离体甲状旁腺冻存及延迟自体移植治疗甲状旁腺功能低下的进展
In Vitro Parathyroid Cryopreservation and Delayed Autologous Transplantation in the Treatment of Hypoparathyroid Function Progress
摘要: 甲状旁腺功能低下常见于甲状腺全切术后甲状旁腺功能低下以及终末期肾脏病行维持性血液透析继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进术后,表现为颜面及手足麻木、抽搐等症状,需要口服钙和维生素D治疗、频繁的实验室检测,甚至急诊住院,长期低钙对骨代谢、眼部健康、心血管、肾脏和神经功能障碍产生不良影响,严重影响了患者的生活质量。目前甲状旁腺激素替代治疗的药物重组人甲状旁腺激素还在临床实验中,甲状旁腺自体再移植能较好地治疗术后甲状旁腺功能减退,但需要对离体甲状旁腺进行预处理、冻存后,根据病情需要,重新进行再移植。无论在国内还是国外,针对这方面的研究都比较匮乏。本文就术中甲状旁腺的辨识、甲状旁腺组织的预处理、甲状旁腺组织冰冻保存液的配制、冰冻保存、冻存时间以及移植部位进行了梳理,期望随着研究的深入,会有专属于人体的甲状旁腺冰冻保存技术的共识和标准颁布,让甲状旁腺功能低下的患者得到治愈。
Abstract: Hypoparathyroidism is commonly seen in hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy and hyperparathyroidism after end-stage renal disease and maintenance hemodialysis secondary hyperparathyroidism, which presents symptoms such as numbness and convulsion of hands and feet, requiring oral calcium and vitamin D treatment, frequent laboratory tests, and even emergency hospitalization. Chronic low calcium has adverse effects on bone metabolism, eye health, cardiovascular, kidney and neurological dysfunction, and seriously affects patients’ quality of life. At present, recombinant human parathyroid hormone for parathyroid hormone replacement therapy is still in clinical trials. Parathyroid autologous retransplantation can effectively treat postoperative hypoparathyroidism. However, preconditioning and freezing of isolated parathyroid glands are required prior to retransplantation. No matter at home or abroad, the research on this aspect is relatively scarce. In this paper, the identification of parathyroid glands during surgery, the pretreatment of parathyroid tissues, the preparation of cryopreservation solution for parathyroid tissues, cryopreservation time and transplantation site were combed. It is expected that with the deepening of the research, a consensus and standard of human parathyroid cryopreservation technology will be is-sued, so that patients with hypoparathyroid function can be cured.
文章引用:于波, 徐宁, 孙玺媛, 杨博, 姚佳兴, 樊伟业, 李松埔, 窦福林, 李扬. 离体甲状旁腺冻存及延迟自体移植治疗甲状旁腺功能低下的进展[J]. 世界肿瘤研究, 2024, 14(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.12677/WJCR.2024.141001

1. 引言

甲状旁腺功能低下(Hypoparathyroidism,简称甲旁减)常发生于甲状腺手术中,尤其是在甲状腺全切除术后,暂时性甲旁减发生率可达40% [1] [2] ,永久性甲旁减发生率为0.4%~32% [3] [4] [5] ,表现为持续(>6个月)低钙,表现为颜面及手足麻木、抽搐等症状,需要口服钙和维生素D治疗,并且需要终生药物治疗以及频繁的实验室检测,甚至急诊住院。低钙对骨代谢、眼部健康、心血管、肾脏和神经功能障碍有长期不良影响,极大地影响到患者的生活质量水平,甚至会威胁到患者的生命安全。另外,甲旁减还见于继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, SHPT)治疗后,SHPT是肾衰病人行维持性血液透析的重要并发症之一,对于伴有高钙血症和(或)高磷血症,药物治疗无效的SHPT,需行甲状旁腺切除术(Parathyroidectomy, PTX),但术后有永久性甲旁减的风险 [6] [7] 。自体甲状旁腺组织移植是治疗甲状腺术后与SHPT行甲状旁腺切除术后导致的甲旁减最有效的方法,对于术中移植失败的患者需要考虑延迟性自体甲状旁腺移植,如何保证延迟移植甲状旁腺组织主细胞的活力和分泌功能至关重要,而甲状旁腺组织的冻存是关键。

2. 甲状旁腺的冻存技术

2.1. 甲状旁腺的术中识别

为了避免非甲状旁腺组织或甲状旁腺癌的无意储存,在储存前进行组织学确认是必要的。上位甲状旁腺解剖位置较固定,多位于甲状腺内缘后方的上、中1/3交界处,下位旁腺解剖变异率较高,程黄褐色,约黄豆粒一半大小,其外形和颜色与脂肪组织、淋巴结极为相像,在术中,应对其予以鉴别 [8] [9] 。脂肪组织质软、触之易碎,淋巴结质地较韧、易被纳米碳染黑,而甲状旁腺质地中等、纳米碳不能使之染色 [10] 。当离断甲状旁腺周围血管后,由于缺血缺氧,颜色会变成暗红色或更深,而脂肪组织和淋巴结无变化。

2.2. 甲状旁腺组织的冻存技术

2.2.1. 目前国内外甲状旁腺组织冻存技术应用情况

甲状旁腺组织的预处理:在无菌手术台上,选取颜色、大小、质地接近正常或者完全正常的部分甲状旁腺组织,切成30~40块大小约1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm的小片段,置于4℃温度下的无菌生理盐水中,再抽取患者10 ml血液 [11] ,一并送至实验室,弃掉生理盐水,组织待处理,严格无菌操作。

甲状旁腺组织冰冻保存液的配制:冷冻保存过程中最重要的部分是冷冻介质的性质。典型的冻存介质中包含RPMI1640培养基 [11] [12] ,大多数研究所配制的浓度为80% [13] ,还有配制浓度为60% [14] 的或者没有添加RPMI1640培养基 [15] ;介质成分中还包含细胞稳定剂DMSO (二甲基亚砜)液,其所占比例在7.5%~20% [16] [17] 之间;而介质的最后组成部分可以是10%~30%的自体血清或10%~20%的胎牛血清 [18] ;亦有人不添加RPMI1640培养基,而使用90%胎牛血清 [15] ;除此之外,还有学者建议补充谷氨酰胺 [19] 和青链霉素 [11] 或链霉素和氨苄西林 [18] 或庆大霉素 [20] 。

冰冻保存:将甲状旁腺组织和冻存液混匀置于2个2 ml冻存小管中,然后缓慢降温:−20℃冷冻15分钟,然后到−50℃再冷冻15分钟,然后将冷冻管转移到设定温度为−86℃的氮储罐中,24后,将冷冻管浸入−196℃液氮储罐中进行长期保存 [21] 。冷冻保存的目的是保存细胞功能,冷冻的过程是循序渐进的。

冻存时间:我们超低温保存甲状旁腺组织碎片,而不是乳剂分散的细胞,因为组织具有更好的长期细胞活力,甲状旁腺组织绝不与冰、碎冰或冰块直接接触。有许多因素会影响自体移植物的生存能力,包括低温保存时间,进而影响移植的成功率。甲状旁腺延迟自体移植的成功率在10%到83%之间 [22] ,对于甲状旁腺冻存的时间没有一致的共识。但Guerrero等人发现,当超低温保存少于24个月时,储存的甲状旁腺组织的活力明显更大(超低温保存超过24个月的组织的活力为71%,超过24个月,细胞活力将为1% [23] 。甲状旁腺组织的低温保存应限制在24个月以内,低温保存可能会影响甲状旁腺组织血管重建和再生的能力,从而导致成功率降低。

Leite等将甲状旁腺组织冷冻保存3年后,前臂自体移植成功,表明甲状旁腺组织冻存超过24个月,仍可自体移植成功 [24] [25] [26] 。

甲状旁腺组织的解冻 [27] :关于甲状旁腺组织的解冻过程比较一致,将从液氮罐中取出的冻存小管置于37℃温水浴锅中快速解冻,时间在1 min左右,然后备10 ml 70%~90% RPMI1640培养基和10%~30%自体血清混合液清洗2次,或在1 ml含20%自体血清的RPMI 1640培养基里冲洗碎片5次,然后去除冻存液,4 ml浸泡备移植用。

2.2.2. SPTH与延迟自体移植现状

在我国,慢性肾功能衰竭患者中合并SHPT的发病率高达40%~80% [28] 。随着疾病的进展,当增生甲状旁腺高度自主分泌大量PTH,且内科治疗无效时,则需要外科手术治疗,大多数外科医生将PTX和新鲜组织自体移植作为SHPT的首选手术 [29] - [34] 。对于术中移植失败的患者需要考虑延迟性自体甲状旁腺移植来降低永久性甲旁减出现风险。

自从Wells等学者 [35] 证明冷冻保存的甲状旁腺组织可以被解冻并成功移植以来,很多SHPT手术后行延期自体移植 [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] ,可以通过冷冻保存的自体甲状旁腺组织的自体移植来治疗永久性甲旁减。虽然新鲜组织的自体移植在大多数患者中似乎具有足够的功能,但关于冷冻保存腺体的自体移植后效果却未达到预期 [38] [39] ,如何保证延迟移植甲状旁腺组织主细胞的活力和分泌功能至关重要,而甲状旁腺组织的冻存是关键,因此我们将会致力于寻找优化冻存的方法。

3. 甲状旁腺的自体皮下移植

3.1. 移植方式

甲状旁腺移植部位主要为胸锁乳突肌和前臂肱桡肌,选择胸锁乳突肌作为移植部位,不方便对移植物术后功能的评估,因此前臂肱桡肌是常选择的部位 [40] 。

3.2. 移植术后的效果评价

移植后的甲状旁腺在新移植部位长出新生血管往往需要2~4周,一般来说2~3个月可完全恢复功能,其功能评估主要为临床症状和生化指标(如PTH、VitD、Ca2+)水平 [40] 。对于移植于前臂肱桡肌的甲状旁腺可通过检测双侧肘静脉血PTH水平来检测移植物功能,一般认为移植侧和非移植侧肘静脉血PTH比值在1.5~2.0即表示所移植甲状旁腺发挥功能 [41] [42] 。也有研究者 [38] 指出,术后要常规复查血Ca2+、PTH等指标,以评估甲状旁腺功能恢复情况,术后是否需要补钙及补钙的量需要根据患者的症状表现及血Ca2+水平决定,一般建议复查周期为术后1、3、6、12个月。

4. 展望

永久性甲旁减需要长期服药治疗,不但降低了患者的生活质量,还给患者带来了心理及经济压力,甲状旁腺激素替代治疗的药物重组人甲状旁腺激素还在临床实验中,甲状旁腺自体再移植能较好地治疗术后甲旁减,但是甲状旁腺移植过程中从甲状旁腺的辨识、甲状旁腺组织的预处理、甲状旁腺组织冰冻保存液的配制、冰冻保存、冻存时间到移植部位的选择,每一步骤均关系到移植甲状旁腺功能的发挥,但目前还没有一致的共识和标准,尤其是甲状旁腺冰冻保存技术、甲状旁腺体外冻存时间,无论在国内还是国外,研究都比较匮乏。期望随着研究的深入,会有专属于人体的甲状旁腺冰冻保存技术的共识和标准颁布,使更多的甲状旁腺功能低下的患者得到治愈。

参考文献

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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