. (2014) Review Article: The Management of Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia in Cirrhosis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 40, 354-362.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12824
[14] Pérez-Ayuso, R.M., Piqué, J.M., Bosch, J., et al. (1991) Propranolol in Prevention of Recurrent Bleeding from Severe Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy in Cirrhosis. The Lancet, 337, 1431-1434.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)93125-S
[15] Herrera, S., Bordas, J.M., Llach, J., et al. (2008) The Benefi-cial Effects of Argon Plasma Coagulation in the Management of Different Types of Gastric Vascular Ectasia Lesions in Patients Admitted for GI Hemorrhage. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 68, 440-446.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.009
[16] Hanafy, A.S. and El Hawary, A.T. (2016) Efficacy of Argon Plasma Coagulation in the Management of Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy. Endoscopy International Open, 4, E1057-E1062.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-114979
[17] Patel, J., Parra, V., Kedia, P., et al. (2015) Salvage Cryotherapy in Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 81, 1003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.05.326
[18] Smith, L.A., Morris, A.J. and Stanley, A.J. (2014) The Use of Hemospray in Portal Hypertensive Bleeding; a Case Series. Journal of Hepatology, 60, 457-460.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.10.008
[19] Sarwar, A., Weinstein, J.L., Novack, V., et al. (2020) Causes and Rates of 30-Day Readmissions after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts. AJR American Journal of Roent-genology, 215, 235-241.
https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.19.21732
[20] 曹家伟, 丁鹏绪, 段峰, 等. 中国门静脉高压经颈静脉肝内门体分流术临床实践指南(2019年版) [J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2019, 35(12): 2694-2699.
[21] Nöldge, G., Richter, G.M., Roeren, T., et al. (1994) Transjugular Intrahepatic Portasystemic Stent Shunt (TIPSS). Technique of Implantation. Radi-ologe, 34, 168-173.
[22] Boike, J.R., Thornburg, B.G., Asrani, S.K., et al. (2022) North American Practice-Based Recommendations for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Portal Hypertension. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 20, 1636-1662.e36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.07.018
[23] Halabi, S.A., Sawas, T., Sadat, B., et al. (2016) Early TIPS versus Endoscopic Therapy for Secondary Prophylaxis after Management of Acute Esopha-geal Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Gastroenter-ology and Hepatology, 31, 1519-1526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13303
[24] 郭帅, 韩国宏. 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗慢加急性肝衰竭患者肝硬化急性失代偿的效果及安全性分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(4): 818-822.
[25] Deltenre, P., Zanetto, A., Saltini, D., et al. (2023) The Role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Patients with Cirrhosis and Ascites: Recent Evolution and Open Questions. Hepatology, 77, 640-658.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32596
[26] Fanelli, F. (2014) The Evolution of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Tips. ISRN Hepatology, 2014, Article ID: 762096.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/762096
[27] Bureau, C., Thabut, D., Oberti, F., et al. (2017) Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts with Covered Stents Increase Trans-plant-Free Survival of Patients with Cirrhosis and Recurrent Ascites. Gastroenterology, 152, 157-163.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.016
[28] Gjeorgjievski, M. and Cappell, M.S. (2016) Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy: A Systematic Review of the Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Natural History and Therapy. World Journal of Hepatology, 8, 231-262.
https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i4.231
[29] Kamath, P.S., Lacerda, M., Ahlquist, D.A., et al. (2000) Gastric Muco-sal Responses to Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunting in Patients with Cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 118, 905-911.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70176-4
[30] Urata, J., Yamashita, Y., Tsuchigame, T., et al. (1998) The Effects of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt on Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy. Journal of Gastroenterol-ogy and Hepatology, 13, 1061-1067.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00571.x
[31] Mezawa, S., Homma, H., Ohta, H., et al. (2001) Effect of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Formation on Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Circulation. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 96, 1155-1159.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03694.x
[32] Ashraf, P., Shah, G.M., Shaikh, H., et al. (2009) Transjug-ular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stenting in Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy. Journal of College of Physicians and Sur-geons Pakistan, 19, 584-585.
[33] Vignali, C., Bargellini, I., Grosso, M., et al. (2005) TIPS with Expanded Polytetra-fluoroethylene-Covered Stent: Results of an Italian Multicenter Study. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology, 185, 472-480.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.185.2.01850472
[34] Kanagawa, H., Mima, S., Kouyama, H., et al. (1996) Treatment of Gastric Fundal Varices by Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11, 51-58.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00010.x
[35] 李玉婷, 赵敏竹, 杨晋辉. 球囊阻断逆行经静脉闭塞术治疗失代偿期肝硬化胃静脉曲张12例效果分析[J]. 介入放射学杂志, 2023, 32(2): 168-172.
[36] Nakazawa, M., Imai, Y., Uchiya, H., et al. (2017) Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration as a Procedure to Improve Liver Function in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis. JGH Open, 1, 127-133.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgh3.12020
[37] Luo, X., Xiang, T., Wu, J., et al. (2021) Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injec-tion versus Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for Prevention of Gastric Variceal Bleeding: A Ran-domized Controlled Trial. Hepatology, 74, 2074-2084.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31718
[38] Lee, E.W., Shahrouki, P., Alanis, L., et al. (2019) Management Options for Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage. JAMA Surgery, 154, 540-548.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0407
[39] 中华医学会肝病学分会. 肝硬化诊治指南[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2019, 27(11): 846-865.
[40] Garcia-Tsao, G., Abraldes, J.G., Berzigotti, A., et al. (2017) Portal Hyper-tensive Bleeding in Cirrhosis: Risk Stratification, Diagnosis, and Management: 2016 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 65, 310-335.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28906
[41] Saad, W.E. and Darcy, M.D. (2011) Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosys-temic Shunt (TIPS) versus Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO) for the Management of Gas-tric Varices. Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 28, 339-349.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1284461
[42] Han, S., Chaudhary, N. and Wassef, W. (2015) Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 31, 506-512.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0000000000000214
[43] Anegawa, G., Kawanaka, H., Uehara, H., et al. (2009) Effect of Laparoscopic Splenectomy on Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy in Cir-rhotic Patients with Portal Hypertension. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 24, 1554-1558.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05906.x
[44] 张浩然, 黄静, 徐鹿平, 等. 双镜联合治疗食管胃底静脉曲张对门脉高压性胃病的影响[J]. 腹腔镜外科杂志, 2022, 27(10): 734-739+747.
[45] Akatsu, T., Yoshida, M., Kawachi, S., et al. (2006) Consequences of Living-Donor Liver Transplantation for Upper Gastrointestinal Lesions: High Incidence of Reflux Esophagitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 51, 2018-2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9362-3