膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的临床特征及治疗
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Non-Epithelial Tumors of the Bladder
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142345, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 60  浏览: 134 
作者: 孔旭东, 谭海林, 刘 勇:青岛大学附属医院泌尿外科,山东 青岛
关键词: 膀胱非上皮性肿瘤临床特征治疗Non-Epithelial Tumors of the Bladder Clinical Features Treatment
摘要: 目的:总结膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的临床表现及诊治流程,探讨其治疗方法与预后。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2022年3月就诊于青岛大学附属医院并确诊为膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的14例患者的临床资料。其中,男9例,女5例。年龄35~72岁。首发症状为无痛性肉眼血尿3例,膀胱刺激征伴排尿困难3例,肉眼血尿伴膀胱刺激征1例,尿频1例,腰痛1例,无症状者5例。超声检查发现膀胱内占位病变12例,肿物凸向腔外2例,CT发现盆腔内多发肿大淋巴结2例(病理均证实为恶性肿瘤)。结果:良性肿瘤6例,均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor, TURBT),4例于TURBT后行膀胱部分切除术(Partly Cystectomy, PC);恶性肿瘤8例,均行TURBT,其中1例于术后辅以BR方案化疗,2例于术后行RC,1例于术后行膀胱旷置 + 输尿管皮肤造口,1例于术后1月进展至多发骨转移、肺转移。14例患者存活至今。结论:膀胱非上皮性肿瘤发病率低,病理类型复杂,外科手术治疗是其主要处理方式,良性肿瘤预后良好,但仍有复发风险,恶性肿瘤应结合其病理特点进行辅助放疗、化疗等治疗。
Abstract: Objective: To summarize the clinical manifestations and diagnostic and treatment processes of non-epithelial tumors of the bladder, and to explore their treatment methods and prognosis. Methods: The clinical data of 14 patients who attended the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2018 to March 2022 and were diagnosed with non-epithelial tumor of the bladder were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 9 cases were male and 5 cases were female. The age range from 35~72 years old. The first symptoms were painless hematuria in 3 cases, bladder irrita-tion with dysuria in 3 cases, hematuria with bladder irritation in 1 case, urinary frequency in 1 case, lumbago in 1 case, and asymptomatic in 5 cases. Ultrasonography found intravesical space- occupy-ing lesions in 12 cases, swelling projecting out of the cavity in 2 cases, and CT found multiple en-larged lymph nodes in the pelvis in 2 cases (all of which were pathologically confirmed to be malig-nant tumors). Results: There were 6 cases of benign tumors, all of them underwent Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT), 4 cases underwent Partly Cystectomy (PC) after TURBT; There were 8 cases of malignant tumors, 8 cases of malignant tumors underwent TURBT, 1 case was supplemented with postoperative chemotherapy with BR regimen, 2 cases underwent postopera-tive RC, 1 case underwent ureteral dermatostomy without PC, and 1 case had progressed to multi-ple bone and lung metastases at 1 month postoperatively. 14 patients survived to date. Conclusion: Non-epithelial tumors of the bladder have low incidence and complex pathological types, surgical treatment is the main treatment for them, benign tumors have good prognosis but still have the risk of recurrence, and malignant tumors should be treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and chem-otherapy in combination with their pathological characteristics.
文章引用:孔旭东, 谭海林, 刘勇. 膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的临床特征及治疗[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 2462-2465. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142345

1. 引言

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤是指发生于膀胱间叶组织的肿瘤,其发病率较低,约占膀胱肿瘤的1%~2%,其病理类型复杂,良性肿瘤包括平滑肌瘤、纤维母细胞瘤等,恶性肿瘤包括肉瘤、神经内分泌癌等,本文回顾性研究2018年1月至2022年3月就诊于青岛大学附属医院并行外科治疗的14例膀胱非上皮性肿瘤患者,收集其临床表现、影像学特征、治疗方式、术后恢复情况,为临床治疗提供参考。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 对象与方法

搜集2018年1月至2022年3月就诊于青岛大学附属医院并行外科手术确诊为膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的患者临床资料,共14例,男9人,女5人,年龄35~72岁,平均年龄57岁,中位年龄60岁,首发症状为无痛性肉眼血尿3例,膀胱刺激征伴排尿困难3例,肉眼血尿伴膀胱刺激征1例,尿频1例,腰痛1例,查体发现5例。辅助检查:超声示膀胱内占位12例,肿物凸向腔外2例。CT示膀胱内占位13例,膀胱壁增厚1例,14例患者中,盆腔内多发淋巴结肿大2例(病理均证实为恶性肿瘤)。14例患者均行膀胱镜检查,术中见肿瘤位于尿道开口处1例,三角区4例,右侧壁2例,右侧输尿管口1例,右前壁1例,左侧壁1例,左侧颈口1例,左前壁2例,广泛分布1例。

2.2. 结果

病理结果示良性肿瘤6例,其中平滑肌瘤5例,炎性肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤1例;恶性肿瘤8例,其中嗜铬细胞瘤3例,肉瘤1例,淋巴瘤1例,小细胞神经内分泌癌3例,术后随访:良性:均行TURBT,3例平滑肌瘤后行PC,1例纤维母细胞瘤TURBT术后行PC;恶性:均行TURBT,1例小细胞神经内分泌癌1月后出现多发骨转移、肺转移,2例后行RC,1例淋巴瘤后行BR方案化疗,1例肉瘤后行膀胱旷置术 + 双侧输尿管皮肤造口术。其余患者未见局部复发及他处转移。14例患者均存活至今。具体见表1

Table 1. Clinical features, treatment

表1. 临床特征及治疗方案

3. 讨论

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤发病率较低,在本组同期确诊为膀胱肿瘤的患者中占比仅为1.24% (14/1125),其病因至今未明,可能与遗传、免疫、致瘤病毒、炎症刺激及化学致癌剂有关。其病理类型复杂,良性肿瘤包括平滑肌瘤、畸胎瘤、肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤、血管瘤等,以平滑肌瘤常见 [1] ,其发病率约为膀胱肿瘤的1%左右 [2] ,膀胱平滑肌瘤在男性、女性中的发病率存在差异,与雌激素的分泌相关。目前较多报道为女性平滑肌瘤伴子宫平滑肌瘤,可能因膀胱与子宫为邻近器官,肌瘤的活性种子细胞可能侵入膀胱并最终造成膀胱平滑肌瘤的发生 [3] 。膀胱平滑肌瘤的主要治疗方式即为经尿道手术、开放手术等,TURBT在手术时间及术后恢复方面具有优势,是首选的手术治疗方式 [4] ,但相较于开放手术,复发概率稍高。其余膀胱良性肿瘤的发病率较低,首选手术方式也为TURBT,术后辅以复查。

恶性的膀胱非上皮性肿瘤主要包括肉瘤、癌肉瘤、小细胞癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、神经内分泌癌、膀胱原发淋巴瘤等。膀胱肉瘤罕见,其中约50%为平滑肌肉瘤,研究已证明血吸虫病感染可增加膀胱肉瘤的发生几率,为膀胱肉瘤发生的独立危险因素 [5] 。神经内分泌肿瘤约占所有膀胱恶性肿瘤的1% [6] ,以小细胞神经内分泌肿瘤为主,大细胞神经内分泌肿瘤极其罕见。吸烟是神经内分泌肿瘤的危险因素 [7] ,这一点与膀胱癌有相似之处。对于恶性肿瘤,治疗方式主要为病理活检后的综合治疗,包括手术、化疗、放疗等,有研究表明术后辅以全身化疗可有效延长5年生存率 [8] 。对于局部可切除、位置良好的恶性肿瘤,首选TURBT,若经尿道手术后肿瘤复发,可采用腹腔镜手术、开放手术及机器人辅助腔镜手术进行PC或RC,腹腔镜手术相较于开放手术,术后住院日短,恢复快,可推荐为首选。

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊断主要依靠以下几种方法:1) 超声:膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的超声表现为膀胱内占位,但膀胱黏膜光滑;2) CT:CT检查对膀胱非上皮性肿瘤具有独特的诊断价值 [9] ,良恶性肿瘤的CT影像学表现存在很大差异,良性肿瘤多位于膀胱壁内,表面黏膜常光滑,界限较清楚,恶性肿瘤则相反,总体上表现为边界不清,黏膜粗糙,常伴侵袭征象,对于平滑肌肉瘤,其CT表现具有特异性,表现为膀胱内可见多个大小不一的球状软组织影,可伴随膀胱壁增厚;3) 膀胱镜检查:部分非上皮性肿瘤具有独特的膀胱镜检表现 [10] 。间叶性肿瘤与上皮性肿瘤外观不同,多数位于黏膜下,呈半球形或团块状隆起。部分肿瘤表面黏膜为正常形态,部分肿瘤黏膜不整、破溃出血,肉眼难以鉴别组织来源及良恶性质。一般推荐在进行膀胱镜检查时同期行病理活检,但术前如怀疑为膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤,则应进行积极术前准备后再行手术,因术中触碰肿瘤有可能会造成患者血压的急剧升高 [11] 。

总之,膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的发病率低,缺乏特异性的临床表现,诊断主要依据泌尿系超声、腹部及盆腔CT等辅助检查,仅有部分肿瘤具有特异性的影像学表现。确诊仍需活检,治疗方式主要为手术,主要包括TURBT、PC、RC等,TURBT对于大部分膀胱肿瘤均能实现完整切除,但对于一部分体积过大或者位置较深的肿瘤来说,膀胱部分切除术具有更好的疗效,其术后复发率较TURBT更好。膀胱非尿路上皮良性肿瘤预后较好,恶性肿瘤预后较差。在经历TURBT后,绝大部分膀胱恶性非上皮性肿瘤仍需进一步手术或者全身治疗。

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