胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎的现状及发展
Current Status and Development of Acute Pancreatitis after Pancreaticoduodenectomy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141056, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 86  浏览: 153 
作者: 开塞尔·阿不都哈迪尔, 林 海*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院胰腺外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 胰十二指肠切除术术后急性胰腺炎术后并发症Pancreaticoduodenectomy Postoperative Acute Pancreatitis Postoperative Complications
摘要: 目的:总结胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎的研究现状及发展,旨在探讨胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎是增加术后并发症发生率及严重程度的预测因子,以及为预防胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎提供思路。方法:检索胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎的相关文献,并作一综述。结果:目前国内外均有使用血清淀粉酶、血清脂肪酶、C反应蛋白及引流液淀粉酶等指标早期预测胰瘘、腹腔感染、腹腔出血、胃排空延迟、胰腺坏死等胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的研究,但术后胰腺炎对术后并发症影响的研究较少。结论:术后急性胰腺炎是一个单独的并发症,具有单独的临床结果,部分术后胰腺炎在术后早期表现为炎症过程,但有时也会导致坏死性胰腺炎或其他更严重的临床结局,提前预防并尽早地诊断术后胰腺炎以防增加术后并发症发生率及严重程度具有一定的临床意义及研究价值。
Abstract: Objective: To summarize the research status and development of acute pancreatitis after pancre-aticoduodenectomy, and to explore the role of acute pancreatitis after pancreaticoduodenectomy as a predictor of increasing incidence and severity of postoperative complications, and to provide ideas for prevention of acute pancreatitis after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: The literature on acute pancreatitis after pancreaticoduodenectomy was searched and reviewed. Results: At present, there are studies at home and abroad that use serum amylase, serum lipase, C-reactive protein and drainage fluid amylase to predict early complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy such as pan-creatic fistula, abdominal infection, abdominal hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptie, pancreatic ne-crosis, etc., but there are few studies on the effect of postoperative pancreatitis on postoperative complications. Conclusion: Postoperative acute pancreatitis is a separate complication with a sepa-rate clinical outcome. Part of postoperative pancreatitis is characterized by an inflammatory pro-cess in the early postoperative period, but sometimes it can also lead to necrotizing pancreatitis or other more serious clinical outcomes. It is of certain clinical significance and research value to pre-vent and diagnose postoperative pancreatitis as early as possible to avoid increasing the incidence and severity of postoperative complications.
文章引用:开塞尔·阿不都哈迪尔, 林海. 胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎的现状及发展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 390-396. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141056

1. 引言

尽管手术技术和围手术期管理有所提高,但胰十二指肠切除术(Pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD)术后并发症的发生率仍然很高 [1] [2] [3] 。近年来,胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎(postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis, PPAP)已被认为是一种独立的并发症 [4] [5] [6] 。目前有研究表明,术后早期残余胰腺的炎症反应可能是导致进一步并发症,特别是术后胰瘘(particularly postoperative pancreatic fistula, POPF)发展的诱因 [7] [8] [9] [10] 。在没有POPF的情况下,PPAP也可能导致其他全身严重并发症 [5] [11] ,这些情况会导致患者住院天数延长、延缓患者术后康复及增加患者经济负担。Miroslav Ryska等 [6] 对2007~2011年间160例因胰腺头部导管腺癌接受PD治疗的患者术后临床过程观察中发现当诊断出PPAP后尽快进行手术治疗,效果是显著的。因此,PPAP的早期预测及提前干预,是降低胰腺术后患者并发症发生率及严重程度、改善患者预后的重要手段。本文将对胰十二指肠切除术后急性胰腺炎的定义、病因、预后及预防的现有研究作一综述。

2. PPAP定义的发展

急性胰腺炎(acutepancreatitis, AP)的传统定义是使用亚特兰大分类 [12] ,诊断需要出现以下3个特征中的2个:1) 典型腹痛;2) 血清胰酶水平大于正常上限(ULN)的3倍;3) 影像学表现与AP一致。术后情况下,根据急性胰腺炎的标准进行诊断是困难的,第一,腹痛是腹部大手术后的症状,与手术相关的腹痛与PPAP相关腹痛无法鉴别;第二,在术后早期很少进行腹部影像学检查,这可能限制了术后正常表现与AP的区分。Sean P. McGuire [13] 对415例患者进行了术后血清淀粉酶浓度测定。术后血清高淀粉酶血症(23%)和术后急性胰腺炎(18%)患者的主要发病率较高(P < 0.001)。血清淀粉酶正常的患者术后发生胰瘘的可能性(5%)更低(P < 0.001)。第一个PPAP的标准化定义是Connor [4] 提出的,术后前2 d尿胰蛋白酶原2 > 50 μg/L作为术后急性胰腺炎的诊断标准;他还提出可通过术后第2天C反应蛋白是否 > 180 mg/L预测术后急性胰腺炎的严重程度,近些年多项报道根据Connor的诊断标准进行回顾行的研究。目前结合影像学表现诊断PPAP的研究 [8] [14] [15] 指出,由于淀粉酶灵敏度不佳,Connor仅依赖淀粉酶证据可能高估PPAP的发生率。同时Andrianello等 [11] 发现,C反应蛋白并不能对其临床严重性进行有效分级。2022年,国际胰腺外科研究小组(International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery, ISGPS)发布的PPAP定义为:在胰腺切除术后 < 3 d出现的残余胰腺的急性炎症状态。诊断依据如下:1) 术后48 h内,血清淀粉酶持续高于正常参考值。2) 出现临床相关特征,如腹痛、发热、炎性因子升高等。3) 影像学检查见残余胰腺弥漫性或局限性间质实质水肿、胰周脂肪炎性改变、胰周积液、胰腺周围和实质坏死等 [16] [17] 。ISGPS将PPAP的严重程度分为A、B、C 3个等级,若仅有术后淀粉酶水平升高,无其他临床或影像学指征改变,定义为胰腺术后高淀粉酶血症(postoperative hyperamylasemia, POH)。A级PPAP为单纯POH;B级PPAP除生化及影像学改变外,出现病情加重,需改变临床治疗方案,包括药物支持治疗(抗炎、营养支持等),内镜或介入治疗等;C级PPAP指出现持续性器官衰竭等严重并发症,需重症监护、再次手术治疗甚至死亡 [18] 。Juanita N. Chui [19] 对国际胰腺外科研究小组(ISGPS)定义胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎的临床验证中第一个将最近发表的国际共识诊断和分级标准应用于临床数据。

3. PPAP的发生机制

Martin Loos等 [15] 在分析2015年至2019年641例胰腺部分切除术后患者中有12例患者确诊为PPAP,其中作者发现PPAP患者的胰腺在术中手术刀横断率高于无PPAP的患者,柔软的胰腺有更高的组织炎症和术后第一天血清淀粉酶升高的风险,故作者提出,PPAP发生的诱因有手术损伤、胰腺结构、血供改变及吻合口的狭窄。在ISGPS规定中将PPAP被定义为部分胰腺切除后胰腺残余的急性炎症,发生在术后早期(手术后三天内),甚至会进展到全身。

3.1. 与胰腺本身解剖相关

PPAP的病理生理学尚未阐明,但越来越多的证据表明,胰腺残肢大切除后发生的缺血炎症反应取决于其活的腺泡细胞成分 [19] 。与非手术情况下的急性胰腺炎类似,术后胰腺炎的临床表现被认为是在从炎症到坏死的严重程度范围内发生的。在此研究中,观察到腺泡评分与术后急性胰腺炎呈正相关,为PPAP严重程度的等级取决于腺泡细胞密度的观点提供了证据。Gemelli Pancreatic Center [17] 在探讨ISGPS定义的PPAP的临床意义的研究中,胰腺质地柔软(P = 0.01)和胰管直径 < 3 mm (P = 0.01)被认为是PPAP发病的危险因素,而胰管直径3 mm是唯一显著影响PPAP病程加重的特征(P = 0.01)。这与POPF的临床研究结论相似,但深入的机制尚不清楚。

3.2. 与胰腺的供血有关

在PD患者中,由于胰腺缺血,胰颈分裂后可能出现两种情况。上述吻合的中断可能导致胰背动脉右侧剩余胰颈的分水岭区缺血。另一种情况是,如果胰腺背动脉的起源异常,它的分裂可能会中断与胰腺体和胰腺尾的吻合,导致整个胰腺残肢缺血。胰腺对动脉和静脉缺血都非常敏感,重要的是,梗死不是胰腺坏死的先决条件 [20] 。短暂的低灌注足以引起与急性胰腺炎相关的级联变化。此外,手术过程中对门静脉、肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉等血管的提拉,在处理出血或联合血管切除时甚至需短暂阻断血流,这种反复且短暂的缺血再灌注会导致腺泡损伤,进而激活细胞内蛋白激酶并最终导致急性胰腺炎 [20] 。Ikenaga Naoki [21] 在对153例PD后和166例远端胰腺切除术后患者资料分析中,PD术后PPAP发生率为63.4%,DP术后PPAP发生率为65.7%,发生率无显著差异。

3.3. 与胰腺基本状态有关

Räty Sari等 [22] 研究中发现,术后发生急性胰腺炎的独立预后因素是冠状动脉病变(OR = 16, P = 0.05),原因是潜在的长期缺血可能造成胰腺慢性损伤。Koichi Fujita等 [23] 在评估ERCP术后胰腺炎的危险因素的多中心研究中发现,一部分因胰头肿物常压迫胆管、胰管造成梗阻的患者术前需行内镜逆行胰胆管造影并置入支架以减黄,治疗过程中会对胰腺造成损伤,同样会诱发急性胰腺炎。行PD手术的患者病理并非都是恶性肿瘤,有研究报道 [5] [11] [18] [24] ,这部分非恶性肿瘤患者PD术后PPAP发生率较恶性肿瘤术后负担更重,PPAP发生率更高,是PPAP的危险因素。

4. PPAP术后结局

目前的研究已证实PPAP是独立于POPF的术后并发症 [4] ,且PPAP是POPF的独立危险因素 [5] [11] [14] [21] [25] [26] ,Vonlanthen等 [27] 回顾性研究中,可以观察到胰腺手术后出现任何并发症的患者的费用比没有并发症的患者增加了3倍,值得注意的是,无论是否是PPAP引起的,C型POPF是最严重的并发症之一,这些患者的住院时间明显长于没有PF的患者。近期作者 [5] [10] 提出PPAP是术中胰腺残端缺血损伤引起的胰腺吻合口局部炎症过程,其临床表现可引起全身淀粉酶浓度升高,从而导致吻合口愈合受损,最终导致吻合口漏。但相反,Raty等 [22] 研究中,患者术后CT检查4 例出现PPAP的患者并无POPF迹象;Bannone等 [28] 发现合并POPF与否,PPAP的患者术后均会出现严重并发症。值得注意的是因坏死性PPAP的部分需行全胰切除术的患者并未合并POPF [18] [29] 。Bonsdorff等 [26] 的研究中,508例患者中,没有发生PPAP的患者术后并发症(出血、DGE、胆瘘等)发生率、病死率低于发生PPAP的患者。显然,除了胰肠吻合术的技术因素外,其他尚未明确的因素也可能导致胰肠吻合术中胰酶的渗漏,从而引起术后胰瘘。现在已知的引起胰瘘的其他疾病就是PPAP,即胰腺组织坏死导致胰酶泄漏。与胰腺炎类似,发生在胰腺断端局部的炎症过程中胰肠吻合区淀粉酶浓度升高,导致吻合区愈合受损。所以部分PPAP应被认为是POPF发生过程中的促进因素,PPAP也是POPF的独立危险因素,应将PPAP当作独立并发症进行管理。

除了POPF,也有报道发现,PPAP会增加其他并发症的发生率及严重程度,比如胃排空延迟、胆瘘、术后出血及腹腔感染 [5] [14] [21] [25] [26] [28] [30] ,这无疑会延迟患者PD术后康复,也有研究指出PPAP患者术后介入治疗及再次手术的可能性增大,导致患者住院费用及术后负担增大 [17] [18] [31] 。

5. PPAP的预防

目前很少见针对PPAP防治相关研究,在临床上也无统一的防治策略。从术前角度,Bannone等 [5] [28] 在回顾性分析中发现接受新辅助治疗者出现术后急性胰腺炎的比例明显下降,是PPAP的保护因素。从术中角度,Alp Demirag等 [32] 研究中发现,采用硬膜外麻醉可以通过阻滞交感神经增加胰腺灌注,进而减少胰腺组织损伤的发生。对于PD病人,Bannone [5] 研究中提出术中限制性补液,即输液量 < 3 mL/(kg∙h)更易出现POH及PPAP。与常规输液[8.3 mL/(kg∙h)]相比,加快补液速度[12 mL/(kg∙h)]有助于降低POPF、PPAP及其他严重并发症发生率 [33] 。Chen等 [18] 的研究中提出,采用胰管内支架行胰管–空肠端侧吻合,减少不必要的胰腺缝合及暴力操作,注意保护残余胰腺组织及胰周血管,并由经验丰富的术者实施手术,有助于预防PPAP发生。从术后角度,定期监测病人血清炎性因子和淀粉酶、脂肪酶水平,关注病人病情变化 [34] 。早期(7天以内)行CT检查,如患者病情变化,及时影像学检查,观察病人胰腺炎症范围和有无其他潜在腹腔问题 [10] 。对患者术后使用生长抑素类似物现有争议,有学者认为可能与其会收缩血管、减少胰腺血供 [35] [36] 。但当PPAP患者在术后管理、药物作用、介入引流效果不佳时,应根据外科大夫的经验判断考虑行全胰切除术 [18] [37] 。

6. 总结

PPAP已被认为是除POPF以外独立的并发症,应被视为术后并发症来管理。PPAP已经被国际胰腺外科研究小组(ISGPS)进行定义及分级。经过大量研究证实,PPAP可以导致术后并发症发生率及严重程度升高,但对PPAP的发生机制及防治策略未统一,这对改善病人预后及减轻患者术后住院费用有极大的重要性。目前PPAP患者产生的术后负担在相关研究中,保守治疗被推荐为首选,但我们仍需对PPAP高度重视,研究出对PPAP患者合理的管理方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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