PLR、NLR在非小细胞性肺癌中的研究现状
The Current State of Research on PLR and NLR in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122706, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 80  浏览: 105 
作者: 米洵宇, 向明钧:吉首大学医学院,湖南 吉首;向 志*:吉首大学第四临床医学院,湖南 怀化
关键词: 非小细胞性肺癌炎症指标诊断预后Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Inflammatory Markers Diagnosis Prognosis
摘要: 肺癌在中国是致命性最高的恶性肿瘤之一,根据2015年中国癌症中心的数据,非小细胞性肺癌(NSCLC)占其中的85%。传统的诊断方式,如病理活检和PET-CT,虽然精确但不便于重复使用,且费用较高。近年来,炎症被认为是肿瘤发展的一个关键标志。特定的炎症指数,如中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)和血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR),已成为研究焦点。这些指标来自常规血常规,不仅费用低廉,而且方便多次测量。本文对NLR和PLR在NSCLC的诊断、分期和预后中的研究现状进行综述,可以为NSCLC的诊疗提供新的视角。
Abstract: Lung cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies in China, and according to data from the Chinese Cancer Center in 2015, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of these cases. Tradi-tional diagnostic methods such as pathological biopsy and PET-CT, although accurate, are inconven-ient for repeated use and carry a high cost. In recent years, inflammation has been recognized as a key indicator of tumor development. Specific inflammatory indices, such as the neutro-phil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have become a focus of research. These indices, derived from routine blood counts, are not only cost-effective but also con-venient for frequent testing. This article provides a review of the current research status of NLR and PLR in the diagnosis, staging, and prognosis of NSCLC, offering a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.
文章引用:米洵宇, 向明钧, 向志. PLR、NLR在非小细胞性肺癌中的研究现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 19225-19229. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122706

1. 引言

2015年中国肺癌新诊断病例总数约为78.7万例 [1] 。非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)占所有肺癌的85%,我国肺癌患者的5年生存率仅为19.7%。研究表明癌症的第七个标志是炎症 [2] ,肿瘤发生和癌变的过程中都有炎症的身影。中性粒细胞被细胞因子和趋化因子吸引到肿瘤微环境中,由此中性粒细胞极化为促肿瘤亚型以促进肿瘤生长、转移、血管生成并诱导免疫抑制 [3] 。而淋巴细胞是介导对癌细胞免疫反应的重要成分,CD8+ T细胞通过杀死细胞毒细胞和产生细胞因子来抑制肿瘤生长 [4] [5] ,同时有研究表明,癌细胞可诱导血小板活化,活化的血小板促进癌细胞增殖、血管生成和转移,并保护肿瘤细胞免于凋亡 [6] 。综上所述中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)反映了机体的系统性的炎症水平及整体性的免疫状态,在多种疾病的早期诊断、预后中有重要意义,现就外周血NLR、PLR在肺癌,尤其是非小细胞肺癌的诊断及预后的研究现状进行综述。

2. PLR和NLR在非小细胞性肺癌诊断中的关系

中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)和血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)是系统炎症和常规临床实验室检测的可用标志物,每当中性粒细胞增加或淋巴细胞减少时,机体免疫平衡被打破,由此可见NLR和PLR是反映个体免疫状态的新型复合炎症标志物 [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] ,XU [12] 等人在分析了171名非小细胞性肺癌患者和105名健康参与者,结果显示,NLR和PLR提高了NSCLC的诊断率尤其是III期和IV期,其曲线下面积值(0.752和0.759)分别高于I和II期NSCLC。并且随着T分期的增加,PLR可能是T分期的潜在独立预测标志(P < 0.05),NLR显示出与N分期相关的增加(除了N3期),并被确定为N分期的标志(P < 0.0001)。这与张国强 [13] 在其研究中依据Spearman相关性分析结果显示,PLR与TNM分期呈正相关结论相似。2020年Rimini等人 [14] 的研究团队对3810名健康人群进行长达10年的随访追中,得出当NLR ≥ 1.5、PLR ≥ 110.6时均与癌症发生率呈正相关,经过调整协变量后仍然是癌症发生率的独立预测因子。李四香 [14] 等人对1227例确诊为肺癌的患者中进行回顾性研究,发现在鳞状细胞癌中的患者,中性粒细胞–淋巴细胞比值及血小板–淋巴细胞比值高于其他病理类型患者,并且在晚期肺癌患者中,这两个比值也显著高于早期患者。同时国内学者王虹 [15] 在其研究中提出外周血NLR在肺鳞癌的早期诊断中具有较高的特异度及灵敏度,NLR单独诊断时,临界值为2.75,灵敏度为0.79,特异度为0.85,而当NLR联合SCC时诊断肺鳞癌时,灵敏度为0.87,特异度为0.85提示二者联合检测有助于为肺鳞癌早期筛查提供更多选择。张诤 [16] 等回顾性分析了100例NSCLC患者和100例CAP患者,分别作为研究组和对照组,回归曲线分析得出在鉴别CAP (社区获得性肺炎)和NSCLC中,外周血NLR、PLR的AUC值分别为0.806、0.783,提示炎症指标在肺癌的鉴别诊断中均具有一定的辅助价值,并指出若能采用多种指标联合检测可能可大幅度提高诊断效率。而在Zhu [17] 等人的研究中,他们对210例肺癌患者和261例健康体检者的NLR、PLR水平进行了分析,结果显示,NLR的ROC曲线下的面积(AUC)为0.684,PLR为0.623,二者结合时,AUC增加到0.691。

3. PLR和NLR在非小细胞性肺癌中的预后关系

非小细胞肺癌是全球最常被诊断的癌症,也是所有其他癌症中死亡率最高的一种恶性肿瘤 [18] 。随着科学技术的发展,尽管肺癌的治疗方式已经不仅仅局限在手术和放化疗之中,分子、免疫以及靶向治疗在非小细胞性肺癌的治疗中取得了不错的成绩,但手术仍然是早期非小细胞肺癌患者的首选治疗方法,可即使在肺癌根治性切除后,NSCLC的5年总生存率(OS)仍在15%~35.9%之间 [19] 。那么准确的预后评估对于治疗方案和随访策略就显得非常重要,因此急需一种工具,可以用来评估不同治疗方式的疗效,而炎症反应理论参与各种恶性实体肿瘤的发生发展已被广泛研究,并成为一种有前景的预后指标。

在手术治疗方面,一项荟萃分析 [20] 在对20项NLR研究和13,915例肺癌病例,以及15项PLR研究和7484例肺癌病例中分析中得出,高NLR、高PLR和较差OS和DFS之间存在很强的相关性(P < 0.001)。Chen等人 [21] 对598例患者被诊断为IB期NSCLC患者的研究显示LMR-PLR是OS的独立预后指标(P = 0.001)。LMR-PLR = 2、LMR-PLR = 1和LMR-PLR = 0的10年OS率分别为70.0%、60.4%和49.5% (P < 0.001),提示着LMR-PLR可以作为早期手术患者长期生存的一个有价值的预后指标。

在免疫治疗方面,刘建清等 [22] 在对接受同步放化疗联合PD-L1治疗的III期非小细胞肺癌患者研究中表示,当PLR > 117.52和NLR > 2.46时的1年PFS分别为85.7%和80.0%,均低于PLR < 117.52和NLR < 2.46的94.4%和92.3%。另外一项在对接受免疫治疗的非小细胞性肺癌患者的研究 [23] 表示,当基线时的NLR ≥ 5与较差的无进展生存相关,当PLR ≥ 200时与较差的总生存率相关。这与石子宜等人 [24] 提出的当NLR ≥ 4.63时,无进展生存期明显缩短的研究结果相似。

在放化疗方面,Eun Young Park [25] 等在对66例接受了同步放化疗非小细胞性肺癌的患者中的研究得出,CCRT后NLR > 3.12的患者与NLR较低的患者相比,2年OS为25.8%对比68.2% (P < 0.001),2年LRPFS为12.9%对比33.8% (P = 0.010),2年DMFS为22.6%对比38.2% (P = 0.030),CCRT后PLR > 141的患者与PLR较低的患者相比,2年OS为37.5%对比71.1% (P = 0.004),2年LRPFS为16.5%对比40.3% (P = 0.040),而在另外一项对367例肺癌患者中亦是提出治疗后的NLR ≥ 2.54、PLR ≥ 207时,PFS较低,提示着术后的NLR、PLR对于评估患者的预后可能有着一定的效果 [26] 。

在靶向治疗治疗方面,He Qiong [27] 等对190名接受EGFR-TKI一线治疗的EGFR突变肺腺癌患者进行了回顾性分析研究指出,当NLR > 3.28或PLR > 273.84时,可能表明患者的炎症反应较强,免疫功能可能受到抑制,预后较差。而Deng Chao [28] 在其对203例接受了靶向治疗的患者中提出当NLR ≥ 4.40时,PFS的中位数为8.2个月,OS的中位数为14.4个月。当NLR < 4.40时,PFS的中位数为17.4个月,OS的中位数为29.0个月。当PLR ≥ 182.595时,PFS的中位数为10.2个月,OS的中位数为17.3个月。当PLR < 182.595时,PFS的中位数为17.5个月,OS的中位数为29.0个月。尽管非小细胞性肺癌患者的治疗方式有所不同,但每一项研究中均提出治疗前高NLR及PLR预示着更差的预后。

4. 结语

随着对肿瘤学研究的不断深入,炎症被视为肿瘤发展、进展和预后的重要标志特征 [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] 。在NSCLC中,外周血NLR和PLR作为新型复合炎症标志物,不仅被证实能够反映个体的免疫状态,而且与肺癌的诊断、分期和患者的预后有着紧密的关系。多项研究显示,通过综合利用NLR、PLR及其他临床指标,不仅可以显著提高NSCLC的诊断和分期的准确性,还能为预测患者的生存率和疾病进展提供重要信息 [34] [35] 。然而,目前大部分的研究还主要集中于单中心和小样本量,导致炎症标志物的临界值标准化存在挑战。并且在实际临床应用中,NLR的使用条件相对严格,尤其是在诊断阶段,主要针对那些没有基础疾病、未曾接受过化疗、无免疫系统疾病和无明显感染的患者 [36] 。因此,在利用炎症指标进行诊断、分期或预后评估时,都需要进行更加细致的患者筛选和评估,以确保其在临床中的准确性和有效性。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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