维生素D治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征的研究进展
Vitamin D in the Treatment of Diarrhea Type Irritable Bowel Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122893, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 84  浏览: 174 
作者: 高溪媛, 黄志龙:新疆医科大学第四临床医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;苏莎莎*:新疆医科大学附属中医医院脾胃科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 肠易激综合征腹泻型维生素D药物治疗Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diarrhea Type Vitamin D Drug Therapy
摘要: 随着社会日益发展、环境不断变化及心理压力的增大,肠易激综合征(Irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)在我国人群患病率呈逐渐升高趋势,因其发病机制较为复杂,目前尚无特效治疗方法;维生素D是一种常见的脂溶性维生素。研究发现,维生素D对缓解腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS-D)的病情程度和改善患者生活质量具有一定的作用。本文对维生素D与IBS-D相关性的研究进展以及维生素D治疗IBS-D的疗效和作用机制作一综述,希望能为IBS-D的临床诊治提供新思路。
Abstract: With the increasing development of society, changing environment, and increasing psychological pressure, the incidence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in the Chinese population is gradually increasing. Due to its complex pathogenesis, there is currently no specific treatment method. Vita-min D is a common fat-soluble vitamin. Research has found that vitamin D has a certain effect on al-leviating the severity of diarrhea induced irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and improving the quality of life of patients. This article provides a review of the research progress on the correlation between vitamin D and IBS-D, as well as the efficacy and mechanism of vitamin D in the treatment of IBS-D. It is hoped to provide new ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of IBS-D.
文章引用:高溪媛, 黄志龙, 苏莎莎. 维生素D治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 20572-20577. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122893

1. 引言

肠易激综合征(Irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)是一种以腹痛或腹部不适症状为主要临床特点的功能性胃肠道疾病,同时可伴随反复发作的腹泻、便秘等排便习惯的改变,常常受精神状态、睡眠障碍等因素的影响 [1] 。随着社会的日益发展、环境的不断变化以及心理压力的增大,IBS逐渐成为消化系统的常见疾病。据2020年肠易激综合征数据 [1] 显示,我国普通人群IBS总体患病率为6.5%,波动范围在1.4%~11.5%,呈逐渐升高趋势。本病在我国的患病率根据地区不同、人群不同会有所差异,基于学校的研究显示:8~13岁学生的IBS患病率为10.8%;对于18~23岁的医学生,IBS的患病率甚至高达33.3% [2] 。发病的患者大多集中于青年人群,女性高于男性 [1] 。根据2016年的罗马IV标准 [3] ,可将IBS分为4型:腹泻型(diarrhea predominant-IBS, IBS-D)、便秘型(constipation predominant-IBS, IBS-C)、混合型(mixed-IBS, IBS-M)和不定型(unclassified IBS, IBS-U)。我国患者以IBS-D为主,患病率高达1.72%,约占被诊断患有IBS患者的74.1% [4] 。IBS-D患者常表现为反复发作的腹泻、腹痛,且腹痛和排便有关 [1] 。抑郁、焦虑、失眠等心理、躯体化症状都与该疾病相关,并且易反复发作,严重影响患者的生活质量 [5] 。因此,探索改善IBS-D患者生活质量的治疗方法至关重要,近期研究发现维生素D对IBS-D患者具有一定的治疗效果。

2. 维生素D与IBS-D相关性

维生素D是一种脂溶性的维生素,表现为激素样特性 [6] ,分为维生素D2和维生素D3。人体可通过皮肤对阳光紫外线的转化、饮食的摄入 [7] 及维生素D类补充剂的添加来补充维生素D。维生素D2和维生素D3均无生物活性,在肝肾中经羟化酶催化后可转变为较高生物活性的1,25-(OH)2-D。1,25-(OH)2-D是一种甾体激素,能与维生素D受体(Vitamin D Receptors, VDR)结合发挥生物学效应 [8] 。在人体内,几乎所有的细胞均可表达VDR,与25-(OH)2-D结合后能影响机体的钙磷稳态和骨代谢,调节抗氧化防御系统 [9] 。此外,,维生素D还可调节细胞周期,影响免疫细胞、炎性反应及血管的生成 [10] 。

全球患有维生素D缺乏症患者的比率为30%~50%,而IBS患者中有超过一半患有维生素D缺乏症,这可能与性别、饮食、阳光照射、生活习惯等有关 [11] 。大量的研究证据表明,维生素D的缺乏不仅对人类骨骼系统和多种疾病(即心血管疾病、糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤)的进展相关,而且与结直肠癌和IBS等肠道疾病也有关联 [12] 。20%的维生素D从饮食中获得后,需要在小肠中与脂肪一起被吸收 [13] ,IBS人群对乳制品或脂肪酸的不耐受性和消化模式的改变可能会影响维生素D在体内的吸收。因此各种胃肠道疾病导致的小肠吸收能力受损也可能是维生素D缺乏症发生的相关因素之一 [14] 。

DUSSIK等 [15] 对IBS患者与非IBS患者的乙状结肠黏膜组织活检样本进行基因表达谱分析,发现IBS组的25(OH)D平均值低于非IBS组,且IBS-D亚型患者的维生素D水平呈现更低的状态。GROZIC等 [16] 收集了29 名参与者(11名IBS和18名健康对照)的乙状结肠黏膜组织样本,用DNA微阵列分析评估其基因表达谱,发现维生素D调节了IBS患者基因的差异表达,且IBS的病理生理学也可能涉及维生素D缺乏和/或血清素代谢异常。付小梅等 [17] 将86例IBS-D患者与同一时期的86例健康体检者进行观察对照,分析比较了两组的血清25(OH)D水平,发现IBS-D患者血清25(OH)D水平明显低于对照组。黄思婧等 [18] 的研究有相似的结果,并且发现血清25(OH)D水平越低,患者的胃肠症状越严重,肠易激综合征严重程度评测(Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Symptom Severity Score, IBS-SSS)评分越高。综上所述,维生素D的缺乏与IBS的发生及发展密切相关。

3. 维生素D治疗IBS-D的可能作用机制

目前IBS的病因及发生机制尚未明确,但普遍认为主要与内脏的高敏感性、免疫系统的紊乱、胃肠道动力的变化、脑–肠轴功能的调节异常、肠道菌群的紊乱、肠粘膜屏障的受损以及与生活方式和饮食模式相关的社会心理因素有关 [19] [20] 。

3.1. 作用于肠道粘膜屏障

IBS-D患者多出现肠粘膜一过性的受损,肠黏膜通透性的改变允许肠腔内容物进入血液中,从而诱发免疫反应和激活肠道炎症 [21] 。依赖维生素D的钙通道维持着肠上皮的屏障功能,在维生素D的刺激下,上皮细胞发生迁移,使紧密连接蛋白的表达增加和单层细胞的电阻增强,这不仅维持了肠黏膜屏障的完整性,还能修复肠道黏膜的通透性 [22] 。此外,维生素D还可通过上皮细胞VDR信号通路来抑制肠上皮细胞的凋亡,逆转肠粘膜屏障损伤;补充维生素D可恢复肠道上皮屏障功能并减少细菌迁移 [23] 。

3.2. 作用于肠道微生物群

居住在胃肠道中的微生物被称为肠道微生物群 [24] ,IBS人群与健康人群的肠道微生物群组成具有较大差异,IBS-D患者肠道微生物的主要改变为:菌群多样性的降低、优势菌群的减少以及致病菌数量的增加 [25] [26] [27] ,这些改变可导致肠道的抗损伤能力减弱。异常的肠道微生物群可以通过微生物–肠–脑(microbiota-gut-brain axis, MGB)轴调节大脑信号,再通过脑–肠轴(brain-gut axis, GB)调节胃肠道的肠神经系统,从而调控IBS患者的胃肠功能 [28] 。肠道VDR的表达缺陷会导致溶菌酶的分泌减少,使其抗菌活性受损,从而增加炎症反应。此外,肠道的VDR还可影响肠道的菌群与丰度 [29] 。ZHANG等 [30] 对5周龄雄性SD大鼠予以维生素D饲养后发现,维生素D的补充可提高乳酸菌属的丰度。因此,维生素D可能通过VDR间接调节肠道微生物群,维持胃肠道的耐受性,降低肠道对炎性反应的易感性。

3.3. 作用于免疫系统

过去的研究发现,IBS-D患者结肠黏膜炎症的细胞因子浓度上升,以及外周血中促炎细胞因子的水平提高,可能是引起患者腹部不适症状的重要因素 [31] 。维生素D调节免疫和降低氧化状态的能力可以缓解多种疾病的症状 [32] 。维生素D可以激活巨噬细胞来吸收和清除肠道细菌,并抑制干扰素介导的巨噬细胞活化 [33] 。另一方面,维生素D还可降低辅助性T细胞1型细胞因子与2型细胞因子的比例,进而调节肠道炎症愈合的因子来改善肠道的炎症反应 [34] [35] 。NIPITH等 [36] 的研究表明维生素D通过激活巨噬细胞,增强防御素和抗菌肽的活性,从而促进抗原呈递来影响机体的非特异性免疫。因此,维生素D可能通过调节免疫细胞的增殖、分化,诱导炎症因子的表达实现对免疫系统的调节,从而改善患者的腹部不适症状。

4. 维生素D治疗IBS-D的疗效

维生素D治疗IBS可有效改善患者的症状 [37] ,约有70%的IBS患者经过维生素D的替代治疗能有效改善临床症状,提高生活质量。ABBASNEZHAD等 [38] 的研究发现,在进行了为期六个月的维生素D3治疗后,IBS患者的IBS-SSS和肠易激综合征–生命质量测量量表(Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Quality of Life Measure, IBS-QOL)的评分较给予安慰剂的对照组变化更为显著。姜莹等 [39] 在我国首次报道的维生素D干预治疗IBS的研究发现,补充维生素D可以明显改善患者的临床症状。MOHAMED等 [40] 的荟萃分析纳入了6项临床随机对照实验,包含了616名患者,结果发现维生素D和安慰剂在改善IBS-SSS评分方面没有太大差异,但在改善IBS-QOL的评分方面,维生素D治疗组优于安慰剂组。因此,维生素D的补充有望成为治疗IBS-D的一种新的临床疗法。

5. 维生素D治疗IBS-D的安全性

血清25(OH)D常被用来评估维生素D的水平 [10] ,25(OH)D > 30 ng/mL为充足、25(OH)D在20~30 ng/mL为不足、25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL为缺乏。目前普遍认为维生素D2与维生素D3具有相似的生理作用,对维生素D缺乏或是不足的人群进行补充治疗,可预防或改善多种疾病的结果 [41] 。在高剂量补充维生素D的过程中,我们需重视预防维生素D中毒,其典型的中毒表现为高血钙及口渴、呕吐、食欲减退等消化道症状。但是补充维生素D引起高钙血症的风险很小,且目前临床上少有因维生素D摄入过量而引起中毒的报道,所以在生理剂量下补充维生素D通常不需要常规监测血钙和尿钙 [42] [43] 。总的来说,维生素D安全性好,且疗效相当、具有较小的副作用,这可能使它成为一个比其他疗法更具有吸引力的选择方案,但维生素D的有效安全剂量还有待进一步研究。

6. 总结

维生素D与肠道黏膜屏障、肠道微生物群、免疫系统有关,具有调节维持胃肠道内稳态多种途径的联合作用。目前针对维生素D在IBS-D中的临床应用,缺乏长期有效可信的临床数据以及不同人群治疗剂量的确定,这些都有待以后开展多中心、大样本的双盲临床研究,以更好地评估维生素D的补充治疗对不同年龄、不同病情的IBS-D患者的影响,从而建立一个治疗的最佳剂量范围。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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