血小板对肝癌发生、发展及治疗影响的研究进展
Research Progress on the Impact of Platelets on the Occurrence, Development, and Treatment of Liver Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143736, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 27  浏览: 45  科研立项经费支持
作者: 张思远*:大理大学临床医学院,云南 大理;杨继武:大理大学第一附属医院普外二科,云南 大理
关键词: 肝细胞癌血小板肝纤维化肝癌治疗转移Hepatocellular Carcinoma Platelets Liver Fibrosis Liver Cancer Treatment Metastasis
摘要: 本文全面回顾了血小板在肝癌发生、发展及治疗中的作用。肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,其发生、发展和转移涉及多种因素。研究表明,血小板在肝癌的肿瘤微环境中发挥关键作用,并在诊断和治疗中具有潜在价值。我们探讨了血小板在肝纤维化、肝癌细胞增殖及转移和肝脏手术后再生中的作用。此外,还讨论了抗血小板疗法在预防肝癌复发方面的有效性及其可能的风险,旨在为肝癌治疗提供全面的治疗策略。
Abstract: This article comprehensively reviews the role of platelets in the occurrence, development, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC). HCC, a common malignant tumor, involves various factors in its development, progression, and metastasis. The study high-lights the critical role of platelets in the tumor microenvironment of liver cancer and their potential value in diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the involvement of platelets in liver fibrosis, prolifer-ation of liver cancer cells, metastasis, and liver regeneration post-surgery. Additionally, the article examines the effectiveness and potential risks of antiplatelet therapy in preventing the recurrence of liver cancer, aiming to provide comprehensive treatment strategies for liver cancer.
文章引用:张思远, 杨继武. 血小板对肝癌发生、发展及治疗影响的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 541-546. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143736

1. 引言

肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)是全球范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,通常见于慢性肝病的人群中,尤其是那些患有肝硬化或长期感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的病人。在所有原发性肝癌中,大约有75%是肝细胞癌,其余的主要是胆管细胞癌 [1] 。近些年来肝细胞癌的发病率和死亡率持续攀升。根据世界卫生组织的数据,肝癌在全球癌症死亡率中排名第二,每年新发病例接近90万,死亡人数约为83万 [2] ,加之其较低的五年生存率使得肝癌成为消化系统肿瘤中对人类健康影响最大的肿瘤之一 [3] 。HCC的发生和发展是一个复杂的多步骤过程,涉及遗传、环境、代谢和免疫等多种因素 [4] 。在这些因素中,血小板在肝癌的发生、发展及转移中扮演着重要的角色。近年来的研究显示,血小板不仅在肝癌的肿瘤微环境中起到关键作用,而且在肝癌的诊断和治疗中也展示出潜在的价值。本文将针对近些年来相关研究文献进行梳理,探讨血小板在肝癌发生、发展和转移方面机制,并讨论这些发现如何转化为临床应用,为肝癌患者的诊断、治疗和预后评估提供新的视角。

2. 血小板在肝癌发生过程中的影响

既往的多项研究中已经发现,血小板及相关炎症细胞在肝癌的发生过程中起着重要作用,而肝癌现已被证明与肝纤维化的过程显著相关 [5] ,肝纤维化的本质为肝细胞受损后大量细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)沉积,肝细胞最终被沉积的基质蛋白、弹性蛋白与糖蛋白等物质所取代而形成瘢痕,并丧失原有的肝细胞功能。在组织学上肝细胞主要由实质细胞与间质细胞构成,隶属于间质细胞的肝星状细胞(Hepatic stellate cells, HSCs)是肝内主要的纤维化细胞类型,它们存在于肝细胞和肝窦内皮细胞之间的肝窦周围间隙中,其通过产生大量ECM并分泌肝纤维化过程中关键介质:转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)促进肝纤维化进程 [5] [6] 。在正常肝脏中,HSCs具有静止与工作两种形态,其主要功能是在脂滴中以视黄醇酯的形式储存维生素 [7] [8] ,在肝损伤发生后静止状态的HSCs被激活并转变为具有收缩功能的肌成纤维细胞,从而产生大量细胞外基质,促使肝纤维化的发生。已经有研究显示血小板可以通过抑制静止状态的HSCs向工作状态的HSCs转换,从而抑制肝纤维化的进程,同时血小板致密颗粒中富含大量ADP和ATP,其分解产生的腺苷可以增加HSCs细胞周围环境浓度的腺苷浓度,下调其分泌TGF-β和沉积ECM的能力 [9] 。某些动物体内的药物试验也显示通过外源性注射血小板生成素来治疗肝纤维化的策略是可行的 [10] [11] 。从这一点我们不难发现,血小板可以通过其自身分泌的相关物质来改善肝纤维化过程,从而在一定程度上减少肝癌的发生概率。

3. 血小板在肝癌发展过程中的影响

在肝癌的发展过程中,存在于血小板α颗粒中的表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)发挥着重要作用 [12] ,人们发现EGF与炎症微环境的产生直接相关,也有调节肝癌细胞的增殖、转移和迁徙的潜能 [13] [14] [15] 。同时在肝癌患者中我们也发现了表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)的过表达,在使用EGFR抑制剂后,可以观察到肝形状细胞受体的磷酸化明显减少,从而使得肝纤维化减少,抑制了肝癌细胞的增殖及迁徙 [16] 。同时血小板内的血小板衍生生长因子-B (PDGF-B)也被证实与肿瘤的增殖相关,Chen B等人 [17] 的研究发现PDGF-B的高表达往往伴随着更大的肿瘤大小、更晚的TNM分期以及更差的肿瘤预后。在肝脏肿瘤细胞新生血管的重建上,血小板通过自身储存的血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)促进肝癌细胞间质中血管的生长,虽然上述过程的发生机制还尚不清楚,但在最近一项基于肝癌患者血清VEGF水平与生存期相关性研究的meta分析证实,血清VEGF水平对无病(HR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.55~2.98)和总生存期(HR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.46~2.30)均有不利影响 [18] 。综上我们可以发现,血小板及自身储存的多种因子在肝癌的增肌及迁徙过程中起到重要的促进作用,强调了在肝癌治疗策略中,针对血小板及其相关因子的作用机制进行深入研究的重要性。

4. 血小板在肝癌转移方面的影响

在肿瘤的转移中血小板已被证实扮演这重要的角色。早在2010年Leslie M等人的研究发现血小板聚集诱导因子Aggrus在包括肝癌在内的多种癌症中表达上调,其通过激活CLEC-2导致血小板聚集,帮助肿瘤细胞生存和扩散。同时血小板还通过增加肿瘤细胞簇的形成来促进肿瘤细胞在循环中的存活。这些肿瘤细胞簇增强了其在微血管中的栓塞现象,并保护肿瘤细胞免受免疫攻击或剪切应力的影响,这一过程极大的促进了肿瘤在血液循环中的迁徙 [19] [20] 。在此基础上开展的一项临床回顾性研究也证实血小板与HCC的侵袭和转移有关,并可能在HCC复发/不完全缓解中发挥作用 [21] 。虽然HCC患者的肝外转移对预后的直接影响有限(由于大多数复发仅限于肝脏内部),但这一现象还是揭示了血小板在促进其他类型肿瘤的远程扩散方面可能扮演的角色 [22] [23] 。同时抗血小板药物的使用可以在一定程度上减少肿瘤的复发及转移也在一定程度上佐证了该观点 [24] 。综上我们发现血小板可以通过形成肿瘤细胞簇、促进栓塞、抵御免疫攻击等机制来促进肿瘤转移,而这一发现也为临床肝细胞癌的治疗提供了新的靶点。

5. 血小板对肝癌术后患者的影响

肝脏具有显著的再生能力,这一特性在肝癌手术,如肝切除或肝移植术后显得尤为关键。血小板在肝脏术后肝细胞再生过程中扮演着重要的角色,不仅因其在血液凝固中的传统功能,更因为其在释放促进再生的生长因子和调节炎症反应方面的作用。

血小板中含有多种生长因子,如血小板衍生生长因子、肝细胞生长因子和血管内皮生长因子,这些因子对刺激肝脏细胞的增殖和新血管的形成至关重要。最早在上世界80年代人们便发现动物血小板内纯化的HGF对肝脏DNA合成有显著的促进作用 [25] 。同时还观察到肝切除手术后出现的血小板暂时性减少会干扰肝脏的再生过程,这一现象与HGF的早期活动模式相符 [26] 同时随着研究的不断深入及动物实验的不断开展,我们发现不论是在70% [27] 还是90% [28] [29] 的肝切除小鼠模型身上,都观察到血小板在促进肝细胞再生过程中发挥着积极作用。此外我们还发现血小板内血清素是肝脏修复与再生过程的中的关键物质 [30] ,此基础上也发现了血清素对肝脏再生作用 [31] 。在最新的研究中人们发现,术后立即发生的低血小板计数,是肝功能延迟恢复的独立预后因素 [32] 。这些发现强调了血小板在肝切除术后恢复中扮演着重要角色,它们通过释放生长因子加速肝脏的再生和受损组织的修复,从而快速恢复肝脏功能。

同样的在肝移植相关的临床研究中,我们也观察到血小板水平与肝移植术后病人预后呈现出一定的相关性。在一项涉及181名肝移植受者的研究中(其中包括146例实际进行了移植),研究人员发现血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)在预测肝移植后肝癌复发方面具有一定的效能,并可用于基于无瘤生存期的患者分层 [33] 。同样的在一项大样本的回顾性研究中人们也发现PLR > 120为一个关键的分界点。当PLR低于120时,患者的1年、3年和5年无复发生存率分别达到84%、73%和73%。相比之下,PLR高于120的患者的预后较差,其1年、3年和5年的无复发生存率仅为37.5%、12.5%和12.5% [34] 。

6. 抗血小板治疗对肝癌预后的影响

最早发现抗血小板药物对于肝细胞癌有着较好的预防及治疗作用的研究来自于美国国家卫生研究院,该研究院通过大样本的回顾性分析证实,与不使用抗血小板药物对比,使用单一种类的抗血小板药物降低了41%的肝癌患病风险,同时降低45%的慢性肝病所导致的死亡率 [35] ,在此基础上一项来自韩国成年人的队列研究显示,使用抗血小板药物降低了54% HBV相关性的肝癌风险 [36] 。在预防肝癌复发方面,抗血小板治疗也显示出了积极作用。一项来自中国台湾的研究显示接受肝切除术的HBV相关肝细胞癌患者中,使用抗血小板药物使肝癌复发风险降低23%,总死亡率降低43% [37] 。同样的一项小样本的回顾性研究显示,对于接受动脉栓塞的难以进行手术切除的肝细胞癌患者,使用低剂量药物进行抗血小板治疗有利于改善患者的总生存率 [38] ,其在肝动脉栓塞治疗术后肝功能改善方面也有着很好的疗效 [39] 。此外,两项肝癌流行病学研究的荟萃分析显示抗血小板治疗显著降低了肝细胞癌患者术后2年和4年死亡率 [40] ,最近一项对接受肝切除术或经动脉化疗栓塞的肝癌患者的6项回顾性队列研究的荟萃分析显示,抗血小板治疗降低了26%的肝癌复发和41%的全因死亡率 [41] 。毫无疑问的是,虽然上述研究中均显示出了抗血小板治疗在肝癌发生及预后方面的积极作用,但随之而来的出血风险也是不可避免的,上述研究中抗血小板治疗无一例外的均增加了受试者的消化道出血风险,出血风险的增加可以在一定程度上抵消抗血小板药物对肝细胞癌患者的积极作用,这在一项最近的包含12项研究的荟萃分析中被证实 [42] 。由此可见虽然抗血小板治疗在一定程度上减少肝癌的复发,但这个过程显然存在着诸多不确定性,需要更多的临床研究来明确药物的用量及用药的时机。

在本文中,我们对血小板在肝癌的发生、发展及治疗中的综合作用进行了全面回顾。发现血小板在肝癌微环境中不仅起着关键作用,而且对抑制肝纤维化和肝癌进展具有重要影响。特别是在肝脏手术,如肝切除或肝移植之后,血小板通过释放关键生长因子,有效促进了肝脏的修复和再生。此外,血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)作为预测肝细胞癌复发的一个潜在指标,显示了其在肝癌治疗中的应用价值。同时,我们还观察到抗血小板疗法在预防肝癌复发方面的有效性及其可能的风险。通过对以上这些文献的梳理,期望对肝癌治疗提供更全面的治疗策略,以改善患者的生存率和生活质量。

基金项目

以上文章由云南省教育厅科研基金项目资助。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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