NDRG1及nm23在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达特点及其对喉鳞癌患者预后的影响
Expression Characteristics of NDRG1 and nm23 in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Effects on the Patient’s Prognosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142574, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 38  浏览: 69  国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 庄利萍:昆明医科大学基础医学院病理学与病理生理学系,云南 昆明;都江堰市中医医院病理科,四川 都江堰 ;王开昕:华中科技大学协和深圳医院病理科,广东 深圳;华海蓉, 王 芳, 叶 宏*:昆明医科大学基础医学院病理学与病理生理学系,云南 昆明
关键词: NDRG1nm23喉鳞状细胞癌免疫组织化学预后NDRG1 Protein nm23 Protein Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Immunohistochemistry Prognosis
摘要: 目的:分析N-myc下游调节基因1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene 1, NDRG1)和非转移性第23基因(non-metastatic 23rd gene, nm23)在喉鳞癌中的表达特点及其对喉鳞癌患者预后的影响。方法:利用免疫组化方法,观察喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤及喉鳞癌中NDRG1和nm23蛋白的表达特点,对25位喉鳞癌患者进行随访以了解2个因子对患者预后的影响。结果:(1) NDRG1蛋白在喉息肉中表达最弱,从喉息肉→喉乳头状瘤→喉鳞癌的表达阳性率有逐渐升高趋势,两两比较差异有显著性(P = 0.000);高、中、低分化喉鳞癌中NDRG1表达也为逐渐升高态势,高分化与中分化、低分化鳞癌间差异有显著性(P = 0.001, 0.000);T1~T2期喉鳞癌中NDRG1的表达阳性率高于T3~T4期喉鳞癌组织中的,淋巴结未发生转移组中NDRG1的表达阳性率高于淋巴结发生转移组,但差异均无显著性(P > 0.05);(2) 喉息肉与喉乳头状瘤、喉鳞癌中nm23蛋白表达差异有显著性(P = 0.000),T1~T2期喉鳞癌组织nm23蛋白表达高于T3~T4期(P = 0.000),淋巴结未发生转移组中nm23蛋白表达明显高于淋巴结发生转移者(P = 0.004);在高、中、低分化喉鳞癌中,nm23蛋白表达阳性率逐渐升高,但差异无统计学意义(P = 0.717);(3) 喉鳞癌患者NDRG1蛋白表达越强,患者死亡风险越大。结论:(1) NDRG1可能与喉鳞癌的发生、病理学分级和临床分期有关;(2) nm23低表达与喉鳞癌进展有关;(3) NDRG1蛋白表达增强有可能作为预测喉鳞癌患者预后不良的指标之一。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the expression characteristics of NDRG1 and nm23 proteins in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and their effects on the prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and computer image analysis (IA) were used to observe the expression characteristics of NDRG1 and nm23 proteins in laryngeal polyps, laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty-five patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were followed up to understand the influence of these two factors on the prognosis of the patients. Results: (1) The expression of NDRG1 protein was the weakest in laryngeal polyps. From laryngeal polyp to laryngeal papilloma to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, the positive rate of expression increased gradually, and there was a significant difference in comparison (P = 0.000). The expression of NDRG1 also increased gradually in high, medium and low differentiated laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and there was significant difference between high differentiated and medium, low differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.001, 0.000). The expression of NDRG1 protein in T1~T2 stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in T3~T4 stage. The expression of NDRG1 protein in the group without lymph node metastasis was higher than that in the group with lymph node metastasis, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). (2) There was significant difference in nm23 protein expression between laryngeal polyps and laryngeal papilloma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.000). The expression of nm23 protein in T1~T2 stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in T3~T4 stage (P = 0.000). The expression of nm23 protein in the group without lymph node metastasis was higher than that in the group with lymph node metastasis, and the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.004). The expression of nm23 protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with high, medium and low differentiation was gradually decreased, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). (3) The higher expression of NDRG1 protein in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, the greater risk of death. Conclusions: (1) The expression of NDRG1 may be related to the occurrence, pathological grade and clinical stage of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. (2) Low expression of nm23 is associated with the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. (3) Enhanced expression of NDRG1 protein may be one of the poor prognostic in-dicators of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients.
文章引用:庄利萍, 王开昕, 华海蓉, 王芳, 叶宏. NDRG1及nm23在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达特点及其对喉鳞癌患者预后的影响[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 4139-4150. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142574

1. 引言

有报道 [1] 称,预计2022年美国新发喉癌病例数是12,470,其中,男性9820,女性2650,死亡病例数为3820,男性3070,女性750;而中国 [2] ,预计2022年新发喉癌病例数为30,832,男性27,335,女性3497,死亡病例数16,939,男性14,404,女性2535,故喉癌对人类的危害不容小觑。

N-myc下游调节基因1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene 1, NDRG1)在肿瘤发生和转移抑制中起重要作用 [3] [4] [5] [6] 。研究 [7] 显示其表达增强,则细胞的增殖能力减弱,在肿瘤中也如此,NDRG1过表达会使细胞的增殖速度减低,癌细胞的转移能力也随之降低,因此,可能是潜在的抑癌基因。

nm23基因(non-metastatic 23rd gene)是1988年由Steeg等 [8] 首先发现和分离出来的。肿瘤中nm23-H1的低表达往往与不良预后相关 [9] [10] [11] [12] 。

目前,关于喉鳞状上皮病变的不同阶段(喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤、喉鳞状细胞癌)关系比较的报道较少。为此,本课题主要通过免疫组织化学的方法检测NDRG1、nm23在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤、喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达,同时探讨二者与喉癌患者预后之间的关系,为喉鳞癌患者预后判断和治疗方案的选择提供一定的实验依据。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 材料

2.1.1. 标本来源

样本选自昆明医科大学第二附属医院手术切除的临床资料完整的存档蜡块,共51例。全部病例术前均未经放疗和化疗。其中喉息肉15例、喉乳头状瘤11例、喉鳞癌25例。4%中性甲醛固定标本,常规石蜡包埋,4 µm连续切片。

喉癌患者的随访从病理报告确诊日期算起,截止于2008年12月,严格记录随访情况,以电话方式进行,喉鳞癌患者随访到25例,失访0例;随访结局定义为死亡。

2.1.2. 主要试剂

NDRG1即用型兔抗人多克隆抗体为瑞士Fred T Bosman教授馈赠(1:700)。nm23即用型鼠抗人单克隆抗体、DAB显色试剂盒、即用型非生物素免疫组化EliVisionTM plus检测试剂盒等均为美国Maxin公司产品,购自福州迈新生物技术有限公司。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 免疫组化染色步骤

严格按试剂盒说明进行。每次实验均设立阳性对照及阴性对照。

NDRG1和nm23的阳性着色定位于细胞质,呈淡黄色~棕黄色,散在分布于胞质内。以半定量积分法 [13] 判定结果。

2.2.2. 统计学处理

应用SPSS21.0统计软件包,半定量积分计数资料采用非参数秩和检验。多样本比较行Kruskal-Wallis检验,两样本比较行Mann-Whitney检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义;生存分析使用Cox回归模型。

3. 结果

3.1. 病例资料

25例喉鳞癌样本,8例高分化,11例中分化,6例低分化。8例淋巴结转移,17例无淋巴结转移。23例男性,2例女性,年龄39~79岁,平均62.12岁。按WHO喉癌TNM分类标准 [14] :14例T1~T2期,11例T3~T4期。

3.2. NDRG1免疫组化检测结果

NDRG1在喉息肉中表达最弱,阳性细胞主要分布于颗粒细胞层和角化层;从喉息肉→喉乳头状瘤→喉鳞癌的表达阳性率有逐渐升高趋势(见图1~3),两两比较差异有统计学意义(P = 0.000);高、中、低分化喉鳞癌组织中NDRG1表达也为逐渐升高态势,高分化与中分化、低分化鳞癌间差异有显著性(P = 0.001,P = 0.000);在T1-T2期喉鳞癌组织中的表达高于T3~T4期中的表达,淋巴结未发生转移组中NDRG1的表达高于淋巴结发生转移组的,但均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表1表2图4~7。

Figure 1. IHC Expression of NDRG1 protein in laryngeal polypus

图1. NDRG1在喉息肉中的表达IHC

Figure 2. IHC Expression of NDRG1 protein in laryngeal papilloma

图2. NDRG1在喉乳头状瘤中的表达IHC

Figure 3. IHC Expression of NDRG1 protein in laryngeal Squamous Cell carcinoma

图3. NDRG1在鳞癌中的表达IHC

Table 1. Expression of NDRG1 protein in laryngeal polyps, laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (n)

表1. NDRG1蛋白在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤及喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达(n)

检验水准α = 0.017。*喉息肉与喉乳头状瘤比较,**喉息肉与喉鳞癌比较,喉乳头状瘤与喉鳞癌比较。

Table 2. Relationship between NDRG1 protein expression and different clinicopathologic parameters in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (n)

表2. NDRG1蛋白表达与喉鳞癌不同临床病理参数之间的关系(n)

检验水准α = 0.017。高分化与中分化喉鳞癌比较,✮✮高分化与低分化喉鳞癌比较,中分化与低分化喉鳞癌比较。

Figure 4. Expression of NDRG1 protein in laryngeal polyps, laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图4. NDRG1蛋白在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤和喉鳞癌中的表达

Figure 5. Relationship between NDRG1 protein and differentiation degree of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图5. NDRG1蛋白与喉鳞癌分化程度的关系

Figure 6. Relationship between NDRG1 protein and clinical stage in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图6. NDRG1蛋白与喉鳞癌患者临床分期的关系

3.3. nm23蛋白免疫组化检测结果

nm23在喉息肉(见图8)中表达阳性率最高,喉息肉与喉乳头状瘤(见图9)、喉鳞癌(见图10)组中表达相比,差异有统计学意义(P = 0.000);T1~T2期喉鳞癌组织nm23蛋白表达高于T3~T4期喉鳞癌组织(P = 0.000),无淋巴结转移喉鳞癌组织中nm23蛋白表达明显高于伴有淋巴结转移的喉鳞癌组织(P = 0.004);在高、中、低分化喉鳞癌nm23蛋白表达逐渐升高,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)见表3表4图11~14。

Figure 7. Relationship between NDRG1 protein and lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图7. NDRG1蛋白与喉鳞癌淋巴结转移的关系

Figure 8. IHC Expression of nm23 protein in laryngeal polypus

图8. nm23在喉息肉中的表达IHC

Figure 9. IHC Expression of nm23 protein in laryngeal papilloma

图9. nm23在喉乳头状瘤中的表达IHC

Figure 10. IHC Expression of nm23 protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图10. nm23在鳞癌中的表达IHC

Table 3. Expression of nm23 protein in laryngeal polyps, laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (n)

表3. nm23蛋白在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤及喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达(n)

检验水准α = 0.017。*喉息肉与喉乳头状瘤比较,**喉息肉与喉鳞癌比较,喉乳头状瘤与喉鳞癌比较。

Table 4. Relationship between nm23 protein expression and different clinicopathologic parameters in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (n)

表4. nm23蛋白表达与喉鳞癌不同临床病理参数之间的关系(n)

检验水准α = 0.05。

Figure 11. Expression of nm23 protein in laryngeal polyps, laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图11. nm23蛋白在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤和喉鳞癌中的表达

Figure 12. Relationship between nm23 protein and differentiation degree of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图12. nm23蛋白与喉鳞癌分化程度的关系

3.4. 生存分析

纳入生存分析的病例数共25例,生存11人,死亡14人。Cox回归分析删除案例中,带有缺失值的案例、带有负时间的案例、层中最早事件之前删失的案例均为0。

将患者生存时间的影响因素采用Cox回归分析,协变量为患者性别、临床分期、肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移与否、NDRG1和nm23表达情况,采用向后进行变量逐步筛选,结果显示NDRG1表达是影响喉鳞癌患者预后的因素。NDRG1表达越强,患者死亡风险越大。见表5

Figure 13. Relationship between nm23 protein and clinical stage in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图13. nm23蛋白与喉鳞癌患者临床分期的关系

Figure 14. Relationship between nm23 protein and lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

图14. nm23蛋白与喉鳞癌淋巴结转移的关系

Table 5. Multivariate COX proportional hazards regression model

表5. 多因素COX比例风险回归模型

4. 讨论

4.1. NDRG1与肿瘤

NDRG1是N-myc下调基因家族成员,属于α/β水解酶超家族,但不存在水解催化位点。不同的生理和病理条件(缺氧、细胞分化、重金属、N-myc、瘤变)调节NDRG1的转录、mRNA的稳定性和翻译 [15] 。NDRG1的调节性表达与人类肿瘤的进展有关 [5] ,NDRG1在食管鳞癌 [16] [17] 、乳腺癌 [18] 、胶质瘤 [19] [20] 等组织中呈低表达则预后差,而NDRG1过表达与肝细胞肝癌整体预后不良有关 [7] ,口腔鳞癌 [21] 、结直肠癌 [22] 等组织中NDRG1又为高表达,故NDRG1在肿瘤中的作用尚存在争议。

本实验研究显示NDRG1在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤、喉鳞癌中的表达差异有显著性,提示NDRG1与喉鳞癌的发生有关。NDRG1在高、中、低分化喉鳞癌中的表达逐渐升高,T3~T4期比T1~T2期中的表达低,且差异有统计学意义,表明NDRG1与喉鳞癌的病理学分级、临床分期有关,提示NDRG1表达的强弱有可能作为判断喉鳞癌患者预后的指标之一。

4.2. nm23与肿瘤

非转移第23基因(non-metastatic 23rd gene, nm23基因)是1988年由Steeg [8] 等用消减杂交法从7个转移潜能不同的K-1735黑色素瘤细胞系中首先发现和分离出来的。在人类上皮性肿瘤(黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、结肠癌和肝癌)中,观察到nm23表达的丢失,在其他类型的肿瘤中,如神经母细胞瘤,nm23的表达与癌症的侵袭性直接相关。目前,临床研究最多的是nm23基因9个家族成员中的nm23-H1基因和nm23-H2基因,而与人类肿瘤相关的主要是nm23-H1亚型。nm23基因的编码产物为二磷酸核苷激酶(NDPK),参与体内NTP的生成,在细胞分化、信号传导及细胞骨架等形成中起调节作用,并涉及诸如分化、转移播散等多种生理、病理过程 [23] 。nm23-H1蛋白与肿瘤细胞的转移潜能有关,其在肿瘤中的低表达通常意味着预后不良 [10] [11] 。nm23-H1核表达可作为确定复发风险较高喉癌患者的预后标志物 [10] [24] 。

我们课题组实验结果显示,喉息肉中nm23的表达强于喉乳头状瘤和喉鳞癌的,差异有统计学意义,提示nm23与喉鳞状上皮肿瘤的发生有关;T1~T2期喉鳞癌组织nm23蛋白表达高于T3~T4期,颈淋巴结未出现转移者nm23蛋白表达明显高于颈淋巴结发生转移者,且均有显著性差异,提示nm23基因低表达与喉鳞癌进展有关。

4.3. COX回归分析

COX回归分析显示NDRG1蛋白表达的强度是影响喉鳞癌患者的预后因素,NDRG1蛋白表达越强,患者死亡风险越大。COX回归分析显示的却是nm23蛋白表达的强弱不是影响喉鳞癌患者预后的因素,笔者考虑可能与其他因素有关,后续将扩大样本量继续进行研究。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金资助项目(81260361);云南省科技厅–昆明医科大学应用基础研究联合专项资金(202101AY070001-048);昆明医学院研究生创新基金项目(KM2007J08)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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