TACE联合TIPS治疗肝癌合并门脉高压有效性和安全性的META分析
Efficacy and Safety of TACE Combined with TIPS in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Complicated with Portal Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142535, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 44  浏览: 67 
作者: 李俊池, 汪宏翔, 徐 颖, 杨 慷*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科,重庆
关键词: 肝脏肿瘤TIPSS治疗性栓塞Meta分析Hepatocellular Cancers TIPSS Therapeutic Chemoembolization Meta Analysis
摘要: 目的:肝细胞癌(HCC)多伴有肝硬化合并门脉高压,经颈静脉肝内门静脉系统分流术(TIPS)可用于缓解门静脉高压和临床症状。经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)已被推荐为中晚期HCC的标准治疗策略。以往的研究已经探讨了经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)对肝细胞癌经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗的影响,但有关文献较少,需要更新。因此,本研究的目的是系统的评价TACE联合TIPS治疗肝癌合并肝硬化门脉高压的有效性及安全性。方法:对PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、万方医学网、维普等中英文数据库从建库至2023-4-17的研究进行了全面的检索,为了估计客观缓解率(ORR)的合并率及95%置信区间(CI)我们采用了随机效应模型,这篇文章的分析结果均采用Stata 16.0软件进行统计学分析。采用I2指数统计量来评估异质性。结果:经过筛选,我们共纳入了9项符合条件的研究,共包括646名患者。META分析提示客观缓解率为54.9% (95%CI: 35.1%~74.7%),具有显著异质性(I2 = 92.02%, P < 0.001)。TACE + TIPS组的客观缓解率(ORR)低于非TIPS组,合并RR值为0.98 (95%CI: 0.73~1.31),差异具有统计学意义(P = 0.041)。最常见的并发症为肝性脑病,发生率为16.8% (95%CI: 6.3%~27.3%),异质性较高(I2 = 71.03%, P = 0.016),严重不良事件发生率(SAEs)为14.6% (95%CI: 2.5%~26.7%),异质性较高(I2 = 63.89%, P = 0.04)。结论:TIPS可能影响TACE治疗效果,同时需注意肝性脑病的风险,受纳入研究的数量和质量的限制,上述结论尚需更多高质量、大样本研究予以验证。
Abstract: Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) typically manifests in conjunction with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. In such cases, the implementation of a transjugular intrahepatic portal vein shunt (TIPS) can effectively alleviate portal hypertension and associated clinical symptoms. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been advocated as a therapeutic approach for advanced HCC. However, the existing body of literature examining the impact of TIPS in con-junction with TACE for HCC is scarce and necessitates further expansion and revision. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review on the effectiveness and safety of TACE in com-bination with TIPS for the management of patients diagnosed with HCC. Method: We conducted a comprehensive search for relevant studies published from inception to 17 April 2023, using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wangfang and CQVIP databases. In order to estimate the combination rate of Objective response rate (ORR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), we employed a random effects model. Statistical analyses were all performed using the Stata 16.0 software. I2 index statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Result: Our analysis included nine eligible studies, comprising a total of 646 patients. The results of meta-analysis suggested the pooled objective response rate was 54.9% (95%CI: 35.1%~74.7%) with a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 92.02%, P < 0.001). The TACE + TIPS group had an inferior response rate than the non-TIPS group, the pooled RR values was 0.98 (95%CI: 0.73~1.31), and the difference had a statistical significance (P = 0.041). The most common complication was hepatic encephalopathy, the pooled rate was 16.8% (95%CI: 6.3%~27.3%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 71.03% P = 0.016) and the rate of serious adverse events (SAEs) was 14.6% (95%CI: 2.5%~26.7%) with medium heterogeneity (I2 = 63.89% P = 0.04). Conclusion: TIPS may influence the therapeutic effect of TACE while we should pay attention to the risk of hepatic encephalopathy. Limited by the number and quality of included studies, more high-quality and large sample studies are needed to verify the above conclusions.
文章引用:李俊池, 汪宏翔, 徐颖, 杨慷. TACE联合TIPS治疗肝癌合并门脉高压有效性和安全性的META分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 3840-3851. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142535

1. 引言

肝细胞癌(HCC)作为全球第六,中国第四大最常见癌症,其发生发展与肝硬化有着显著相关性,在诊断为肝硬化的病人中,肝癌年发病率约为2%~4% [1] 。对于肝癌患者,经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是最常见的非手术治疗方式 [2] ,同时经颈静脉门体分流术(tips)在治疗肝硬化门脉高压并发症,尤其是食管胃底静脉曲张出血以及难治性腹水中,得到越来越多的认可 [3] 。然而由于肝脏双血供,供血肿瘤的肝动脉在TACE后被栓塞,而正常肝细胞仍拥有保留的门静脉血流 [4] 。如果患者合并行TIPS破坏了肝脏门静脉供血,可能会导致肝功能受损,既往Lokken等人也进行回顾性研究:在多变量分析不可逆肝毒性时,血清甲胎蛋白水平 ≥ 200 ng/mL (OR, 2.6; 95%CI, 1.1-6.1-6.1; P = 0.03)、Chlidpugh C级肝功(OR, 4.4; 1.4-1.0-19.0)、BCLC C期(OR, 55%CI, 5.6~16.0; P = 0.006)或D (7.4~25.5; P = 0.002) HCC、TIPS或肝门静脉流量减少(OR, 6.3; 95%CI, 2.3~17.0; P < 0.001)等为TACE术后出现不可逆肝毒性的独立危险因素 [5] ,因此,HCC合并门脉高压患者能否承受TACE + TIPS联合治疗是需要慎重考虑的。近年来,随着介入技术精进和知识理论的更新,中外学者均提出TIPS联合其他介入治疗HCC合并门脉高压患者是安全且有效的 [6] [7] ,Chen等人于2021发表的一篇荟萃分析 [8] 也提示TIPS不影响TACE的有效性,但受限于TACE + TIPS联合治疗的可行性、风险及长期随访结果,符合要求的文献量较小,因此,我们的目的是扩大样本量,更新研究结果,更加全面的探讨治疗有效性及安全性。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 文献检索

本篇研究根据系统综述和Meta分析优先报告规范(PRISMA) [9] 推荐流程检索了PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、万方医学网、维普等中英文数据库从建库至2023-4-17的研究。根据MESH主题词及自由词相结合的方式,具体检索策略如下:(Liver Neoplasms (MESH) or Neoplasms, Hepatic or Neoplasms, Liver or Liver Neoplasm or Neoplasm, Liver or Hepatic Neoplasms or Hepatic Neoplasm or Neoplasm, Hepatic or Cancer of Liver or Hepatocellular Cancer or Cancers, Hepatocellular or Hepatocellular Cancers or Hepatic Cancer or Cancer, Hepatic or Cancers, Hepatic or Hepatic Cancers or Liver Cancer, Liver or Cancers, Liver or Liver Cancers or Cancer of the Liver or Cancer, Hepatocellular) AND (Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic (MESH) or Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic Portasystemic or TIPSS or Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic or Portosystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic or TIPS or Transjugular Intrahepatic Portasystemic Shunt) AND (Chemoembolization, Therapeutic(mesh) or Therapeutic Chemoembolization or Chemoembolizations, Therapeutic or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or TACE)中文数据库同理采用“肝肿瘤,肝细胞癌”“经颈静脉肝内门体分流术”“治疗性栓塞、经导管动脉化疗栓塞”等关键词进行搜索。本研究限定检索语言为中英文。

2.2. 纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:I. 研究对象为影像(MRI或CT增强)或病理诊断的肝癌合并门脉高压,有行TIPS手术指征的患者;II. 干预措施为TACE + TIPS,可包含未接受TIPS治疗的对照组;III. 文献中需详细描述相关结局指标:根据《实体肿瘤反应评价标准》(RECIST)干预治疗后评估肿瘤反应:客观缓解率(ORR),总生存率,肝毒性,严重不良事件或有可用数据计算相关参数;IV. 研究类型为包或不包括对照组的回顾性研究,或随机对照试验。

排除标准:I. 摘要、综述、病例报告;II. 重复发表的研究;III. 没有报告相关结局指标或没有详细数据,无法计算的研究。

2.3. 数据提取和文献质量评估

对于每篇符合纳排标准的文献,由两名研究员独自阅读全篇文章,并提取数据,如有分歧,则寻求第三位研究员意见,最后通过讨论协商解决分歧,达成一致的意见。主要提取的数据如下:第一作者,发表年份,国家,研究设计,样本量,患者基线数据(平均年龄,MELD评分,Child-pugh评分)干预措施,结局指标,随访时间。对于有对照组的文献,我们采用纽卡斯尔–渥太华量表(NOS)评估文献质量,根据评分标准,9分为高质量文献,7~8分为中等质量文献,6分及以下为低质量文献;对于无对照组的单臂试验文献,我们采用MINORS量表评估,每一条为0~2分,最高分为16分,大于13分可认为是高质量文献。

2.4. 统计学处理

本研究采用STATE16.0进行数据处理,对于仅有TACE + TIPS实验组的文献,由于纳入研究样本量较少,不符合正态分布,采用metaprop方法进行数据分析,此时计算结果与单组率合并效应量等价。对于有对照组的文献,将是否达到客观缓解作为二分类变量处理,计算相应的风险比(RR)及95%置信区间。为了检验不同研究中的异质性,我们采取I2及Q统计量进行评估。当I2 > 70%考虑显著异质性,需要进一步探索其异质性来源;当50% < I2 < 70%,视为中度异质性,当I2 < 50%,视为低度异质性。在存在显著异质性情况下,使用随机效应模型进行合并,否则采用固定效应模型。并按照可能异质性来源进行分组(国家、栓塞材料、随访时间、是否加用其他治疗方案、介入治疗顺序),从而进行亚组分析以期找到异质性来源。为评估文献的发表偏倚,采用Egger检验进行评估,当P小于0.05,考虑存在显著发表偏倚。在本篇META分析中,P < 0.05具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献筛选流程及结果

我们最初检出248篇文献,删除重复文献后有180篇文献纳入初筛,有152篇文献通过阅读标题及摘要被排除,共有28篇文献通过阅读全文进行筛查,最终有9篇文献纳入分析 [7] [10] - [17] 。具体流程筛选图见图1

Figure 1. Flow diagram of study selection

图1. 文献筛选流程

3.2. 纳入研究基本特征及偏倚风险结果

本研究共有646名HCC患者纳入研究,患者均接受了TACE + TIPS介入治疗。纳入文献发表时间在2012~2022年之间,均为回顾性研究,伴或不伴有对照组。其中有5项研究在中国进行,3项在美国进行,1项在韩国进行。其中有2项研究在TACE之后接受TIPS治疗 [11] [13] ,其余7项研究均在TIPS治疗后行TACE治疗。同时有两项研究在对于HCC的治疗中分别加用射频消融及靶向药物口服治疗 [7] [13] ,其他7项研究仅行TACE治疗HCC。本研究采用纽卡斯尔–渥太华量表(NOS)评估队列研究文献质量,纳入文献均为中等质量文献(7~8分);使用MINORS量表评估无对照组文献,仅有1项为较低质量研究(12)其余文献均为高质量文献。具体细节见表1

Table 1. The characteristics and quality assessment of included studies

表1. 纳入研究基本特征

3.3. META分析结果

有效性

所有文献均按照《实体肿瘤反应评价标准》(RECIST)评估肿瘤反应,通过计算合并ORR值评估肿瘤治疗有效率。森林图如图2所示,采用随机效应模型进行META分析,合并ORR值为54.9% (95%CI: 35.1%~74.7%)各研究之间存在显著异质性(I2 = 92.02%, P < 0.001)为了寻找异质性来源,通过调整国籍、栓塞材料、随访时间、治疗方式、介入治疗顺序对研究进行亚组分析,结果提示各亚组分析之间均存在较大异质性,未能寻找明确异质性来源;同时由于纳入研究文献数量较小,故未进行meta回归进一步寻找。具体结果见表2。同时,有5项研究包含对照组(无TIPS),故进行合并RR meta分析评估TIPS对TACE治疗效果影响,meta分析结果提示:与对照组相比,TACE + TIPS组的缓解率较对照组低(RR = 0.98 95%CI: 0.73~1.31)数据具有统计学意义(P = 0.041),但研究具有中等异质性(I2 = 60%)森林图见图3。共有7篇文献报道了1年生存率 [7] [10] [11] [13] [14] [15] [17] ,范围在58%~89%;有4篇文献报道了2年生存率 [11] [13] [15] [17] ,范围在12%~79%;有5篇文献报道了3年生存率 [11] [13] [15] [16] [17] ,范围在3.8%~68%。

安全性

共有4篇文献报道了严重不良反应事件(SAE) [7] [12] [14] [15] ,采用随机效应模型meta分析结果提示:SAE发生率为14.6% (95%CI: 2.5%~26.7%)合并发生率具有中度异质性(I2 = 63.8%, P = 0.04) (详见图4),最常见的不良反应为高胆红素血症,高转氨酶及腹水;共有4篇文献报道了肝性脑病(HE) [10] [11] [12] [13] ,采用随机效应meta分析提示:肝性脑病发生率为16.8% (95%CI: 6.3%~27.3%)具有较高异质性(I2 = 71%, P = 0.016) (见图5)其中有3篇文献包含无TIPS对照组,行合并RR meta分析提示TACE + TIPS联合治疗肝性脑病发生率明显高于对照组(RR = 2.76 95%CI: 1.64~4.66)但数据无统计学意义(P = 0.962);共有5篇文献报道了肝衰竭,采用随机效应模型meta分析结果提示:肝衰竭发生率为12.4% (95%CI: 8.6%~16.1%)研究之间未见异质性(I2 = 0.00%, P = 0.905) (见图6)。

发表偏倚

通过对TACE + TIPS组总体ORR进行漏斗图检验及Egger检验观察meta分析是否存在发表偏倚,结果提示Pbias = 0.008;漏斗图(图7)提示所选文献落点不对称,提示本研究存在发表偏倚。

Table 2. Pooled Objective response rate (ORR) of subgroup analysis

表2. 各亚组分析TACE + TIPS合并ORR值

Figure 2. Forest plot of included studies depicting pooled Objective response rate (ORR) for TACE + TIPS

图2. 纳入研究合并ORR值总森林图

Figure 3. Meta-analysis result of comparison between TACE + TIPS and non-TIPS group on response rate. Significance test of RR = 1: (z = 0.16, P = 0.871)

图3. TACE + TIPS与非TIPS组合并RR值meta分析结果。RR = 1的显著性检验:(z = 0.16, P = 0.871)

Figure 4. Forest plot of Serious Adverse Event (SAE) for TACE + TIPS groups

图4. TACE + TIPS合并不良事件(SAE)发生率森林图

Figure 5. Forest plot of Hepaticencephalopathy for TACE + TIPS groups

图5. TACE + TIPS合并肝性脑病发生率森林图

Figure 6. Forest plot of Hepatic failure for TACE + TIPS groups

图6. TACE + TIPS合并肝衰竭发生率森林图

Figure 7. Funnel plot assessing of publication bias about Objective response rate (ORR) for TACE + TIPS

图7. TACE + TIPS合并ORR值漏斗图

4. 讨论

肝细胞癌(HCC)作为全球高发病率癌症,其发生发展与肝硬化有着密不可分的关系 [1] ,自从经颈静脉肝内门静脉分流术(TIPS)被设想静脉曲张出血的抢救疗法后,TIPS已被证明是用于治疗门静脉高压症候群的一项有效且微创的治疗措施 [18] ,同时近年来也被证明可安全有效用于HCC合并肝硬化患者。 [19] ,但既往也有Kohi等研究提示TIPS + TACE联合治疗患者比未行TIPS患者更容易发生显著肝毒性 [20] 。虽然之前已有系统评价及荟萃分析探索了TACE + TIPS的有效性 [8] ,但有限的样本量可能不能完全反应最新研究进展,所以本研究的目的是扩大样本量,更新研究结果,更加全面的探讨TACE + TIPS治疗肝癌合并门脉高压患者的有效性及安全性。

本研究共纳入646名患者,合并单组率ORR值为54.9%;该结果与Chen等人 [8] 进行的meta分析,合并ORR值51%结果相近。既往Han等人 [21] 进行的一项meta分析提示常规经导管动脉化疗栓塞(C-TACE)合并ORR值为47.4%。本研究和Chen结果与之相比,客观缓解率差别不大。本研究合并ORR值异质性较大,积极通过调整国籍、栓塞材料、随访时间、治疗方式、介入治疗顺序进行亚组分析未能找到明确异质性来源,但Li等人研究提示 [1] 高度地理聚集的HBV感染者是中国肝癌发病率居高不下的主要原因,这与外国有着比较明显的区别。Fan等人 [22] 进行的回顾性研究也提示在使用载药微球动脉栓塞(DEB-TACE)治疗伴有TIPS的HCC患者安全有效,在并发症、肝毒性、OS、ORR方面均显著优于常规经导管动脉化疗栓塞(C-TACE),本研究结果亚组分析提示DEB-TACE组(I2 = 1.56%)及国外研究组(I2 = 31.61%)异质性较小,国籍及介入栓塞材料可能为主要异质性来源。

在有对照组的文献中,TACE + TIPS组的缓解率较对照组(仅行TACE)低(RR = 0.98 95%CI: 0.73~1.31)数据具有统计学意义(P = 0.041),该结论与既往研究相同,提示TIPS可能是影响TACE治疗效果的危险因素。Miyayama和Wang等人 [23] [24] 通过多种灌注技术,发现57.7%的肝癌结节同时由肝动脉和门静脉滋养,而24.4%只有肝动脉血液供应,17.8%只有门静脉血液供应。同时,肝细胞癌的中央部分主要由肝动脉供应,但肿瘤活跃生长和浸润的边缘区域主要由门静脉支撑。此外,对于非囊性肝细胞癌,门静脉血液供应比例超过肝动脉,鉴于上述事实,对于主要或仅由门静脉滋养的肝细胞癌结节,单TACE的疗效可能不理想 [25] 。基于此种理论,TIPS术后使肝脏门静脉血流减少可能会让HCC患者有更彻底的肿瘤坏死及更好的预后,但本研究结果不支持这个理论,我们可以通过肝动脉—门静脉瘘(APS)来解释。肝动脉–门静脉瘘常见于中晚期肝癌患者,K. Okuda等人 [26] 进行肝动脉造影提示114例HCC患者中,63.2%存在APS,Huang等人 [27] 研究提示在596例HCC患者中27%存在严重APS。APS的存在会严重影响HCC患者TACE治疗效果:肝动脉栓塞剂及化疗药物可能通过分流路径流失从而影响肿瘤治疗,同时肿瘤细胞也可通过分流道转移形成门静脉癌栓降低患者预期寿命 [28] ;肝门静脉瘘的存在也使得TIPS术后仍有大量门静脉血流供应肿瘤结节,进而影响治疗效果。本研究纳入了Lu [11] 的研究,其患者均为HCC合并动静脉瘘,这可能是本研究结果与理论不符的原因。既往Hao等人 [29] 研究提示常规TACE治疗不可切除HCC患者中位OS为12月,根据本篇纳入研究收集数据可知:TACE + TIPS1年生存率在58%~89%,1年生存率不受影响。

在安全性方面,由于TACE + TIPS同时减少了肝动脉及肝门静脉血流流量,在进行化疗药物灌注时更容易出现高胆红素血症、肝衰竭、腹水、肝性脑病等形式的肝功能损害,Yao和赵孟非 [30] [31] 等人研究均提示有无TACE及TACE栓塞次数为TIPS术后发生肝衰竭及肝性脑病的危险因素,但术前仔细评估危险因素,筛选患者仍然可以安全有效的进行治疗,延长患者生存期 [32] 。与任何其他荟萃分析一样,考虑到纳入的研究数量有限,这些结论应该谨慎解释。

本研究存在以下不足:(1) 本研究纳入样本量较少,仅纳入全球9篇文献,同时各文献之间纳入患者,基线数据,治疗方案等方面没有统一,有较大的异质性,(2) 本研究Egger检验提示存在发表偏倚,考虑纳入数篇单臂试验为主要偏倚来源,因此对试验结果的解释仍需要更大样本量、队列研究甚至多中心随机对照试验的数据进行支持。

5. 结论

综上所述,TIPS可能会影响TACE的客观缓解率,但1年生存率不受影响,同时在联合治疗时需注意患者发生肝性脑病和肝衰竭的风险,但仍需更多高质量、大样本研究予以验证。

参考文献

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

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