正念冥想改善抑郁症的研究综述
A Review of Research on Mindfulness Meditation for Improving Depression
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2024.142113, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 53  浏览: 173 
作者: 周诗芩:成都医学院心理学院,四川 成都
关键词: 正念正念冥想抑郁症思维模式注意力情绪调节Mindfulness Mindfulness Meditation Depression Thought Patterns Attention Emotion Regulation
摘要: 正念冥想是一种起源于佛教传统的冥想练习,它以“正念”为核心,是现代心理学和心理疗法中广泛应用的一种技术。它强调通过专注和觉察当前的经验,培养对内心和外部环境的全面的、非评判性的觉察。过去的研究表明,正念冥想在治疗抑郁症方面已显示出一定的潜力。因此,本文将从思维模式,注意力,情绪调节三方面出发,浅谈正念训练对抑郁症的改善作用,并对未来的研究提出展望。
Abstract: Mindfulness meditation is a meditation practice that originated from the Buddhist tradition. It re-volves around the concept of “mindfulness” and has become widely utilized in modern psychology and psychotherapy. It emphasizes the cultivation of focused attention and non-judgmental aware-ness of present experiences, fostering a comprehensive understanding of one’s internal and exter-nal environment. Previous research has indicated the potential of mindfulness meditation in the treatment of depression. Therefore, this article will briefly discuss the effects of mindfulness train-ing on depression from three aspects: thought patterns, attention, and emotional regulation, while also providing prospects for future research.
文章引用:周诗芩 (2024). 正念冥想改善抑郁症的研究综述. 心理学进展, 14(2), 895-904. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2024.142113

1. 前言

抑郁症是一种常见的精神障碍,主要症状是对活动缺乏兴趣、失眠、无法享受生活,甚至产生自杀念头(Cui, 2015)。抑郁症是全球残疾的首要原因,也是全球疾病负担的主要贡献因素之一(Lepine, 2001)。根据死亡、残疾或丧失工作能力的发生率以及医疗资源的使用率来衡量,抑郁症是第二大国际健康负担(仅次于慢性心脏病) (Blackburn & Moorhead, 2000)。Bishop等人(2004)将正念定义为一种自我调节的注意力形式,指的是把我们的注意力集中在当前的经验上,同时以开放、好奇和不评判的态度去观察和体验(Bishop et al., 2004)。在过去三十年来,基于正念的干预措施在临床环境和背景下得到了越来越多的开发和评估。已有相关研究证明,基于正念的干预措施在治疗慢性疼痛(Grossman, Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, Raysz, & Kesper, 2007)、改善抑郁及焦虑症状(Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010)以及减缓心理压力和增强幸福感水平(Goyal et al., 2014)等多个方面发挥着重大作用,以及基于实验室的正念诱导对情绪和行为功能实验研究也表明,正念带来了各种积极的心理效应,包括促进情绪调节和提升注意力水平(Holzel et al., 2011)、减少心理症状和情绪反应(Lykins & Baer, 2009)等。许多研究已显示出正念冥想在改善抑郁症上具有很多潜力。因此本文将总结正念冥想作用基础上,并进一步梳理正念训练对抑郁症的改善作用,为后续研究梳理思路。

2. 抑郁症

2.1. 抑郁症的概念

抑郁症是一种心理疾病。包括情感和情绪、植物神经功能(如食欲和睡眠障碍)、认知(如不适当的内疚和无价值感)以及精神运动活动(如激越或迟钝)的异常(Fava & Kendler, 2000)。

2.2. 抑郁症的认知情绪机制

Beck认知理论模型认为,个体根据其现有的记忆表征或模式来过滤环境中的刺激,使他们的注意力偏向与这些模式一致的信息。抑郁者的模式通常涉及失去、分离、失败、无价值和拒绝等主题。因此,抑郁个体在处理与这些主题相关的环境刺激或信息时会表现出有偏见的注意力。他们会有选择性地关注负面刺激,并以与模式一致的方式解释中性和模糊的刺激。这种功能失调的模式和处理偏差通常在抑郁发作之外持续存在,并被视为导致抑郁发作和复发的稳定易感因素。当应激源激活这些功能失调的模式时,会产生消极的认知,形成自动思维,并围绕着对自我、世界和未来的悲观观点,即认知三元组。Beck的认知特异性假设认为,这些模式很可能在与其一致的生活事件的影响下被激活,从而引发负面自动思维、处理偏差和抑郁情绪的恶性循环(Beck, 1979; Gotlib & Joormann, 2010)。抑郁症最常见的症状之一是倾向于关注外界负性刺激和思维中的负面想法,偏向于对负面信息进行加工,从而恶化情绪并加重病情(Mennen, Norman, & Turk-Browne, 2019)。除此之外,抑郁症患者还存在注意力难以集中、注意力分散,执行控制困难以及学习记忆缺陷等认知缺陷(Gotlib & Joormann, 2010)。认知缺陷又会影响人们调节情绪和情绪状态的能力,可能会增加他们发展情绪障碍的易感性(Gotlib & Joormann, 2010)。De Raedt和Koster (2010)整合了认知和神经生物学角度提出抑郁症个体易感性的模型,由于左侧前额叶皮质(DLPFC)对杏仁核活动的控制减弱,导致负性情绪的持续时间延长和抑制缺陷。受到杏仁核激活增加的影响,抑制能力受损并对负性信息持续关注,从而产生了持续的详细加工(例如,反刍)。该模型强调注意力在抑郁症易感性中的核心作用,专注力被认为是情绪一致的,每次情绪发作后,负面情绪和反刍之间的联系被加强(De Raedt & Koster, 2010)。这种注意力缺陷和反刍之间的联系也增加了未来负面情绪触发类似负面思维模式的可能性(Kertz, Petersen, & Stevens, 2019)。

3. 正念冥想

3.1. 正念冥想的概念

冥想可以指一种特定的练习,也可以指因这种练习而产生的精神状态。如今,冥想一词经常被用作各种练习的统称,这些练习通常旨在将注意力和意识有意识地集中在特定的心理过程上(Marchand, 2013)。以“正念”为核心的正念冥想是一种基于佛教传统的冥想实践,强调通过觉察和接纳当前的经验来培养内在觉知。正念冥想注重培养对身体感觉、情绪和思维的觉察,以及以非判断性的态度接纳这些经验(Kabat-Zinn, 2003)。在临床环境中,许多基于正念冥想的干预措施(MMBI)都建立在Jon Kabat-Zinn及其同事于1979年在马萨诸塞大学医学院开发的基于正念的减压(MBSR)课程的基础上(Kabat-Zinn, 2011)。MBSR最初是为门诊患者(通常是慢性疼痛患者)应对压力和疲劳而设计的方法。自那时以来,MBSR及其各种衍生方法,例如为了预防抑郁症高风险人群的复发而开发的基于正念的认知疗法(MBCT; Morgan, 2003),已在许多治疗环境中广泛使用,并逐渐成为当代心理治疗的一种非常流行的形式。

3.2. 正念冥想的作用

基于正念冥想的研究表明,正念冥想可以带来生理和心理上的好处。这些好处包括更好的注意力、增强自我同情、减少反刍思维、降低皮质醇水平、改善免疫功能、降低血压、减弱情绪反应和增强认知等(Marchand, 2013)。正念冥想提供一种有效的心理健康促进和治疗方法,可以帮助人们更好地面对负面情绪、增强自我意识和自我调节能力,提高生活质量,促进幸福感。

思维上,有研究发现正念可以帮助个体减少负性自动思维的频率,并提高从负面思维中解脱出来的能力(Frewen, Evans, Maraj, Dozois, & Partridge, 2007)。这意味着通过正念练习,个体学会将负面思维视为心中的事件,而不是将其视为准确反映现实的信念。这种去中心化的认知方式有助于培养个体对负面思维的观察和接纳,而不会过度认同或受其影响。Hoge等人(2015)将去中心化被定义为“个体的元认知能力,观察出现在头脑中的事物(例如思想,感觉,记忆等)仅仅是心理事件”(Hoge et al., 2015)。这种观察的立场(也称为元认知技能),表现为个体从环境和内部的心理生理刺激或过程中脱离出来,创造一个反思的空间,在这个空间中产生了新的感知和反应的方式,而不是执行习惯性的自动或反复思考的模式(Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006)。当然,这种过程离不开注意力的全程参与。

注意力上,已有很多研究表明正念冥想练习可以改善注意力(Tang, Holzel, & Posner, 2015),减少分心和冲突信息的影响(Moore & Malinowski, 2009),并提高执行注意力的灵活性(van den Hurk, Giommi, Gielen, Speckens, & Barendregt, 2010)。一些研究研究了正念冥想训练增强注意力的神经机制。其中,前扣带回皮质(ACC)是与正念训练对注意力影响最为关联的脑区(Holzel et al., 2008; Tang et al., 2010)。ACC和额岛叶皮质被认为在执行注意力和控制方面发挥作用,通过检测不兼容信息流的冲突并与其他脑区建立远程连接来促进认知处理(Veen & Carter, 2002)。这些机制可能通过增强元意识和自我调节的过程,在长期冥想实践后发挥协同作用(Tang & Tang, 2013)。

情绪调节上,情绪调节是指通过调节过程的作用来改变正在进行的情绪反应(Ochsner & Gross, 2005)。基于正念的情绪调节可能涉及注意力部署(关注心理过程,包括情绪),认知变化(改变对情绪的典型评价模式)和反应调节(降低紧张性抑制水平)这些过程(Tang et al., 2015)。过去大量的研究为正念冥想对情绪调节的有效性提供了经验证据。比如正念冥想减少了负面情绪状态(Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010),减少了分心和反刍的想法和行为(Jain et al., 2007)以及减少皮肤电导(Goleman & Schwartz, 1976)和杏仁核活动(Creswell, Way, Eisenberger, & Lieberman, 2007)等生理反应。Zhang等人(2019)通过一个为期8周的研究发现正念冥想训练可以有效提高个人正念水平以及对焦虑、抑郁和沉思的调节(Zhang et al., 2019)。除此之外,正念冥想也会促进积极情绪以及幸福感的培养。研究发现,参与者在进行冥想后,增加了积极情绪体验,包括喜悦、兴奋和平静(Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008)。一些研究也探索了正念冥想支持情绪调节的认知过程。比如,Shapiro等人提出,正念包括意图、注意力和态度这三个相互作用的过程。在这个过程中,认知重评作为调节情绪状态的关键手段,即冥想者通过“重新感知”或重新评估与情绪体验或习惯性反应和自我感觉的关系,使得个人不再与情绪或状态融合或认同,而是将其重新框架为一种不持久的心理现象(Shapiro et al., 2006)。实验室研究表明,认知重评能有效地降低负面情绪的表达,而不会增加其生理反应(Gross, 1998)。有较高认知重新评估特质的个体倾向于经历和表达更多的积极情绪和更少的消极情绪(Gross & John, 2003),并且比那些具有较低特质认知重新评估的个体报告更少的抑郁症状(Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010)。在情绪调节的神经机制上,前额叶控制系统调节情绪生成系统,如杏仁核,负责检测情绪上激发的刺激(Ochsner & Gross, 2005)。这些前额叶结构包括与选择性注意力和工作记忆有关的前额叶皮层(PFC)背侧区域,与抑制反应有关的前额叶皮层(PFC)腹侧区域,与监控控制过程有关的前扣带皮层(ACC),以及与监控情感状态有关的背内侧前额叶皮层(Modinos, Ormel, & Aleman, 2010; Ochsner & Gross, 2008)。在个体有意识地调节情感反应时,PFC的激活增加,而杏仁核的激活减少(Harenski & Hamann, 2006; Schaefer et al., 2002)。正念冥想可以通过改善杏仁核自上而下的调节来加强前额叶的认知控制机制,从而介导情绪调节(Brandmeyer, Delorme, & Wahbeh, 2019)。一项研究考察了长期和短期冥想者的杏仁核对情绪图片的反应,发现在观看情绪图片时,杏仁核的反应性降低,杏仁核与腹内侧额前皮层之间的联系增强(Kral et al., 2018)。

4. 正念冥想改善抑郁症

4.1. 转变思维模式

正念冥想的实践涵盖了理论与实践,东方传统佛学与医学,心理学与教育学等领域。正念冥想改变思维上虽然还没有统一的理论框架,但存在大部分研究者认同的普遍的思维模式,早期基于正念干预的研究表明,个体有能力意识到导致和维持痛苦的普遍习惯性心理模式的方式。这个思维模式包括:个体可以意识到习惯性的反应模式来源于无益的思维习惯;恐惧、否定和基于差异化的思维会加剧痛苦感受。然而,通过培养正念和明智的辨别力并进行实践,可以发展出一些技巧性方法,从而可能获得(片刻的)远离反应性的自由,从而减轻痛苦(Crane et al., 2017; Gethin, 1998)。有研究者通过对抑郁症患者的正念与消极自动思维之间的相关性研究发现,抑郁症患者的正念与消极自动思维之间存在统计上的负强相关性(Ayhan & Kavak Budak, 2021),这意味着通过培养正念,个体可以学会摆脱自动化的反应模式,降低消极自动思维,并以更明智的方式与自身的经验相处。正念帮助个人在当下保持觉察,以更全面、客观和无偏见的方式来面对内心和外部环境的体验。这种觉察和明智的应对方式有助于减少痛苦和压力,并促进心理的自由和平衡。Teasdale等人(2000)在融合了认知疗法和正念减压疗法基础上发展起来的正念认知疗法来探讨此心理方法对抑郁症患者预防复发的效果并揭示其心理机制。研究结果表明,正念认知疗法能有效预防抑郁症复发(Teasdale et al., 2000)。

反刍是与抑郁症状最强烈且一致相关的形式(Mor & Winquist, 2002)。根据反应风格理论,反刍是一种对痛苦的反应模式,包括反复和被动地关注痛苦的症状以及这些症状的可能的原因和后果(Nolan, Roberts, & Gotlib, 1998)。反刍思维状态下个体倾向于将负面信息与自我联系起来,并对之进行过度解读(Santa Maria, Reichert, Hummel, & Ehring, 2012)。而正念冥想鼓励个体以非评判性、接纳的态度观察内心的思维和情绪(Kabat-Zinn & Hanh, 2009)。通过培养对内在经验的开放性接纳,个体可以更好地觉察到反刍思维的出现,并将其视为一种客观的心理事件,而非陷入其中。这种非评判性观察的态度有助于减少对反刍思维的情绪执着,降低其消极影响。有研究者通过荟萃分析发现,反刍思维的减少是正念冥想对心理健康产生积极影响的主要原因(Wolkin, 2015)。

4.2. 改善注意力

在抑郁个体中,执行注意力系统的缺陷与负面偏见的存在被认为是主要的认知障碍之一(De Raedt & Koster, 2010; Gotlib & Joormann, 2010)。选择性和持续性注意力以及抑制控制力受损,导致抑郁个体选择性地参与负面信息(Mathews & MacLeod, 2005; Posner & Rothbart, 1998)。而正念冥想对注意力的改善是一个普遍的发现(Chiesa & Serretti, 2009)。有研究者在对健康人群进行的短期正念冥想训练研究中发现,接受正念冥想训练的实验组在执行注意力任务时在反应时间、注意力持久性和注意力灵活性方面表现出显著的提高(Tang et al., 2007)。有研究者使用注意网络测试(ANT)任务来研究短期冥想对注意力功能的行为和神经影响。研究结果发现,冥想后执行注意力功能在行为和神经水平上均得到改善。警报和注意力定向相关区域的神经功能得到了增强。此外,还报道了冥想后ANT测试期间ACC和DLPFC的神经活动有所增加。这表明短期冥想改变了大脑的注意力功能,尤其是执行注意力得到了改善(Kwak et al., 2019)。在抑郁症人群中,Jha等人(2007)探讨正念训练对注意力子系统的影响的结果显示,参加MBSR课程提高了内源性注意力定向的能力,这可能意味着正念训练可以通过增强注意特定子成分的功能来改善与注意相关的行为反应(Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007)。Van den Hurk等人通过注意网络测试(ANT),测试了注意力的不同组成部分(警觉、定向和执行注意)。结果表明,与对照组相比,MBCT能降低抑郁和反刍,提高正念能力,但注意成分在MBCT和对照组之间没有显著差异(Van Den Hurk et al., 2012)。Verhoeven等人采用正念认知疗法(MBCT)来研究抑郁症缓解期患者注意过程变化发现,参与者在接受MBCT训练后抑郁症状减轻,对与任务无关的干扰刺激,尤其是负面的刺激,表现出更少的注意力分散。这表明MBCT可以降低对抑郁相关环境因素的易感性,从而减少抑郁症复发的风险(Verhoeven, Vrijsen, Van Oostrom, Speckens, & Rinck, 2014)。MacCoon等人(2014)发表的一项关于正念减压训练(MBSR)的有效性研究结果显示,与对照组相比,接受正念减压训练(MBSR)的参与者在注意力测量任务中表现出更好的注意力,并且在抑制控制和反应时间方面表现出改善。但这项研究没有发现MBSR训练与注意力机制改善之间的明显关联。即MBSR训练本身可能不会直接改善持续性注意力,而是通过间接机制对注意力产生影响,例如培养同情心;培养耐心和好奇心的态度;培养洞察人际关系、精神生活、情绪和行为的各个方面等(MacCoon, MacLean, Davidson, Saron, & Lutz, 2014)。当然,这些研究的结果的不同,强调了正念冥想对注意力的改善效果可能存在差异和限制。比如实验中使用的注意力测量工具可能不是与正念冥想训练相关的注意力调节的最有效评估指标(Van Der Velden et al., 2015),而关于正念冥想改善抑郁症注意力神经机制这些研究还比较少,这提醒我们未来需要更多的研究来进一步探究正念冥想如何改善抑郁症人群注意力,并综合考虑其他因素,如不同类型的冥想和个体差异。

4.3. 情绪调节

情绪调节的改善是正念实践对减轻压力(Garland, Gaylord, & Fredrickson, 2011)和减少抑郁症状(Shahar, Britton, Sbarra, Figueredo, & Bootzin, 2010)产生有益效果的基础。目前许多研究对正念冥想对抑郁症人群情绪调节改善做出了一些成果。比如,一项简短的有针对性的正念干预研究发现,患有慢性或复发性抑郁症人群在经过正念训练后减轻了抑郁症状,降低了反刍倾向和认知反应性,并缓解对负面情绪的适应不良反应(Winnebeck, Fissler, Gärtner, Chadwick, & Barnhofer, 2017)。Batink等人在2013年发现,积极情绪的增加和消极情绪的减少在正念认知行为疗法(MBCT)对抑郁症的效果中起到了中介作用(Batink, Peeters, Geschwind, Van Os, & Wichers, 2013)。

Ochsner和Gross (2005)提出了行为调节(例如,抑制表达行为)和认知调节的分类。认知调节依赖于注意力的参与和认知改变。认知改变需要一定的认知策略,例如认知重评策略。正如前面所提到,在认知重评过程中冥想者能够从更广阔和更全面的角度看待自己的情绪和状态,并意识到它们的临时性和可变性。如此,他们不再将自己完全等同于这些情绪或状态,从而减少了情绪的负面影响和固化的自我认同。有研究者指出,抑郁症个体能够有效使用指导性认知重新评估来调节快乐和悲伤的情绪(Millgram, Joormann, Huppert, & Tamir, 2015)。Buhle等人(2014)对48项基于认知重评调节情绪的神经影像学研究进行荟萃分析得出结论,认知重评策略特别激活双侧背外侧前额叶皮层(dLPFC),腹外侧前额叶皮层(vLPFC),背内侧前额叶皮层(dMPFC),后顶叶皮层和左中颞回,并使双侧杏仁核失活,明显涉及显性情绪调节网络(Buhle et al., 2014),这些区域也涉及自上而下的情绪调节系统。也有研究者认为,正念练习可能涉及一种独特的情绪调节策略,被称为“正念情绪调节”。通常以集中注意力于身体感觉的练习为起点,例如身体扫描和觉察呼吸。这些练习旨在增加对身体感官体验的敏感度,并培养对思维游离的觉察力,以便在走神时将注意力重新引回当下(Chiesa, Serretti, & Jakobsen, 2013; Guendelman, Medeiros, & Rampes, 2017)。与认知重评(一种自上而下的情绪调节系统)不同,正念情绪调节是一种自下而上的情绪调节策略,其在调节情绪时不需要前额叶皮层(PFC)和自上而下的机制的参与(Chiesa et al., 2013; Grecucci, Pappaianni, Siugzdaite, Theuninck, & Job, 2015; Farb & Anderson, 2012)。Barnhofer等人对复发性抑郁症患者进行正念干预后发现右背外侧脑前额叶皮层(DLPFC)对愤怒面孔的反应减弱。DLPFC通过保持对情感刺激的注意来参与情绪调节,以支持重新评价和抑制过程。因此右侧DLPFC激活减少可能表明,在正念干预后,患者不再参与评估或抑制负面情绪刺激,这是一种推定的防止负面情绪升级的重要机制(Barnhofer et al., 2021)。Guendelman等人则认为“正念情绪调节”需要多种情绪调节过程,包括自上而下的过程和自下而上的过程,自上而下的过程涉及到注意力的控制和自主认知的调节功能,且依赖于意识的参与,包括监控和明确的调节功能。自下而上的过程是情绪驱动的,基于情绪功能调节的唤醒,涉及到情绪的效价和编码的主观价值对于触发刺激的反应(Guendelman et al., 2017)。

5. 未来展望

综上所述,尽管正念冥想在改善抑郁症方面显示出潜力,但目前仍存在一些问题和挑战。

首先是方法论上的困难,正念冥想的定义和实践方法在不同研究和临床环境中存在差异,缺乏一致性和标准化,使之难于进行横向比较,限制了对正念冥想治疗效果的准确评估。其次,大多研究显示短期正念冥想对抑郁症症状的改善,仍需要使用纵向的、随机的、主动控制的研究设计和更大的样本量来验证其有效性及长久性。除此之外,抑郁症患者的个性特点,生活事件,生活方式甚至基因遗传等个体差异也会导致出现不同的正念训练效果,因此需要更深入地研究个体差异和适应性,以确定哪些人群最适合从正念冥想中受益,并开发个体化的治疗方法。

因此,未来的研究还需通过神经影像学等技术,通过更多横向与纵向设计相结合,研究正念冥想对大脑神经网络的影响,以及与抑郁症症状改善之间的关联。其次,还需考虑正念冥想治疗中的个体化差异,探索可能的预测因素和标志物,以帮助确定哪些人群最有可能从正念冥想中获益,促进个体化治疗方法的发展,提高治疗效果。最后,可以更多地和其他治疗方法,比如药物治疗,心理治疗等方式结合应用,探索这些治疗方法的协同效应和相互补充作用。如果得到严格的研究支持,正念冥想的实践可能有希望用于治疗其他临床疾病,并有助于培养健康的心理和增进幸福感。

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