早期胃印戒细胞癌的内镜下诊治研究进展
Update on Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143792, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 21  浏览: 42  科研立项经费支持
作者: 陈鹏齐, 李雅丽:新疆医科大学第一附属医院综合内四科(特需内科),新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 早期胃癌胃印戒细胞癌内镜内镜下黏膜剥离术Early Gastric Cancer Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Endoscopy Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)
摘要: 胃癌是全球高发的恶性肿瘤之一,其中胃印戒细胞癌属于胃癌中的一种较为特殊的亚型。尽管普遍看法是胃印戒细胞癌的生存率通常较低,但有研究表明,该疾病不同阶段的患者生存期的差距很大。这一发现突显了尽早检测并治疗该病的至关重要性。得益于内镜技术的迅速发展,内镜检查的水平不断提升,内镜下黏膜剥离术(Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, ESD)已经成为治疗早期胃癌的首选内镜手术方法。然而,这种治疗只适用于部分患者,并且它的治疗效果也会受到淋巴结转移状况等因素的影响。本文将对早期胃印戒细胞癌内镜下诊断和治疗方面的研究进行综述。
Abstract: Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with gastric signet ring cell car-cinoma (SRCC) representing a unique subtype of this disease. Although generally associated with a poor prognosis, recent studies have uncovered significant survival differences among patients with varying stages of gastric SRCC, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment. Ad-vances in endoscopic technology have greatly improved the accuracy of gastric examinations, and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) has emerged as the preferred endoscopic treatment method for early-stage gastric cancer. However, this approach is only appropriate for certain pa-tients and its efficacy can be affected by factors such as lymph node metastasis. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current research on endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of early-stage gastric signet ring cell carcinoma.
文章引用:陈鹏齐, 李雅丽. 早期胃印戒细胞癌的内镜下诊治研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 922-927. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143792

1. 引言

胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在全球恶性肿瘤发病率中位于第五位,病死率位于第四位 [1] 。早期胃癌(early gastric cancer, EGC)指病变局限于黏膜或黏膜下层,无论是否伴有淋巴结转移 [2] 。胃印戒细胞癌(SRCC)是一种粘附力较弱的胃肿瘤,其细胞特征为含有较多的细胞质和趋向细胞一侧的新月型细胞核,细胞形态类似戒指,因此得名印戒细胞癌。在组织学上,SRCC被归类为胃癌中的未分化型。它通常表现为缺乏E-cadherin的表达,导致附着力下降,并且显示出高度的侵袭性,增加了患者发生远端转移和腹膜播散的风险 [3] 。胃SRCC在临床分期上的预后情况差异显著,其中晚期病例因具有更高的淋巴结转移和远处转移的可能性,其生存率相对较低。相较之下,当胃SRCC在早期被诊断时,其预后可能比其他类型的早期胃癌更为乐观,GRAZIOSI等 [4] 研究发现,早期胃SRCC预后优于NSRCC。本文就早期胃印戒细胞癌的内镜诊断及治疗做出阐述。

2. 早期胃印戒细胞癌的内镜特征

通过内镜可以直接观察并获得病变图像,以及从病灶部位进行的活组织检查以进行病理分析,是早期胃癌诊断的金标准。目前常用的内镜检查方法包括白光内镜(WLE)、窄带成像(NBI)、放大内镜(ME)、超声内镜(EUS)等。

2.1. 普通白光内镜(White-Light Endoscopy, WLE)

目前,白光内镜检查可直接观察胃粘膜表面,是临床上最常用的胃粘膜病变检查方式,正常胃黏膜在白光内镜下是光滑的,颜色呈丝绒状的红色,集合小静脉规则排列在胃皱襞间。根据组织学分类,胃癌分为分化型胃癌和未分化型胃癌,胃印戒细胞癌属于未分化型胃癌 [5] 。

在白光内镜检查中,早期胃癌的特征表现为具有清晰的界线和不规则的表面。未分化型早期胃癌的胃黏膜病变以凹陷性为主,其表面往往呈现苍白或失去正常色泽,并显示出结节状或颗粒状凸起。这类病变倾向于向深层组织浸润,并且其边缘通常会出现明显的隆起现象 [6] 。通常,早期胃印戒细胞癌位于胃体中下部,有时呈平坦型病变,而表现为隆起型的病变比较罕见 [7] 。对于这些类型的病变,医生应该进行积极的组织活检,并在必要时安排定期的内镜复查,通过多次活检来尽早确诊病情。

2.2. 放大内镜联合窄带成像(Magnifying Endoscopy-Narrow Band Imaging, ME-NBI)

不同于常规的白光内镜,放大内镜技术(ME)能够将图像放大到数十倍甚至一百倍,从而可以清楚地检视黏膜的微观血管构造和微观表面纹理 [8] 。NBI使用了光学图像增强技术,使用的是峰值为415、540 mm的窄带光,波长较可见光短,对组织的通透性低,与WLI相比能更好地显示组织表面的结构和血管 [9] 。早期胃SRCC具有以下典型的特点:(1) 与正常组织之间的界限模糊不明显;(2) 病变胃黏膜表面细微的结构失去其正常形态,不规则,并且观察到隐窝之间的距离变宽;(3) 微血管的分布呈现不一致,可能会出现扭曲和扩张,有时甚至发生损坏和中断,不会形成正常的网状结构,而是以螺旋形微血管的独特形态存在 [7] [10] 。日本一项多中心研究显示ME-NBI较WLI在未分化型早期胃癌的诊断中具有更高的特异性,高达93% [11] 。使用ME-NBI显著增强了早期胃SRCC的诊断效能,临床医生应该熟练掌握,以便在临床实践中确保提高诊断早期胃SRCC的准确性。

2.3. 超声内镜(Endoscopic Ultrasonography, EUS)

超声内镜不仅能评估早期浸润深度、同时还能评估评估是否有淋巴结转移 [12] 。超声内镜(EUS)在评估病变浸润深度时的准确性性可达80%至90% [13] ,是目前预测病变浸润深度最常用的方法,且常用于T分期。有研究显示,EUS对预测T分期的准确率为58.53%,预测淋巴结转移的准确率为68.29% [14] 。Kim等 [15] 的研究表明,相较于单纯的内镜检查,配合EUS使用能显著提升对浸润深度的诊断准确率(83.5%, 95%CI: 79.1~87.2),同时他还提到,利用EUS观测到的粘膜下层的弓形异常结构对于预测溃疡具有重要作用。

3. 早期胃印戒细胞癌的生物学特征

3.1. 早期胃印戒细胞癌的淋巴结转移

通常认为,早期胃癌中的未分化型比起分化型有更高的淋巴结转移风险 [16] ,胃印戒细胞癌是胃癌患者预后差的独立因素。Chen等 [17] 的研究结论显示,未分化型的早期胃癌患者发生淋巴结转移的概率显著高于分化型的早期胃癌患者,前者为22.7%,而后者为8.5%。同时,那些肿瘤仅限于粘膜层的早期胃癌患者发生淋巴结转移的概率也远低于肿瘤侵犯到粘膜下层的早期胃癌患者,分别为8.7%和24.6%。有研究指出,早期胃印戒细胞癌的淋巴结转移发生率与其他类型的早期胃癌存在差异。根据Hyung等 [18] 人的研究发现,在仅局限于粘膜层的情况下,患有胃印戒细胞癌的病人极少发生淋巴结转移,其发生率为1.6%,相较之下,同样只在粘膜层的非印戒细胞癌患者的转移率稍高,为3.5%。然而,如果癌细胞扩散至粘膜下层,两者的淋巴结转移率都会有所上升,尽管如此,患有非印戒细胞癌的病人转移的比例仍然高于印戒细胞癌患者,分别为25.5%和15.4%。

3.2. 早期胃印戒细胞癌的侵袭能力

既往普遍认为,进展期胃印戒细胞癌常表现出很高的浸润和转移能力。当病变浸润至黏膜下层后,常常快速播散,迅速侵及全胃,并有可能发展成腹腔内的种植转移 [19] 。不过,在检出时,早期胃印戒细胞癌通常仅限于粘膜层内。Chon等 [19] 发现在首次被确诊为胃印戒细胞癌的患者中,大部分的患者要么是T1期,要么是T4期,而T2期和T3期的患者比例则较低。具体数据显示,有46.5%的患者处于T1a期,19.7%处于T1b期,以及20.0%处于T4期。同时T1a期的比例也明显高于中、高分化腺癌的31.8%及低分化腺癌的14.7%。Imamura等 [20] 研究发现,在早期胃印戒细胞癌的患者中,T1a期的患者的比例为66.3%,而其他类型的早期胃癌的T1a期患者比例为43.9%。

4. 早期胃印戒细胞癌的内镜下治疗

目前内镜治疗早期胃癌主要包括内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)和内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)。2016年,日本早期胃癌内ESD和EMR指南第一版规定了绝对适应证和相对适应证,其中,cT1a期、不伴有溃疡且病变直径 ≤ 2 cm的未分化型胃癌列为ESD扩大适应证 [21] ,2021年指南将扩大适应证纳入ESD的绝对适应证,具体为:无溃疡cT1a分化型癌,病变长径 > 2 cm;有溃疡cT1a分化型癌,长径 ≤ 3 cm;无溃疡cT1a未分化型癌,长径 ≤ 2 cm [22] 。在Bang等 [23] 人进行的研究中,对于符合扩大适应证进行内镜下切除的早期胃癌患者来说,整体切除率达到92.4% (254/275),而且其中36.4% (100/275)达到了治愈性切除。在对这些患者进行长期随访中发现,复发率相对较低,仅为10.2%,中位随访时间为3.96年,并没有发现与早期胃癌相关的死亡病例。在Lee等 [24] 人的研究中,在符合ESD绝对适应证治疗的未分化型早期胃癌患者中,早期混合型印戒细胞癌的患者发生淋巴结转移的概率高于早期单纯胃印戒细胞癌,分别为6.3%和2.5%。此外,在未分化型早期胃癌中,由于不同亚型之间病理学特征的差异,它们的生物学行为也存在区别。Kim等 [25] 的研究发现,肿瘤细胞在低分化腺癌中呈垂直生长模式,而在印戒细胞癌中呈水平生长模式。低分化腺癌的粘膜下浸润和垂直阳性切缘比例分别为60.7%和6.6%,印戒细胞癌为32.0%和1.6%。7.0%的印戒细胞癌和2.7%的低分化腺癌检出水平边缘阳性。有研究显示,印戒细胞癌被认为可能是一个独立保护因素 [26] ,而低分化腺癌患者在接受了ESD治疗后,仍存在淋巴结转移或肿瘤向更深层组织浸润的可能性,因此这些患者可能还需要进行额外的外科手术 [27] 。因此,对于不同病理亚型的未分化型早期胃癌,可能需制定个性化的内镜治疗方案。不过,值得注意的是,尽管存在这样的差异,若患者接受的治疗能达到治愈性标准,两种不同病理类型的早期胃癌的治疗效果并没有明显的不同 [28] 。

5. 小结

早期胃印戒细胞癌有其独特的生物学行为,具有相对较好的预后及特定的内镜表现,内镜检查作为早期胃癌诊断的金标准,结合不同技术提高了诊断胃印戒细胞癌的准确率。此外,ESD作为一项创伤小且有效的治疗手段,为大多数早期胃印戒细胞癌患者提供了更佳的选择。然而,必须警惕未分化型胃癌的亚型,在治疗策略制定时应考虑到不同亚型间的生物学特性差异。总的来说,治疗的重点在于确保治愈性切除,不论病理亚型如何,早期胃印戒细胞癌的有效管理依赖于早期诊断和治疗,个性化的治疗方案能够进一步提升患者的生活质量和长期预后。

基金项目

新疆医科大学研究生创新创业项目《基于深度学习的内镜下早期胃癌检测方法研究》。

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