下肢深静脉血栓患者血脂的表达水平及其临床意义分析
Analysis of the Expression Levels of Lipids and Their Clinical Significance in Patients with Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141108, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 65  浏览: 132 
作者: 李鸿鹏, 路文斐, 孙 琳, 伦立民*:青岛大学附属医院检验科,山东 青岛
关键词: 下肢静脉血栓高密度脂蛋白血脂水平Lower Extremity Venous Thrombosis HDL Lipid Levels
摘要: 目的:探讨血脂水平与下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)之间潜在临床意义。方法:研究纳入204例研究对象,包括104名DVT患者和100名非DVT患者。本研究收集了两组患者的年龄、性别,体重指数(BMI)、吸烟史、现病史、既往史等基本信息,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、载脂蛋白A1 (APOA1)、载脂蛋白B (APOB)等血脂指标的结果,以及活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血活酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)等凝血指标的结果。应用多变量回归分析,对两组研究对象进行分析。在本研究中,我们特别关注血脂水平与DVT之间的潜在联系。结果:64岁及以下的人群HDL、TG值和两年龄组的APOA1值与患DVT有关(P < 0.05)。其中,64岁及以下的人群中较高的HDL值和两年龄组较高的APOA1值是患DVT的保护因素,即该年龄段的HDL和AOPA1值越高,患DVT的可能性越小。64岁及以下人群较高的TG值是患DVT的危险因素,即TG值越高,该人群患DVT的可能性越高。结论:研究认为HDL水平降低增加了DVT发生的风险,同时APOA1值也是患DVT的保护因素,即高APOA1与DVT风险降低有关,此外TG值是患DVT的危险因素。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the potential clinical significance of the relationship between lipid levels and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods: The study encompassed 204 partici-pants, consisting of 104 individuals diagnosed with DVT and 100 non-DVT subjects. We meticulous-ly collected and analyzed essential demographic details, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, current medical conditions, and medical history. Additionally, we obtained lipid profile data, encompassing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), tri-glycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), and apolipoprotein B (APOB). Furthermore, we measured coagulation parameters, including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thromboplastin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FIB), and other coagu-lation indices. We employed a robust multivariate regression analysis to scrutinize the data from the two distinct study groups. Our primary focus was on identifying potential associations between lipid levels and the incidence of DVT. Results: Levels of HDL and TG in the population aged 64 and below, and the level of APOA in both age groups are associated with the risk of DVT (P < 0.05). Among them, higher HDL values in those aged 64 years and younger and higher APOA1 values in both age groups were protective factors for DVT, meaning that the higher the HDL and AOPA1 val-ues in that age group, the less likely they were to suffering from DVT. Higher TG values in people aged 64 years and younger are a risk factor for DVT, meaning that the higher the TG value, the higher the probability of developing DVT in that group of people. Conclusion: It was concluded that lower HDL levels increased the risk of developing DVT, as well as APOA1 values were protective fac-tors for developing DVT, that is, high APOA1 was associated with a reduced risk of DVT, in addition to TG values being a risk factor for developing DVT.
文章引用:李鸿鹏, 路文斐, 孙琳, 伦立民. 下肢深静脉血栓患者血脂的表达水平及其临床意义分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 774-780. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141108

1. 引言

静脉血栓栓塞症(Venous Thromboembolism, VTE)是由于血液在深静脉腔内形成异常血栓、血管管腔阻塞、静脉血回流障碍而产生一系列临床症状的阻塞性血管性疾病。静脉血栓栓塞包括深静脉血栓和肺栓塞,深静脉血栓最常发生在腿部静脉 [1] 。在亚洲人群中,深静脉血栓和肺栓塞分别为每年发病率为每10万人17.1例和3.9例 [2] 。VTE患者的临床结局包括血栓后综合征(Post-Thrombotic Syndrome, PTS)、慢性血栓性栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)、抗凝并发症和猝死 [3] 。确定潜在的VTE标志物可以帮助临床预测VTE的风险,从而早干预、早治疗,提高患者生活质量 [4] 。

近些年,有研究发现静脉血栓和动脉血栓两种疾病的发病机制相似,凝血和血小板活化参与了两种血栓的形成,人们也意识到这两种疾病有共同的危险因素,如年龄、代谢综合征和高胆固醇血症等 [5] 。高密度脂蛋白(HDL)被认为是动脉粥样硬化的保护因素,HDL通过逆向转运、抗血小板、抗凝血及保护血管内皮等机制实现抗动脉粥样硬化。目前HDL与DVT的关系尚存在争议,一些研究发现血脂水平和DVT的关系是不确定的,而另外一些研究发现低HDL水平可能增加VTE的风险 [5] [6] [7] 。因此,本研究希望通过评估血脂水平和DVT之间的潜在联系,为临床抗凝治疗提供新思路。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究选取2020年1月至2023年9月于青岛大学附属医院就诊符合以下纳入排除标准的104名DVT患者作为研究组,同时选取本院同期就诊的100例非DVT患者作为对照组。纳入标准如下:年龄 ≥ 18岁;研究组:均符合DVT临床诊断标准 [8] ,并通过静脉造影或双相超声等客观检查得到证实;对照组:无静脉血栓栓塞或强直性脊柱炎病史。排除标准如下:正在接受溶栓治疗者;6个月内有出血或血栓栓塞病史;先天性或获得性凝血功能障碍;有血液病病史;肝肾功能障碍;5年内有恶性肿瘤;近期有重大手术创伤史;精神障碍者。本研究由青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会审查批准(批准号:QYFY WZLL 28192),并征得了参与患者的知情同意。

2.2. 研究方法

2.2.1. 下肢静脉彩色多普勒超声检测

受检者取仰卧位,下肢外展外旋,保持血流与声束夹角在60˚以内,行二维及彩色多普勒超声检查,依次检查髂总静脉、髂外静脉、股深静脉、股浅静脉、腘静脉、胫前后静脉、腓静脉,观察血管走向、管腔内是否有异常团块、血流充盈情况、血流方向,各段均行横切、纵切扫描检查,并与健侧比较。诊断标准 [9] :① 探头加压时静脉腔未出现明显压瘪,病变节段的静脉增粗,内径增大,内有实性低回声;② 静脉内无血流频谱,频谱不随呼吸节律变化而变化;③ 彩色多普勒超声下无彩色血流信号或充盈缺损;④ 可见片状、不规则形血栓,或呈“泥沙状”“海带状”样;⑤ Valsalva试验未见明显异常。

2.2.2. 实验室检查

研究组于出现下肢肿胀、疼痛等临床症状或确诊时,对照组于体检当日清晨,采集受试者肘部静脉血5 ml。血浆样本使用法国Stago公司的STA-RMAX全自动凝血分析仪检测APTT、PT、FIB。血清样本用罗氏Cobas 702全自动生化分析仪检测TG、TC、HDL、LDL、APOA1/B。所有操作均严格按照仪器操作手册执行。

2.2.3. 统计学分析

所有统计分析采用SPSS 27.0统计学软件处理数据。连续变量用均数 ± 标准差( x ¯ ± s )或带四分位间距的中位数[M (Q1, Q3)]表示,比较采用独立样本t检验/Mann-Whitney U检验,分类变量用病例数/构成比[N (%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响DVT的相关因素,计算回归系数(B)、比值比(OR)、95%置信区间(CI)。P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 基本特征

本研究根据纳入标准和排除标准,选取204名受试者,其中104例为研究组,100例为对照组。两组性别、体质量指数、吸烟史、合并症方面比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两者LDL、TG、TC水平比较,差异无显著性(P > 0.05)。与对照组相比,DVT组患者的平均年龄较高(Z = −2.276, P < 0.05)。另外,与对照组相比,TT (Z = −2.148, P = 0.032)、PT (Z = −2.148, P = 0.032)、FIB (Z = −2.167, P = 0.03)水平显著升高,HDL (Z = −2.642, P = 0.008)、APOA1 (t = −4.952, P < 0.01)水平显著降低。基本特征见表1

Table 1. Fundamental characteristic (N = 204)

表1. 基本特征(N = 204)

注:测量数据以平均值 ± 标准差( x ¯ ± SD )或带四分位间距的中位数[M (Q1, Q3)]表示。DVT,下肢静脉血栓;BMI,体重指数;HDL,高密度脂蛋白;LDL,低密度脂蛋白;TG,甘油三酯;TC,总胆固醇;APOA1,载脂蛋白A1;APOB,载脂蛋白B;APTT,活化部分凝血活酶时间;TT,凝血酶时间;PT,凝血活酶时间;FIB,纤维蛋白原。

3.2. 影响DVT发生的相关因素

将上述有统计学意义的相关因素纳入多因素Logistic回归模型分析,调整协变量(TT, PT, FIB)后分析结果。表2 logistic回归结果显示,64岁及以下的HDL、TG值和两年龄组的APOA1值与患DVT有关(P < 0.05)。其中,64岁及以下的人群中较高的HDL值和两年龄组较高的APOA1值是患DVT的保护因素,即该年龄段的HDL和APOA1值越高,患DVT的可能性越小。64岁及以下人群中,较高的TG值是患DVT的危险因素,即TG值越高,该人群患DVT的可能性越高。

Table 2. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis on the associations between blood lipids and DVT

表2. 血脂与DVT相关性多变量Logistics分析

注:多因素分析调整了凝血酶时间、凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原。OR,比值比;CI,置信区间;HDL,高密度脂蛋白;LDL,低密度脂蛋白;TG,甘油三酯;TC,总胆固醇;APOA1,载脂蛋白A1;APOB,载脂蛋白B。

4. 讨论

本研究调查了血脂水平与DVT之间的关系,年龄在64岁及以下的人群中,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和APOA1与DVT风险降低有关,而高TG水平与DVT风险增加有关,另外,在正常范围内,与已知的DVT危险因素,如高血压、PT、TT和FIB无关;在年龄65岁及以上的人群中,未发现明显差异。在一些研究中报道,静脉血栓栓塞在青春期晚期之前发生的情况很少见 [10] 。在DVT患者检测中,D-二聚体常作为DVT的初步筛查指标,其敏感性高但特异性低,因此有必要寻找具有高特异性的生物标志物,并且越来越多的新证据表明HDL具有作为DVT预测模型的能力 [11] 。

HDL是由载脂蛋白、磷脂、胆固醇和少量脂肪组成,具有抗凝作用并可以在一定程度上降低心血管疾病发生的风险,研究发现,HDL降低是冠状动脉疾病的重要危险因素 [12] 。P. Ferroni等人发现,低HDL患者在化疗期间首次发生VTE的风险高出3倍 [13] 。HDL降低血栓风险是基于多种机制作用的,一方面可以通过逆向转运胆固醇来降低外周血管内的胆固醇,另一方面还可以与血小板、凝血级联和血管内皮相互作用,通过限制血小板内胆固醇超载以及结合血小板HDL受体SR-BI和apoER2后调节血小板信号通路,防止血小板高反应性 [14] 。HDL发挥抗凝作用是通过蛋白C途径,活化蛋白C (APC)能够灭活FVa和FVIIIa,作为蛋白S辅因子的蛋白S增强了APC的抗凝血活性,这将减少凝血酶和纤维蛋白原的形成 [15] 。另外,HDL还可以刺激血管内皮产生一氧化氮(NO)和前列环素(PGI2),一氧化氮和前列环素是一种血小板抑制剂 [14] 。2001年发布的美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次指南(ATP III)将HDL超过60 mg/dL为相当良好的水平,而低于40 mg/dL则被视为较低水平 [16] 。

有研究发现,女性中高TG水平和患DVT风险增加有明显的关联 [17] 。人们认为TG可部分提高FVII、FVIII、FIX和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂-1的水平 [18] 。我们在调整了混杂因素后发现,在64岁及以下的人群中,高TG水平与患DVT有关。同时我们还发现不同年龄段较高的APOA1值是患LEDVT的保护因素,即该年龄段的AOPA1值越高,患LEDVT的可能性越小。有研究发现,APOA1作为高密度脂蛋白(HDL)中主要载脂蛋白,和HDL受体SR-BI的肝外表达结合可保护小鼠免受血流限制诱导的DVT [19] 。同时一项动物研究表明,APOA1基因的过度表达可预防动脉粥样硬化的发生或进展 [20] 。而血清APOA1是一个比APOB、APOB/APOA1比值、HDL和LDL更好的心血管疾病和老年男性死亡率的危险标志物 [21] 。总胆固醇作为血清血脂项目中的一项,胆固醇是内皮细胞的重要组成成分,对稳定血管通透性和维持正常的内皮屏障有重要意义。一项队列研究发现,TC变异增加了VTE发生的风险,无论变异性参数和VTE部位(包括DVT、PE和其他VTE)不同,TC变异性的影响都是一致的 [22] 。

综上所述,本研究认为HDL水平降低增加了DVT发生的风险,同时APOA1值也是患DVT的保护因素,即高APOA1与DVT风险降低有关,此外TG值是患DVT的危险因素。血脂水平有时作为入院常规检查,临床医生通过血脂水平可能及时发现潜在的VTE患者,为临床早期针对性干预提供了参考。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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