子宫颈原发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤1例并文献复习
A Case of Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Uterine Cervix and Review of the Literature
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112558, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 135  浏览: 210 
作者: 张佳玉*, 李承军, 肖 燕, 王廷萱:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;王肖琳*:日照市人民医院血液科,山东 日照;王 伟#:青岛大学附属医院血液科,山东 青岛
关键词: 淋巴瘤子宫颈诊断治疗Lymphoma Uterine Cervix Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: 宫颈原发的非霍奇淋巴瘤十分罕见,因临床表现无特异性,常常与女性生殖系统其他恶性肿瘤混淆。弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤是最常见的亚型,及时的诊断及干预治疗,患者预后通常良好。我们报道了1例原发宫颈弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的患者,她因为阴道触及赘生物并伴腹痛入院,行肿物的活检,诊断为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。随后行骨髓穿刺排除了骨髓受累,PET/CT可见子宫颈62 × 74 mm软组织肿块,向上侵及子宫体,左侧宫旁间隙可见软组织密度斑片,侵及左侧附件,腹膜后腹主动脉左旁轻度增大淋巴结。结合她的检查,明确诊断为子宫颈原发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,分期IIE期。治疗上给予R-CHOP方案化疗,在第三疗程结束时行PET/CT评估病情显示CR,继续给予患者4周期化疗。从明确诊断截至到目前我们随访了8月,患者疾病依然缓解。
Abstract: Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the cervix is very rare and is often confused with other malig-nant tumors of the female reproductive system because of the nonspecific clinical presentation. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype, and patients usually have a favorable prognosis with timely diagnosis and interventional therapy. We report a case of primary cervical diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient who was admitted to the hospital for vaginal palpation of a bulky mass with abdominal pain and underwent biopsy of the mass, which led to the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Subsequently, a bone marrow aspiration was performed to rule out bone marrow involvement, and PET/CT revealed a 62 × 74 mm soft tissue mass in the cervix that invaded the uterine body upward, a soft tissue density patch in the left parietal space that invaded the left adnexa, and mildly enlarged lymph nodes on the left side of the retroperitoneal abdominal aorta. Combined with her examination, a definitive diagnosis of primary diffuse large B-cell lym-phoma of the uterine cervix with stage IIE was made. She was treated with R-CHOP regimen chem-otherapy, and at the end of the third course of treatment, PET/CT was performed to evaluate the disease showing CR, and the patient was continued to be given 4 cycles of chemotherapy. From the time of definitive diagnosis up to now we have followed the patient for 8 months and the patient is still in remission.
文章引用:张佳玉, 王肖琳, 李承军, 肖燕, 王廷萱, 王伟. 子宫颈原发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤1例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 18232-18241. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112558

1. 引言

淋巴瘤是原发于淋巴结或结外淋巴组织中淋巴细胞的恶性肿瘤 [1] ,当结外部位是疾病的唯一部位或大部分局限于结外部位时,可称为原发性结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤 [2] 。原发于结外的淋巴瘤约占了淋巴瘤患者的三分之一,对于弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤而言,最常累积的结外器官是胃肠道,其次是骨骼、脾脏、骨髓、肾/肾上腺、肺、乳房、肝脏、胰腺、睾丸、中枢神经系统、甲状腺、皮肤、鼻腔 [3] ,女性生殖道成为结外淋巴瘤的原发部位是十分罕见的,约占0.5%~1.5% [4] ,主要可累及附件、子宫体、子宫颈、阴道及外阴,在临床上,原发女性生殖系统淋巴瘤(primary female genital system lymphoma, PFGSL)主要发生于卵巢,而原发于子宫颈少见,在所有的子宫颈肿瘤中,只有0.008%为原发的淋巴瘤 [5] 。现阶段关于子宫颈原发淋巴瘤(primary lymphoma of the uterine cervix, LUCX)的相关文献主要以个案报道为主,因其罕见性,目前没有与治疗相关的标准诊疗,主要以化疗为主,单独化疗或化疗结合放疗是目前较常见的治疗方案,此外还有化疗结合免疫治疗、手术等。在此我们报告了1例诊断为子宫颈原发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的患者。

2. 病例报告

一名62岁的绝经后妇女因“阴道扪及赘生物半个月”入院,患者伴有腹痛,没有阴道异常出血及分泌物,既往因为卵巢肿瘤行右侧附件切除术。行妇科检查发现阴道前壁距外口约2 cm处见一直径约2 cm肿物,宫颈轻度糜烂,子宫及双附件触诊不清(见图1)。宫颈细胞筛查未见明显异常。为了进一步明确肿物性质,于阴道镜下行肿物活检,结果考虑小圆细胞恶性肿瘤。免疫结果:CD10 (+)、Bcl-2 (弱+,30%)、Bcl-6 (+,90%)、MUM1 (+)、c-Myc (+,90%)、CyclinD1 (−)、CD21 (−)、CD38 (+)、CD30 (−)、CD5 (−)、P53 (+,80%)、Ki-67 (+,90%)、CD79a弥漫(+)、CD19弥漫(+)、EBER (原位杂交) (−)、ALK (OTI1H7) (−),符合弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,生发中心型;流式细胞学示p53 (−),MYC (+),BCL2 (−),BCL6 (−)。完善PET/CT显示子宫颈软组织密度肿块,向上侵及子宫体,边界不清,部分层面与临近膀胱分界不清,最大横截面约62 × 74 mm,代谢异常增高,SUVmax约51.6;左侧宫旁间隙软组织密度斑片,侵及左侧附件并分界不清,代谢明显增高,SUVmax约23.6;左侧阴道下段局部结节状代谢增高灶,SUVmax约5.1,腹膜后腹主动脉左旁轻度增大淋巴结,直径约8.0 mm,代谢轻度增高,SUVmax约2.5,考虑子宫颈淋巴瘤并左侧宫旁浸润、侵及左侧卵巢可能性大,同时因为肿块的压迫,她的左侧输尿管轻度梗阻,伴有轻度的左肾积水(见图2)。骨髓穿刺未见骨髓受累。至此,患者明确诊断为子宫颈原发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。治疗上给予患者R-CHOP (利妥昔单抗0.7 g,环磷酰胺1.2 g,多柔比星脂质体40 mg,长春地辛4 mg,醋酸泼尼松100 mg)方案化疗,3周期治疗后行PET/CT显示患者子宫颈肿大软组织消失,子宫大小、形态可,左侧附件饱满,未见异常密度及异常代谢,腹膜后腹主动脉左旁淋巴结未见明显异常代谢,较前体积减小,代谢减低。随后她又完成了4周期的化疗。从诊断到目前我们随访8个月,患者症状缓解。

Figure 1. Colposcopic image of the patient

图1. 患者阴道镜检查图像

Figure 2. PET/CT images of the patient

图2. 患者PET/CT图像

3. 文献综述

我们在Pubmed上在标题/摘要字段中应用不同关键词的组合,包括“淋巴瘤”、“子宫颈”、“B细胞淋巴瘤”、“子宫”,广泛检索了从2013年至今的相关LUCX报道,文章类型没有限制,共检索到36篇相关文献,筛选出42名诊断为原发子宫颈淋巴瘤患者(见表1)。患者的年龄在22~84岁之间,平均年龄51岁。病理类型弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤73.81%,滤泡性淋巴瘤占4.76%,伯基特淋巴瘤占2.38%,外周T细胞淋巴瘤4.76%,子宫粘膜相关淋巴组织(MALT)结节外边缘区淋巴瘤(EMZL)占2.38%,鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤占4.76%,结节淋巴细胞为主型的霍奇金淋巴瘤占2.38%,还有2例文章中并未表明类型的非霍奇金淋巴瘤。临床表现为无症状患者占11.90%,最常见的临床症状为阴道出血,占54.76%,其中有1人伴多发性单神经炎,3人存在盆腔疼痛,1人伴有体重减轻,1人伴有阴道异常分泌物;腹痛占7.14%;性交后出血占11.90%,其中1人伴有水样阴道分泌物和排便困难;阴道恶臭分泌物占2.38%;由于肿物压迫表现为尿频、排尿困难占7.14%;还有1名年轻患者因停经就诊,这可能因为阴道或宫颈管阻塞导致;1人初发症状为下肢深静脉血栓导致的下肢肿胀疼痛。在报告的患者中,几乎没有患者存在B症状;在分期上,IE期占51.61%,IIE期占32.26%,IV期占16.13%;大多数患者治疗单独采用R-CHOP化疗方式便获得良好的效果,仅有1例患者在3周期R-CHOP化疗后宫颈仅有轻度减小,进一步采用了子宫和双侧输卵管切除;同时治疗方案还有化疗联合放疗、化疗联合免疫治疗及手术治疗,放疗被可作为化疗的辅助手段,使疾病获得了长期缓解;有7例患者采取了全子宫切除,其中4名患者在切除后行化疗辅助治疗预防复发,值得注意的是,1名诊断为伯基特淋巴瘤的患者在化疗进展后进行了CAR-T治疗,后行造血干细胞移植,这为治疗积累了新的经验 [6] 。从患者的生存情况来看,我们尚未明显看出手术治疗优于非手术治疗。对提供了随访数据的29名患者进行生存分析(见图3),中位随访时间为24月,有4名患者在因疾病去世,其中1例患者出现了中枢神经系统受累表现(见表2),在所有病理类型中,弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤及滤泡淋巴瘤患者预后良好。

Table 1. Age, chief complaint, pathologic type and stage of patients with primary lymphoma of the cervix in the literature

表1. 文献中子宫颈原发淋巴瘤患者的年龄、主诉、病理类型及分期

Table 2. Treatment, follow-up time and survival status of patients with primary lymphoma of the cervix in the literature

表2. 文献中子宫颈原发淋巴瘤患者的治疗、随访时间及生存状态

Figure 3. Survival analysis of patients with primary lymphoma of the cervix collected in the literature

图3. 文献中收集到的子宫颈原发淋巴瘤患者的生存分析

4. 讨论

对于LUCX的诊断需要满足:1) 在初诊时,疾病进程局限于女性生殖道;2) 全身其他部位没有疾病存在;3) 在外周血及骨髓中没有发现任何异常的白血病细胞;4) 在6个月内没有其他远端器官受累 [43] 。我们的这名患者在行PET/CT及骨髓穿刺后排除了其他部位存在疾病,符合子宫颈原发淋巴瘤的诊断。

LUCX的病因并不明确,可能与慢性炎症、HPV感染及免疫缺陷和免疫逃逸相关 [44] 。其常见的临床症状是异常的阴道出血,还包括了性交后出血、阴道分泌物、盆腔疼痛等 [5] [45] ,一项对697例原发女性生殖系统淋巴瘤的分析中显示,最常见的病理类型为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,其次为滤泡性淋巴瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤和粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤 [46] 。虽然常见的病理类型为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,但常常不存在B症状(发热、疲劳、体重减轻、盗汗),这与我们回顾文献得出的结论一致 [41] 。因其罕见性和缺乏临床特征性表现,与其他恶性肿瘤鉴别起来相对困难,容易误诊。影像学检查包括了超声、MR、CT、PET/CT等 [47] ,MR具有出色的空间分辨率和组织对比度,可以用于肿瘤的分界,与MR相比,超声更加便捷,具有更广泛的应用;PET/CT在对疾病进行分期和评估治疗反应上有着重要的地位,它可以定位识别淋巴瘤的位置,识别有无淋巴结和骨髓的受累及检测肿瘤有无远处转移 [48] 。由于肿瘤细胞起源于宫颈间质,被鳞状上皮细胞覆盖,宫颈细胞学检查通常呈阴性,诊断需要对宫颈进行深度的活检,在我们的文献回顾中,仅一位患者通过巴氏涂片筛查得到异常结果,因此活检和免疫组化对于区分子宫颈原发淋巴瘤和其他恶性肿瘤是非常重要的。对于LUCX的分期,Ann Arbor分期系统和国际妇产科联合会(the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, FIGO)分期系统皆可,部分研究称Ann Arbor分期系统的敏感性更高,其中最常见的是IE期 [4] 。

在治疗上,由于原发于女性生殖系统的淋巴瘤十分罕见,尚没有相关指南规定的标准疗法,目前治疗的基石仍然是化疗 [12] 。在确诊后通常应用淋巴瘤的标准化疗方案,大多数病例中采用单独的化疗或放疗联合化疗,非霍奇金淋巴瘤以CHOP为基础的化疗联合中等剂量的放疗是最有效的治疗方式 [49] ,放疗可以避免全身的并发症。手术也是一种治疗方式,包括了全子宫腔切除,联合或不联合输卵管、卵巢切除及淋巴结清扫,但是尚未证明根治性手术是有利的,在Guglielmo Stabile [11] 等人报告的1例分期为IE的宫颈原发的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤病例中,对患者采用了宫腔镜下病变部位的切除,术后仅进行局部放疗,在诊断后的24个月患者疾病没有进展。对于未孕绝经前女性,保留生育能力也是十分重要的话题,首选化疗和免疫疗法是安全的,GnRH激动剂的应用可能降低卵巢早衰风险,卵巢转位也可降低患者放疗时对生育能力的损害 [23] ,在我们回顾的文献中,一名年轻患者采用了R-CHOP联合GnRH激动剂治疗,在治疗后1年自然受孕并成功经阴道分娩。此外保留生育能力的手术是可行的 [5] ,如冷刀锥切术、宫腔镜切除术等。目前尚无证据表明根治性手术比保守手术更具有生存优势。

我们可以在上表中看到大多数患者拥有良好的生存率,在Xin Weng等人的研究中患者的5年OS可达到93.5% [44] 。它的预后取决于组织学类型、分期及治疗方式。IE期的患者的五年生存率(89%)要优于IIE-IV期的患者(20%) [50] ,如若在疾病的早期及时发现并且给予干预治疗,患者可以取得良好的预后,其他与预后相关的指标还有血红蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶水平、受累淋巴结数量等。此外,患者还可出现中枢神经系统的复发,这类患者往往预后差,因此在治疗过程中进行中枢预防也很重要 [51] 。

NOTES

*共同第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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