期望–价值动机对二语动机行为的预测效应
Prediction of Expectancy-Value Beliefs on Motivated Behavior in L2 Learning
DOI: 10.12677/ML.2023.1112828, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 72  浏览: 107 
作者: 冷傲楚:福州大学外国语学院,福建 福州
关键词: 期望–价值动机动机行为二语学习Expectancy-Value Motivation Motivated Behavior L2 Learning
摘要: 本研究基于“期望–价值”理论,通过问卷数据分析考察了中国大学生二语动机及学习行为的整体情况,并结合半结构化访谈结果论证了二者对动机行为的效应路径。研究发现:1) 二语学习者的期望动机与价值动机程度及二语动机行为整体均处于中上水平;2) 期望动机正向预测二语动机行为;3) 兴趣价值与获得价值在期望动机对二语动机行为的预测效应中起到了多重调节作用。研究发现可为如何激发二语课堂参与积极性提供参考。
Abstract: The survey-based research applied Expectancy-Value Theory to understand Chinese university students’ motivation and motivated behavior in L2 learning. Also, the relationships between moti-vation and motivated behavior were explored through both the quantitative analysis and the qual-itative results of the semi-structured interview. The findings showed that: 1) the participants expe-rienced an upper-medium level of expectancy and value motivation and motivated behavior in L2 learning; 2) expectancy beliefs positively predicted motivated behavior; 3) the interaction effects of intrinsic value, attainment value and expectancy were significant and the former two constructs moderated the prediction of expectancy on motivated behavior. Based on these results, suggestions are offered for the arousal of L2 learners’ participation in class.
文章引用:冷傲楚. 期望–价值动机对二语动机行为的预测效应[J]. 现代语言学, 2023, 11(12): 6180-6187. https://doi.org/10.12677/ML.2023.1112828

1. 引言

近年来,二语习得领域的动机研究聚焦二语动机自我系统理论 [1] [2] ,该理论极大地提高了学界对语言学习动机的内在组成和动态变化的认识 [3] 。尽管二语动机自我系统对二语动机研究意义重大,但目前已有实证研究发现不一致甚至相互矛盾的结果,以致该理论视角下二语动机对学习效果(如动机行为)等因素的影响机制不甚清晰 [4] [5] 。二语动机发展可纳入其他领域的研究成果,尤其是心理学的相关理论 [6] 。其他理论模型是否可以解释二语动机及其与二语学习效果之间的关系?本研究尝试应用动机心理学模型对此议题进行探讨。此外,Boo等(2015)强调了混合方法的重要性,提出研究者应关注量化结果和质性研究相结合对二语动机研究的积极作用 [6] 。鉴于此,本研究基于动机心理学的“期望–价值”理论,通过问卷调查和半结构化访谈揭示二语动机对动机行为的预测效应,以期为二语动机研究理论新视角提供实证支撑。

2. 文献综述

动机是教育心理学领域的研究热点之一,“期望–价值”理论视角下的学习动机研究也被广泛应用于教育心理学领域中。Wigfield和Eccles (2000)将期望动机定义为学习者对自身完成学习任务的能力认知;价值动机指的影响个体参与学习任务概率的主观原因,具体分为学习任务对学习者的获得价值、兴趣价值、实用价值和成本 [7] 。在理论模型中,期望动机和价值动机能正向预测学习成效等结果 [8] ,针对不同学科及领域的实证结果佐证了这一观点 [9] [10] [11] [12] 。尽管“期望–价值”理论已广泛应用到教育心理学及相关领域的研究中,但二语习得领域的相关实证研究较少 [13] 。根据已有研究,期望动机与价值动机能正向预测二语学习成效 [3] [14] [15] [16] ,同时二者在一定条件下存在对相应结果变量的显著交互效应 [17] 。鉴于“期望–价值”理论视角下的二语动机研究起步较晚,尽管目前的实证结果支持“期望–价值”动机模型的预测假设,但研究者仍需继续提供实证性论证并进一步检验其交互机制。

动机行为与二语学习效果密切相关,是动机激发带来的必然结果 [18] ,受动机驱动的二语交流意愿作为动机行为的具体化指标 [19] ,是二语动机研究中的重要结果变量。Peng和Woodrow (2010)在对中国英语学习者的研究中发现,课堂环境对学习者的交流意愿和学习动机产生显著影响 [20] ;MacIntyre等(2003,2011)探讨了法语学习者二语交流意愿在不同情况下的水平、性别差异以及随年龄增长发生的变化 [21] [22] ;Yousef等(2013)针对马来西亚英语学习者的研究结果表明,二语交流意愿受到沟通策略的显著影响 [23] ;Liu (2018)揭示了汉语学习者的二语交流意愿程度以及影响二语交流意愿的预测因素(如听力水平和课堂焦虑程度)。以上述研究为例,目前针对二语交流意愿的实证研究并未揭示具体效应路径,研究收集的量化数据结果尚有深入挖掘的余地 [24] 。

本研究在文献梳理中发现,已有研究基于“期望–价值”理论视角,以二语交流意愿作为动机行为结果变量,发现大学生二语动机的获得价值和兴趣价值显著预测动机行为,同时期望动机的预测作用不显著 [3] ;也有研究结果表明期望动机对二语交流意愿的正向预测效应显著 [25] 。虽然研究结果揭示了不同维度动机的单独预测效应,但并未考察交互效应是否存在。鉴于此,本研究针对我国大学生二语学习者,尝试考察二语动机的不同维度与二语动机行为之间的关系,并检验具体效应路径中交互机制的显著性。

3. 研究设计

3.1. 研究问题

本研究聚焦以下两个问题:

1) 我国大学生期望–价值动机和动机行为的总体情况如何?

2) 期望动机与价值动机如何影响动机行为?

3.2. 研究对象

本研究共回收有效问卷103份,其中女生71名,占68.93%,男生32名,占31.07%,涵盖不同年级(大一9名,大二35名,大三40名,大四15名,研究生4名);103名问卷对象中有4名同意接受采访,包括1名大二学生(甲)、2名大三学生(乙、丙)和1名研究生(丁)。

3.3. 研究工具

本研究应用量性研究和质性研究两种方式。在量表设计上,本研究参考West等(2023)对检验模型拟合度的意见,根据样本数及模型特征生成各模型动态阈值,作为模型拟合的衡量指标 [26] ;在半结构化访谈设计及进行过程中,研究者全程对受访对象保持尊重、敏感且得体的的伦理态度 [27] ,同时避免非常具体的访谈问题,并尽可能让受访对象充分表达意见。

3.3.1. 二语“期望–价值”动机量表

在Trautwein等(2012)的“期望–价值”动机量表基础上 [28] ,本研究结合Yang和Mindrila (2020)的改编意见 [12] ,生成17个题项的李克特七级量表。验证性因子分析(CFA, Confirmatory Factor Analysis)结果显示本研究二语“期望–价值”动机量表共5个维度,结构效度指数良好,内部一致性信度及各维度信度较高(见表1)。

3.3.2. 二语课堂交流意愿量表

本研究以二语课堂交流意愿(WTCC in L2, Willingness to Communicate in Class in L2)作为动机行为,抽取了MacIntyre (2001)的二语课堂交流意愿量表中交流维度的3个题项 [29] ,生成李克特五级量表,用以测量研究对象的二语课堂交流意愿程度。降维分析结果显示本研究二语课堂交流意愿量表题项共提取1个维度,内部一致性信度较好(见表1)。

3.3.3. 半结构化访谈

半结构化访谈旨在检验并深究定量分析结果,本研究设计的访谈问题涵盖受访者自身的二语课堂交流意愿及学习动机情况,以及不涉及个人信息的学习经历、课堂行为以及其他个人因素(如情绪、态度和成绩)。此外,研究者鼓励受访者从学习者的角度对当前教学环境谈谈个人看法和建议。

Table 1. CFA fit indices and reliability of the scales

表1. 模型拟合指数及量表信度

3.4. 数据分析

本研究量表题项均采用中文编写,各反向题项在正式分析问卷结果前均已重新编码。本研究基于SPSS 29.0对数据进行异常值处理、正态分布检验、标准化数据处理、描述性及相关分析,使用R 4.3.1进行量表信效度检验、多元回归分析及模型可视化。此外,本研究对所有访谈数据进行了转录,以补充定量分析结果并检验其合理性。

4. 研究结果与讨论

4.1. 共同方法偏差检验

本研究通过构建未测量的潜在方法因子(ULMC, Unmeasured latent method construct)比较不同模型的验证性因子分析的拟合指数,进而检验量化数据的共同方法偏差 [30] 。如表2所示,含方法因子的模型M1拟合程度与本研究原模型M相近,单因子负荷的模型M0拟合程度则发生明显恶化,因此本研究认为量化数据不存在严重的共同方法偏差。

Table 2. Comparison across CFA fit indices of the present models (M, M1 & M0)

表2. 不同模型(M、M1、M0)拟合指数比较

4.2. 我国大学生二语动机水平和二语课堂交流意愿的总体情况及相关性分析

描述性统计结果显示本研究问卷调查数据总体服从正态分布。如表3所示,各动机维度得分均高于中点4 (4.282 ≤ M ≤ 5.586),表明研究对象的二语动机程度很高,与已有研究结果相一致 [14] [15] [17] ;研究对象在实用价值上的得分最高(M = 5.586),表明大学生重视二语学习的实用性,学习者将二语学习视为达到目的的一种方式或手段 [31] 。二语课堂交流意愿得分高于中点2.5 (M = 3.966),表明大学生愿意在课堂上用二语交流,而以往研究结果表示,大多数二语学习者出于不自信以及害怕犯错等原因,不愿在课堂上用用二语交流 [32] [33] [34] 。相关分析结果显示期望动机、获得价值和兴趣价值与二语课堂交流意愿两两之间存在中等及以上程度的正相关关系 [35] ,这与已有研究结果相一致 [36] ;此外,本研究中实用价值、成本与二语课堂交流意愿无显著相关关系。

半结构化访谈结果一定程度上与问卷数据相呼应。4名受访者都表示都认为在学习过程中受到强烈的动机驱动,其中有3位受访者(乙、丙、丁)强调了二语学习对自身未来职业规划的助益;4名受访者都表示自己积极参与二语课堂交流,并表示她们的二语课堂交流意愿主要受交流对象的影响,“对方的熟悉程度决定了我可以谈论的内容,课堂上都是熟悉的同学,因此我很愿意在课堂上用二语谈论某个话题”(乙)。这在一定程度上解释了本研究结果与以往研究不一致的可能成因。

Table 3. Descriptive analysis of and correlations between motivation to learn and WTCC in L2

表3. 二语动机水平和二语课堂交流意愿描述性统计结果及相关矩阵

4.3. 期望动机与价值动机对二语课堂交流意愿的正向预测作用

在对数据进行标准化处理的基础上,本研究通过独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析,发现性别或年级对各维度得分均无显著性影响(p > 0.05)。在此基础上,为探究不同维度动机对二语课堂交流意愿的作用路径,本研究通过建构带交互项的结构方程模型,考察期望动机、获得价值和兴趣价值及其交互项对二语课堂交流意愿的效应量。验证性因子分析结果表明,带交互项的结构方程模型拟合度良好(见表4)。多元回归分析结果(见表5)显示仅期望动机正向预测二语课堂交流意愿(β = 0.238, p < 0.01),获得价值与兴趣价值对二语课堂交流意愿的预测作用不显著(p > 0.05);期望动机与获得价值的交互项系数显著(β = 0.078, p < 0.01),期望动机与兴趣价值的交互项系数也显著(β = 0.002, p < 0.05),表明获得价值与兴趣价值显著调节期望动机对二语课堂交流意愿的预测作用;三项交互模型结果显示,期望动机、获得价值与兴趣价值的三阶交互效应显著(β = 0.228, p < 0.001),此时期望动机与获得价值的交互项系数显著(β = 0.182, p < 0.01),期望动机与兴趣价值的交互项系数不显著(p > 0.05),表明兴趣价值通过影响获得价值在“期望动机→二语课堂交流意愿”的调节作用参与模型建构(见图1)。具体而言,获得价值对“期望动机→二语课堂交流意愿”的调节作用随兴趣价值的升高而增强,同时获得价值的水平越高,期望动机对二语课堂交流意愿的预测效应越强。在半结构化访谈中,有受访者(甲)表示兴趣是激励自己二语学习最大的驱动力:在兴趣的感召下,愿意主动参与有关二语的各项活动,包括在课堂上积极交流,这一说法也间接支持了兴趣价值在“期望动机→二语课堂交流意愿”路径中发挥作用的合理性。

Table 4. CFA fit indices of the present structural equation model

表4. 结构方程模型拟合指数

根据以往研究,期望动机与除成本价值外的各维度价值动机正向预测学习效果等结果变量 [11] [15] [37] 。结合访谈结果来看,二语期望动机水平与学习者的信心密切关联,从而激励学习者在二语学习过程中保持坚定的信念以及敢于挑战的决心 [38] 。就价值动机的影响而言,本研究结果虽然支持以往研究中价值动机的正向预测作用,但进一步建模结果揭示了获得价值与兴趣价值的多重调节机制。“期望–价值”动机模型假设期望动机与价值动机各维度存在交互机制 [7] ,本研究调节效应结果一定程度上为该理论假设提供了实证支持此外,本研究发现兴趣价值、获得价值与期望动机之间存在复杂交互效应,与前人研究结果在某种程度上相呼应,即“期望–价值”模型的交互机制表现因研究学科、活动或环境而异 [17] 。如上所述,期望动机与价值动机的交互机制还需继续进行实证考察。

Table 5. Path analyses of the present models

表5. 不同模型路径效应检验

注:−p > 0.05;*p < 0.05;**p < 0.01;***p < 0.001。

Figure 1. The moderated model of motivation to learn and WTCC in L2

图1. 有调节的模型拟合图

5. 结语

本研究立足于“期望–价值”理论,考察了二语动机与二语动机行为水平及相互关系。结果表明:我国大学生二语学习者的期望动机与价值动机程度及二语动机行为整体均处于中上水平;期望动机能正向预测以二语课堂交流意愿为代表的二语动机行为;兴趣价值与获得价值在期望动机对二语动机行为的预测效应中起到了多重调节作用,期望动机对二语课堂交流意愿的预测效应随获得价值的水平升高而增强,同时获得价值的调节效应随兴趣价值的升高而加强。

本研究在一定程度上为“期望–价值”动机在二语习得领域的研究提供了实证支撑,同时也可激发二语课堂参与积极性提供积极性建议。教师在二语学习过程中应充分激发学习者的兴趣,引导学习者正确认识二语学习的获得价值,同时注意维持当前学习者的期望动机水平,进而促使学习者能充分在二语学习过程发挥学习主体应有的积极性。

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